利培酮治疗老年期精神分裂症患者临床分析

目的：了解利培酮治疗老年期精神分裂症患者的疗效、安全性及依从性。方法：对50例年龄≥60岁老年期精神分裂症患者用利培酮治疗3个月，以简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)评定疗效，以副反应量表(TESS)评定安全性和服药依从性。结果：利培酮治疗后痊愈28％，显著进步56％，进步12％，无效4％。其不良反应主要为锥体外系反应，占36％。结论：对老年期精神分裂症患者的治疗，用利培酮疗效较好，安全性高，患者依从性较好，是老年期精神分裂症患者可考虑的药物之一。     

院外精神分裂症患者服药依从性影响因素分析

目的:探讨院外精神分裂症患者服药依从性的影响因素。方法:431例精神分裂症患者出院后按照服药情况分为服药依从性较好(GMC)组和服药依从性较差(PMC)组;对影响服药依从性的个人及家庭因素进行调查和分析。结果:PMC组未婚/离异、文化程度高中以下、家庭关系紧张、未认识服药重要性、药物不良反应发生率明显高于GMC组,服用经典抗精神药率明显低于GMC组(P均0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示文化程度高中以下、家庭关系紧张、药物不良反应、未认识服药重要性、婚姻5个因素是服药依从性的影响因素(OR=11.353、OR=3.857、OR=3.329、OR=2.058、OR=1.788,P均0.05)。结论:院外精神分裂症患者服药依从性的影响因素是文化程度、家庭关系、药物不良反应、对服药的认识及婚姻状况。     

关锁精神分裂症患者被救治后服药依从性及生存质量的调查

目的探讨关锁精神分裂症患者被救治后其服药依从性及生存质量状况。方法选取2006年11月-2012年3月河北省所有被解锁救治后出院的农村精神分裂症患者共84例为研究对象,于2012年6月20日-8月10日通过解锁患者信息采集表收集患者一般信息,采用世界卫生组织生存质量量表(WHOQOL-BREF)测量患者的个体生存质量。以目前是否坚持服药将患者分为两组,对两组患者的一般资料信息和生存质量进行比较。结果本次回访调查的84例农村精神分裂症患者中,目前坚持服药者65例,未坚持服药者19例,差异有统计学意义(χ2=20.957,P0.001)。生存质量评估发现在疼痛与不适、睡眠与休息、日常生活能力,精力与疲倦、行动能力,对药物及医疗手段的依赖性等生理领域,服药依从性好的患者与服药依从性差者得分差异有统计学意义(t=2.445,P0.05)。结论关锁精神分裂症患者被救治后服药依从性整体较好,服药依从性较好者生理领域生存质量更高。     

精神分裂症患者维持治疗中服药依从性分析及护理对策

目的 分析精神分裂症患者维持治疗中服药依从性的影响因素，并提出提高依人 的对策。方法 对２２０例出院半年以上的精神分裂症患者，采用直接面询法进行调查随访。结果 服药依从性主要与患者、医务人员、药物和环境等四个方面级关。结论 以上四个方面的因素对提高患者服药依从性，预防精神分裂症复发至关重要。     

精神分裂症的治疗选择

目的探讨感恩情绪对精神分裂症患者健康促进的影响。方法将122例符合条件的精神分裂症患者随机分为观察组与对照组,两组均给予医院常规的健康教育和出院指导。观察组在此基础上实施感恩情绪教育4周。采用社会功能残疾评定量表(DAS)评定疾病的严重程度和社会功能,并对服药依从性、复发性进行评估。结果 1年后观察组较对照组(DAS)评分、复发率明显降低,服药依从性明显提高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论感恩情绪对精神分裂症患者的健康促进具有积极作用。     

家庭化住院对精神分裂症患者疗效随访研究

目的：探讨模拟家庭环境住院治疗对首发精神分裂症患者的康复效果。方法：将92例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为家庭化组和对照组各46例,均以氯氮平治疗,家庭化组采用模拟家庭环境住院治疗,对照组采用封闭式住院治疗。疗程8周。分别于治疗前及治疗8周进行阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、自知力与治疗态度问卷（ITAQ）及服药依从性评定。对疗效达显著进步及以上的患者进行为期1年随访,结果：PANSS评分两组差异无显著性。治疗前ITAQ评分及服药依从性两组相仿;治疗8周后家庭化组均明显高于对照组。随访1年后,家庭化组复发率明显低于对照组。结论：模拟家庭环境住院治疗不仅有助于首发精神分裂症患者的治疗,而且可降低其复发率。     

早期干预对首发精神分裂症预后的影响

目的：了解早期干预对首发精神分裂症复发的影响。方法：对30例首发精神分裂症患者，病期在3个月以内知的，在住院期间配合积极家庭干预及出院后继续干预（干预组）并与30例首发精神分裂症患者，病期在3个月以上治疗条件相仿，无家庭干预（对照组）进行对照。对两组的复发率进行比较。结果：干预组疗效明显好于对照组，干预组复发率明显少于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论：积极的家庭干预能促进服药的依从性，减少复发率，促进康复。     

首发精神分裂症患者阶段性健康教育的效果分析

目的探讨阶段性健康教育对首发精神分裂症患者及其家属的护理干预效果。方法 82例首次发病精神分裂症患者随机分为对照组(n=41)和观察组(n=41),对照组采用常规健康教育模式,观察组采用阶段性健康教育,干预前后均采用住院患者观察量表(NOSIE)、简明精神病量表(BPRS)、自知力与治疗态度问卷(ITAQ)及服药依从性问卷评价干预效果。结果护理干预后2组BPRS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而观察组NOSIE、ITAQ评分和服药依从性均明显优于对照组(P0.05)。结论对首发精神分裂症患者及其家属采用阶段性健康教育可增加服药依从性,有助于患者康复。     

社区精神分裂症患者服药依从性初步探讨

对３４８例社区精神分裂症患者服药依从性的相关因素进行分析。发现依从性好坏与患者目前病情有显著关系。依从性好的稳定率、缓解率明显高于差的；依从性好的定期规律随诊率明显高于依从性差的。     

门诊精神分裂症患者家属对家庭护理需求的调查分析

目的调查分析门诊精神分裂症患者家属对家庭护理的需求。方法采用自编《家庭护理需求调查表》进行调查。结果90．9％患者家属认为精神分裂症患者出院后还需家庭护理，对精神分裂症基本知识的需求为89．6％，对如何应对与精神症状相关的危害行为的需求仅24．7％。结论对精神分裂症患者家属提供家庭护理很有必要。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.