低温灌肠制品生产厂家周围环境肉毒梭菌调查

<正>2007年8—9月,石家庄市的9个县(市)、区发生了多起食物中毒,根据对患者的流行病学调查,患者特有临床表现和治疗效果以及食物样品、患者血清、粪便样品的检测结果,依据WS/T 83—1996《肉毒梭菌食物中毒诊断标准及处理原则》判定为肉毒梭菌食物中毒,中毒食品为某一品牌的低温灌肠制品,毒素类型为A型[1]。为探讨肉毒梭菌污染环节,于2007年8月—9月采集石家庄生产低温灌肠制品的三个厂家周围土壤、饮用水、原料及其包装物进行肉毒梭菌检测。     

濮阳市肉毒梭菌生态分布的研究

肉毒梭菌属于厌氧梭状芽胞杆菌属 ,广泛存在于自然界 ,特别是土壤中 ,易于污染食品引起食物中毒。为探明濮阳市肉毒梭菌在自然环境中存在情况和对原粮及自制发酵豆制品的污染状况 ,对濮阳市 5县 1区 (分为 5个区即Ⅰ区 :台前县 ;Ⅱ区 :范县 :Ⅲ区 :濮阳县包含市区 ;Ⅳ区 :清丰县 ;Ⅴ区 :南乐县 )的土壤、水体、原粮和自制发酵豆制品进行肉毒梭菌的分离与鉴定。现报告如下。材料与方法　 (1)样本的种类和数量 :庭院土 48份 ,田地土 36份 ,自制发酵豆制品 118份 ,污水 6 4份 ,饮用水 35份 ,黄豆 5 9份。 (2 )样本的采集 :首先对曾发生过肉毒中…     

石家庄市66例肉毒梭菌食物中毒病人调查报告

[目的]搞清66例食物中毒病人的原因,分析食品污染的环节. [方法]对全部发病人员逐一进行详细的包括临床表现、治疗情况、饮食史在内的个案调查,进行流行病学分析,并采集相关的样品进行检验. [结果]在2007年8～9月间出现66例食物中毒病人分布在石家庄市的9个县(市)、区;潜伏期最长12 d,最短8 h,平均潜伏期40 h,潜伏期在8 h～7 d的有64人,占97.O%,超过7 d的有2人,占3.0%;主要症状为眼睑下垂41人,占62.1%,视物模糊40人,占60.6%,头晕40人,占60.6%,吞咽困难38人,占57.6%,乏力29人,占43.9%,复视26人,占39.4%,舌硬20人,占30.3%;病人自述或发病人员家属表述发病人员大多有进食熟肉制品"内疙瘩"或灌肠类肉制品史,但多数病人已记不清楚所食用食品的具体生产厂家和产品的生产日期;采集食物样品30份、病人血清102份、食品原料40份、病人粪便或肛拭子7份,在8份食物样品(涉及4个生产厂家)和37份病人血清中检出了内毒毒素.其中有5份食物样品的内毒毒素被鉴定为A型肉毒毒素. [结论]9个县(市)、区出现66例食物中毒病人的致病因素是内毒梭菌所产生的A型肉毒梭菌肠毒素,中毒食品是低温灌肠内制品,分析其在加工环节污染.     

荧光PCR直接检测食物中毒样品中A(B)型肉毒梭菌

目的建立食物中毒样品中肉毒毒素基因的荧光PCR快速检测方法。方法对食物中毒臭豆腐样品进行前处理,直接从样品中提取基因组总DNA,对毒素基因保守区域设计特异性引物和探针,分别进行肉毒梭菌、A型、B型、E型和F型肉毒毒素基因的荧光PCR检测,FAM通道采集扩增荧光信号。结果食物中毒臭豆腐样品经过去蛋白和脂肪等前处理后,可直接提取获得食物基因组总DNA,以总DNA为模板同时进行肉毒梭菌及毒素基因的荧光PCR检测,检出含有A型、B型毒素基因,只有A型毒素基因表达的A(B)型肉毒梭菌。结论荧光PCR方法可快速检测食物中毒样品中的肉毒梭菌和毒素基因,对肉毒梭菌污染食品引起的食物中毒诊断具有参考价值。     

食物中毒样品中A(B)型肉毒梭菌的分离鉴定

目的 对食物中毒的臭豆腐样品进行肉毒梭菌的实验室检测及鉴定。方法 根据GB 4789.12-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 肉毒梭菌及肉毒毒素检验》进行肉毒梭状芽胞杆菌的分离及肉毒毒素的分型。结果 通过小鼠致死实验,生理生化鉴定及肉毒毒素基因PCR鉴定,从臭豆腐样本中分离出含有肉毒毒素基因bont/A和bont/B,血清表型为A型的A(B)型肉毒梭状芽胞杆菌。结论 该食物中毒样品为A(B)型肉毒梭菌污染所致。     

新疆巴音郭楞蒙古自治州一起肉毒梭菌食物中毒事件的溯源调查分析

分析新疆巴音郭楞蒙古自治州一起肉毒梭菌食物中毒事件, 探究中毒事件发生原因, 明确诊断, 为临床治疗提供技术支持。应用食品安全事故流行病学方法调查食物中毒事件中病例的基本信息、临床表现, 采集自制腐乳和粪便灌洗液, 经增菌培养后应用实时荧光定量PCR法检测样本中肉毒毒素编码基因, 并进行菌株分离、纯化。对分离到的5株肉毒梭菌经肉毒毒素检测和基因检测验证后, 进一步进行PFGE分型。此次中毒事件中2份自制腐乳和3例患者的粪便灌洗液标本均分离到A型肉毒梭菌, 并得到了毒素检测和基因检测验证, 5株肉毒梭菌的PFGE图谱DNA同源性为100%, 可判定是一起因食用被A型肉毒梭菌污染的自制腐乳而引起的肉毒中毒事件。     

四川省土壤及豆制品肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌污染情况调查

为了调查我省自然环境中产毒肉毒梭状芽胞杆菌的污染情况,于1985~1986年,对10个市、县的土壤及发酵豆制品进行了采样调查.从各调查点共采取样品358份,其中土壤样品325份,发酵豆制品33份.按卫生部颁布的食品卫生标准检验方法,对样品进行增殖产毒培养,动物实验和分型试验.检出产毒肉毒梭状芽胞杆菌阳性样品5份、阳性检出率为1.4%,阳性样品均系土壤样品.菌型有A型4份,AB混合型1份.这一调查结果证实,我省自然环境中有产毒肉毒梭菌芽胞存在,并初步了解其地理及菌型分布情况.     

塔城部分地区外环境产毒肉毒梭菌分布情况的调查

<正> 肉毒梭菌食物中毒的发生,往往与其制作发酵食品场所的周围环境中是否存在肉毒梭菌芽胞有着直接关系,由于制作场所的周围环境中染有肉毒梭菌芽胞,加之制作方法不当,食品被肉毒梭菌污染后,条件适宜,使之大量繁殖而产毒,进食含有肉毒毒素的食品后,引起食物中毒。1980年我们在新疆塔城地区,对曾经发生过肉毒中毒的患家的周围环境(土壤及粮食)做了一次采样调查,以了解产毒肉毒梭菌及其型别在自然环境中的分布状况,现将结果报告如下。     

一株C型肉毒梭菌的分离和鉴别

目的 为了解肉毒梭菌在我国西北地区的分布情况.方法 对从甘肃省采集的所有土壤样品用0.2％的明胶磷酸盐缓冲液冲洗后,反复增菌、分离培养,并对分离菌株进行毒素测定和生化特性分析.结果 在采集的175份样品中有2份样品出现典型的肉毒中毒症状,1株与C型肉毒抗毒素完全中和.结论 分离得到的菌株经鉴定为C型肉毒梭菌.     

肉毒梭菌中毒症毒源和毒理的研究

肉毒梭菌(Clostridium Bolutinum)的食物中毒是由肉毒梭菌在食品中于厌氧状态下繁殖产生外毒素所引起的一种典型的食物内毒素型中毒。肉毒梭菌广布于土壤、海水和动物消化道中。肉毒梭菌主要是通过饮食引起人畜中毒,不但成年人可以发生,而且婴幼儿(特别是6月龄以下的)更易发生。一旦食入含有肉毒毒素的食物,发病率特别高,病死率     

Clostridium botulinum in soil on the site of the former Metropolitan (Caledonian) Cattle Market, London.

Sixty soil samples were collected from the redeveloped site of the former Metropolitan (Caledonian) Cattle Market, Islington, London. Of these, 15 (25%) contained Clostridium botulinum and no less than four types (B, C, D and E) were demonstrated. Early British soil surveys suggested that only 4--8% of samples contained Cl. botulinum (type A or B). Although there can be no absolute proof, it seems likely that the striking prevalence at the Market site was the result of faecal contamination by a small proportion of the many millions of farm animals brought there from elsewhere. The distribution of Clostridium tetani was uneven, but of 18 soil samples taken from one area of the Market site, 16 (89%) were positive.     

Clostridium botulinum in British soil.

Soil samples from various parts of Britain were examined for Clostridium botulinum by a sensitive technique comparable with that recently used for mud samples from British aquatic environments. The results showed beyond doubt that in Britain the prevalence of the organism in soil is much lower than in mud. Of 174 samples from all sites examined only 10 (5 . 7%) could be shown to contain Cl. botulinum; this finding was consistent with the results of surveys made by less sensitive techniques in 1922, 1928 and 1942. No type other than B was found. The evidence suggested that in certain localized areas the prevalence was likely to be high. Three sites associated for many years with animals were included in the survey; at the Zoological Society''s premises at Regent''s Park and Whipsnade, and at the Market paddocks, Gorgie, Edinburgh, the prevalence of Cl. botulinum was either very low, or nil. In an earlier survey of the redeveloped site of the former Metropolitan Cattle Market, London, 25% of soil samples gave a positive result and no less than four types (B, C, D. and E) were demonstrated.     

聚合酶链式反应对食物中肉毒的检测

目的用PCR方法鉴定肉毒食物中毒的病原菌。方法用1对人工合成的寡核苷酸引物护增A、B、E、F和G型肉毒神经毒素基因的一段264bp的DNA片段，并对2个食物中毒样品的增菌产毒培养液及分离的菌株进行检测。结果从食物中毒样品中检测出肉毒梭菌。结论PCR方法能快速、准确的鉴定肉毒食物中毒样品中的病原菌。     

Prevalence of Clostridium botulinum type E in Finnish fish and fishery products.

The prevalence of Clostridium botulinum type E gene in fish and fishery products of commercial importance in Finland was determined using a quantitative PCR analysis. The contamination level in 438 raw fish samples from intestines, surface and whole fish and 208 fish roe samples varied from 10-40% and from 4-14% respectively, depending on the fish species studied. The presence of C. botulinum in European wild freshwater fish and roe was demonstrated for the first time by isolation of the organism from PCR-positive samples. Five percent of 214 vacuum-packed and 3% of 123 air-packed fishery product samples examined at retail level were positive for the botulinum neurotoxin type E gene. A contamination level of 10% in vacuum-packed hot-smoked whitefish was detected. The results demonstrate that C. botulinum type E poses a serious health risk for those consuming fishery products from the Baltic Sea area.     

The low prevalence of Clostridium botulinum in the lakes, marshes and waterways of the Camargue.

Mud samples collected in June 1975 from the lakes, marshes and waterways of the Camargue were examined for Clostridium botulinum. The Grand Rh?ne and Petit Rh?ne were shown to contain types B and E, but of 44 samples taken from well distributed sites on the Ile de la Carmargue, only two (4-5%) were positive and these contained type E alone. The survey indicated a much lower prevalence of Cl. botulinum than any encountered in recent surveys of inland aquatic environments elsewhere.     

16SrRNA 在婴幼儿配方乳粉微生物鉴定中的应用

目的通过对市场上现售婴幼儿配方乳粉中肉毒梭菌的检测,探索16SrRNA基因测序方法在微生物鉴定中的应用。方法抽取湖北省市场上57份婴幼儿配方乳粉,根据GB／T4789．12-2003标准对肉毒梭菌进行前增菌、分离培养和革兰氏染色以初步鉴定。选取3株可疑菌株,利用MicroSEQID微生物鉴定系统（ABI）进行16SrRNA基因测序分析,构建系统发育树,鉴定种属。结果经初步鉴定10份样品中存在可疑肉毒杆菌,但经16SrRNA基因测序证实其中3株均为苏云金芽孢杆菌。结论16SrRNA基因测序方法高效客观,在食品微生物鉴定领域具有广阔的前景。     

Poultry waste associated type C botulism in cattle

Botulism in UK cattle has been confirmed by demonstrating type C botulinum toxin in sera from affected animals. Evidence is presented indicating the source of intoxication to be poultry carcasses containing type C Clostridium botulinum and its toxin. The organism was also found in poultry litter and in alimentary tract samples from slaughtered animals. The implications of these findings are discussed.     

Clostridium botulinum in aquatic environments in Great Britain and Ireland.

Mud samples from aquatic environments in many parts of Great Britain and Ireland were collected, mainly in 1975 and 1976, and examined for Clostridium botulinum. The samples were taken from lakes, ponds, reservoirs, marshes, mudflats, streams, rivers and canals, and the sampling areas included a number of bird refuges and reserves. Of 554 samples 194 (35.0%) were positive and 167 (30.1%), 19 (3.4%), 6 (1.1%) and 15 (2.7%) contained types B, C, D and E respectively; 13 (2.3%) contained more than one type. Each type demonstrated was found in both fresh-and salt-water environments. Type B was widespread; types C, D and E were demonstrated in widely separated areas in England and Wales, and type C was found in both the north and south of Scotland. The results were compared with those reported earlier in respect of surveys in the London area, the Norfolk Boads and the Camargue (France).     

Intestinal toxemia botulism in 3 adults, Ontario, Canada, 2006-2008

Five cases of intestinal toxemia botulism in adults were identified within an 18-month period in or near Toronto, Ontario, Canada. We describe findings for 3 of the 5 case-patients. Clinical samples contained Clostridium botulinum spores and botulinum neurotoxins (types A and B) for extended periods (range 41-61 days), indicative of intestinal toxemia botulism. Patients' clinical signs improved with supportive care and administration of botulinum antitoxin. Peanut butter from the residence of 1 case-patient yielded C. botulinum type A, which corresponded with type A spores found in the patient's feces. The food and clinical isolates from this case-patient could not be distinguished by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Two of the case-patients had Crohn disease and had undergone previous bowel surgery, which may have contributed to infection with C. botulinum. These cases reinforce the view that an underlying gastrointestinal condition is a risk factor for adult intestinal toxemia botulism.