DWI结合ADC图诊断急性脑梗死的价值

目的:评价扩散加权成像(DWI)和表观扩散系数(ADC)图对急性期脑梗死诊断的准确性。方法:对临床上拟诊为急性脑梗死患者进行常规MR扫描及DWI检查。回顾性分析109例在T2WI、T1WI、DWI、ADC图上信号强度的变化。结果:发病3 h内(9例)在T2WI上呈稍高信号1例,等信号8例,T1WI上均为等信号,DWI上均为高信号,ADC图上均为明显低信号。发病4~15 h(56例)在T2WI、DWI上均为高到高信号,在T1WI、ADC图上均为低信号。发病16~21 h(22例)在T2WI、DWI上均为高信号;在T1WI上20例为低信号,2例为等低信号;ADC图上19例为低信号,3例为等低信号。发病22 h上(22例)在T2WI上均为稍高信号;DWI上19例为稍高信号,3例为等信号;T1WI上20例为稍低信号,2例为等低信号;ADC图上12例为稍低信号,7例为等信号,3例为等低信号。结论:DWI结合ADC图对急性期脑梗死的诊断具有高度准确性,但单独DWI图像不能完全鉴别急性或亚急性病灶,应与T2WI、ADC图结合才能判断不同时期脑梗死。     

磁共振弥散成像对急性脑梗死的诊断价值

目的探讨磁共振弥散成像对超急性、急性脑梗死的诊断价值。方法对80例疑似急性期脑梗死患者,行磁共振常规T1WI、T2WI、水抑制序列(FLAIR)、弥散加权扫描(DWI)。结果80例中,超急性期脑梗死10例,急性期32例,超急性期、急性期脑梗死在DWI上表现为高信号,T2WI上为等信号或部分稍高信号,ADC图上表现为低信号。MRI扫描未见异常2例。结论磁共振弥散成像对超急性期、急性期脑梗死病变较常规MRI敏感,在多发梗死灶中可以发现责任病灶、为临床选择治疗方案提供依据。     

恶性苯丙酮尿症T2WI与DTI的比较

目的探讨恶性苯丙酮尿症弥散张量图像与常规T2WI加权像的特点。方法8例恶性苯丙酮尿症患者与8例年龄匹配的髓鞘发育正常者配对,应用12个方向平面回波序列获得弥散张量成像(DTI)数据,对比部分各向异性图(FA)、表观弥散系数图(ADC)与T2WI加权像。对病变FA值、ADC值进行统计学分析。结果1例未经正规治疗PKU患儿T2WI高信号区表现为FA图低信号、ADC图低信号,与对照组差异有统计学意义,7例经正规治疗患儿T2WI高信号区表现为FA图低信号、ADC图高信号,与对照组比较差异无统计学意义。结论T2WI高信号、ADC低信号为苯丙酮尿症脑白质损害表现,DTI有助于苯丙酮尿症脑损害的性质判断。     

DWI及ADC图对脑梗死病情进展的评估作用研究

目的:研究核磁共振弥散加权成像及表观弥散系数图像对脑梗死的病情进展和恢复状态的评估作用。方法:对一组超急性期(8例)和急性期(10例)脑梗死患者连续追踪行T_1-FLAIR、FSE-T_2WI、T_2-FLAIR、DWI序列扫描检查,及ADC图像重建,观察不同期相脑梗死灶的图像特征,计算其固定层面病灶区域残余弥散积(MSAFSS):面积×(3.0-1 000×ADC),并使其与相应的脑功能损害评分相对应,进行相关性分析。结果:①超急性期病灶,T_1-FLAIR、T_2WI均无明显信号改变,T_2-FLAIR偶可见等或稍高信号,DWI则可见明显的高信号,ADC图为低信号;急性期梗死灶,T_1-FLAIR基本都呈低信号改变,T_2WI表现为高信号,T_2-FLAIR为高信号,DWI仍为高信号,ADC图为低信号;亚急性期病灶,T_1-FLAIR信号较前都明显降低,T_2WI、T_2-FLAIR、DWI均为高信号表现,ADC图为稍低或等信号表现;慢性期病灶,T_1-FLAIR为低信号,T_2WI为高信号,T_2-FLAIR、DWI呈低或等信号,而ADC图为高信号。②对12例全程追踪的观察结果显示,病灶全过程的MSAFSS与评分分值之间无相关(P0.05);而亚急性早期前10例的MSAFSS与分值间具有正相关性(P0.05)。结论:各期脑梗死在DWI及ADC图上都有其不同的图像特征,并可据此大体判断脑梗死所处期相;通过计算MSAFSS可以对亚急性早期以前的脑梗死病情进展与功能恢复状态给予一定程度的评估。     

磁共振弥散加权成像在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的诊断价值

目的:以磁共振弥散加权成像(DWI)技术并与常规MR T1WI、T2WI结合应用,探讨DWI对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)的早期诊断价值。方法:对我院2004年1月~2010年1月临床确诊缺氧缺血性脑病的新生儿62例(4h~15天)进行DWI和常规T1WI、T2WI检查。结果:DWI出现高信号病灶59例,T1WI信号异常32例,T2WI信号异常13例。DWI高信号病灶多见于大脑皮层、侧脑室周围白质区及室管膜下,T1WI高信号以脑室周围白质区多见。出血性病变,在T1WI呈高信号,而DWI表现为无信号。结论:DWI适用于早期HIE,T1WI及T2WI在亚急性期、恢复期或随访应用显示病灶较好。     

3.0TMR动态增强扫描及弥散成像联合应用诊断小肝癌的影像价值

目的分析小肝癌(SHCC)动态增强及弥散成像(DWI)(b值为600s/mm2)的信号特点并探讨二者联合应用的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析经病理证实的37例患者总共41个SHCC病灶的T1WI、T2WI、多期动态增强扫描及DWI的信号改变,并探讨T1WI、T2WI及动态增强(A组),T1WI、T2WI及DWI(B组)及这两种方法联合应用(C组)在SHCC的检出与定性诊断方面的价值。结果 SHCC以速升速降型强化方式为主(73.17%),强化峰值主要位于动脉晚期(75.61%);SHCC与周围肝组织的ADC值存在显著性差异;在病灶检出方面A组与C组的差异无统计学意义,而在病灶的定性诊断方面A组与C组的差异有统计学意义。结论肝脏多期动态增强扫描与弥散成像联合应用更有利于SHCC的定性诊断。     

MR扩散加权成像对颈髓急慢性损伤的诊断价值

目的探讨急慢性颈髓损伤磁共振扩散加权成像(DWI)的特点及其临床应用价值。方法对临床诊断为脊髓型颈椎病患者38例(CSM组)、急性颈髓外伤患者16例(外伤组)以及正常健康志愿者15例(对照组)采用单次激发自旋回波-平面回波序列行颈髄DWI检查,分析各例DWI图像特点,测量表观扩散系数(ADC)值。结果 CSM组:38例中T2WI颈髓出现高信号者20例,颈髓受压部位ADC值表现异常者30例(78.9%),其中27例ADC值高于正常组ADC值,3例ADC值降低,DWI图像表现为低信号或等信号;外伤组16例中ADC值表现异常者为14例(87.5%),10例常规T2WI颈髓受伤部位出现局限性异常信号,呈高信号或混杂信号,损伤部位ADC值有明显降低,DWI表现为高或混杂信号,6例T2WI及DWI信号无改变者,4例损伤部位ADC值降低。两组ADC值与正常对照组比较均有统计学差异。结论 CSM组和外伤组DWI成像ADC值有不同变化,判断脊髓病变较常规T2WI具有更高的敏感性,对临床诊断及预后判断有较高价值。     

脑后部可逆性脑病综合征的MRI特征和临床价值

目的探讨脑后部可逆性脑病综合征的MRI特征和临床价值。方法回顾性分析25例脑后部可逆性脑病综合征(PRES)孕妇的MRI资料并随访观察。结果所有病例MRI均显示脑实质内多发性的斑片状T1WI低信号、T2WI及FLAIR高信号病灶,大致对称分布。病灶分布以顶枕叶白质为主,额颞叶、基底节、小脑、脑干及皮层灰质也可受累。DWI(b=1000)显示高信号病灶9例,其中ADC图呈低信号3例,提示形成脑梗死。随访发现22例病灶于治疗后短期内恢复,病灶范围大、分布广或于DWI、ADC图显示弥散受限者预后较差。结论孕妇PRES的MRI表现具有显著的特征,MRI对早期诊断、判断预后和指导治疗有重要价值。     

磁共振DWI成像技术在脊髓型颈椎病的临床研究

目的：研究扩散加权成像（DWI）在脊髓型颈椎病（CSM）中的应用价值。方法：对26例临床及影像学证实为CSM患者,22例非CSM患者行颈髓MRI和扩散加权成像,分析病变表现并测量其ADC值。结果：48例均获得弥散加权图像和弥散系数。CSM患者受压部位ADC值明显高于邻近部位和正常颈髓ADC值,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;17例CSM脊髓受压部位T2WI出现高信号,ADC值增高;9例T2WI表现为等信号,其中有6例表现为脊髓受压部位ADC值增高,DWI显示不同信号组受压部位平均ADC值差别无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,但不同信号组受压部位与相应邻近正常部位平均ADC值比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：DWI可以通过受压脊髓ADC值改变更早的判断脊髓内部变化,比常规T2WI能更早、更准确显示脊髓受压的情况,从而有助于早期诊断和治疗。     

扩散加权成像诊断超急性和急性脑梗塞的应用价值

目的:探讨DWI和ADC图诊断超急性和急性脑梗塞的价值.材料和方法:14例脑梗塞患者(超急性期6例,急性期8例)采用1.5T MR机进行扫描,对DWI、ADC图及常规T1WI、T2WI进行对比研究分析.结果:超急性和急性脑梗塞DWI均表现为高信号,ADC图均表现为低信号,DWI对病变显示达100%.6例超急性期脑梗塞患者仅DWI可显示病变而常规T1WI、T2WI无任何相应的异常发现.全部病灶ADC值均低于其相对应的正常脑组织.结论:DWI对急性脑梗塞诊断敏感、准确,且能对脑梗塞作定量分析.     

A monitoring,feedback, and triggering system for reproducible breath-hold MR imaging

A technique is described that provides improved reproducibility of breath-holding for MR image acquisition by monitoring the superior-inferior (S/I) position of the diaphragm. The method incorporates detection of the level of inspiration using an MR signal, rapid display to the patient of diaphragm position to enable breath-hold adjustment, and triggering of image data acquisition once appropriate position is attained. The response time of the system is short, approximately 10 ms. Studies in six volunteers using this method demonstrate a considerable decrease in the S/I range of diaphragm position over 10 consecutive periods of suspended respiration. The mean range is 1.3 mm with the system, while it is 8.3 mm without using it is expected that this method will be of assistance in many abdominal and cardiothoracic studies that use breath-hold techniques.     

DSA功能性参数的提取与利用

本文介绍了在临床实际中利用功能性参数，对冠状动脉ＤＳＡ心肌血流灌注成像、冠状动脉血流量测定、左心室功能测定、肺动脉高压程度的评价等项目研究结果。重点讨论了提取ＤＳＡ功能性参数的一般方法，认为功能性参数在现代影像诊断学中的作用是对疾病做出程度、定量、动态及功能诊断。     

RARE spiral T2-weighted imaging

Spiral imaging has a number of advantages for fast imaging, including an efficient use of gradient hardware. However, inhomogeneity-induced blurring is proportional to the data acquisition duration. In this paper, we combine spiral data acquisition with a RARE echo train. This allows a long data acquisition interval per excitation, while limiting the effects of inhomogeneity. Long spiral k-space trajectories are partitioned into smaller, annular ring trajectories. Each of these annular rings is acquired during echoes of a RARE echo train. The RARE refocusing RF pulses periodically refocus off-resonant spins while building a long data acquisition. We describe both T₂-weighted single excitation and interleaved RARE spiral sequences. A typical sequence acquires a complete data set in three excitations (32 cm FOV, 192 × 192 matrix). At a TR = 2000 ms, we can average two acquisitions in an easy breath-hold interval. A multifrequency reconstruction algorithm minimizes the effects of any off-resonant spins. Though this algorithm needs a field map, we demonstrate how signal averaging can provide the necessary phase data while increasing SNR. The field map creation causes no scan time penalty and essentially no loss in SNR efficiency. Multiple slice, 14-s breath-hold scans acquired on a conventional gradient system demonstrate the performance.     

Echo-Time-Encoded Burst Imaging (EBI): A Novel Technique for Spectroscopic Imaging

A new technique for rapid spectroscopic imaging is presented. The proposed experiment enables a complete mapping of the two-dimensional reciprocal space k_x, k_o, and thus the acquisition of a 1D spectroscopic image in a single scan. The properties of the pulse sequence, based on the use of a burst of low flip angle pulses, are analyzed in the framework of linear response theory, and it is shown that chemical shift information may be introduced into the spatially encoded echoes. First experimental results are presented demonstrating that 32 x 32 proton spectroscopic images may be acquired within less than 1 min with a conventional imaging system.     

Fast imaging of phosphocreatine in the normal human myocardium using a three-dimensional RARE pulse sequence at 4 Tesla

PURPOSE: To investigate the use of a three-dimensional rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE) pulse sequence for direct acquisition of phosphocreatine (PCr) images of the human myocardium. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A short elliptical birdcage radiofrequency (RF) body coil was constructed to produce a uniform flip angle throughout the chest cavity. In vivo images using a spectrally-selective RARE sequence with a spatial resolution of 1.2 cm x 1.2 cm x 2.5 cm (4 cm(3)) were acquired in nine minutes and 40 seconds. RESULTS: Scans of phantoms demonstrated excellent spectral selectivity. The signal-to-noise ratio in the myocardium ranged from 12.6 in the anterior wall to 5.3 in the mid septum. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that PCr data can be acquired using a three-dimensional RARE sequence with greater spatial and temporal resolution than spectroscopic techniques.     

Current Status of Optical Imaging for Evaluating Lymph Nodes and Lymphatic System

Optical imaging techniques use visual and near infrared rays. Despite their considerably poor penetration depth, they are widely used due to their safe and intuitive properties and potential for intraoperative usage. Optical imaging techniques have been actively investigated for clinical imaging of lymph nodes and lymphatic system. This article summarizes a variety of optical tracers and techniques used for lymph node and lymphatic imaging, and reviews their clinical applications. Emerging new optical imaging techniques and their potential are also described.     

Simultaneous multislice (SMS) imaging techniques

Simultaneous multislice imaging (SMS) using parallel image reconstruction has rapidly advanced to become a major imaging technique. The primary benefit is an acceleration in data acquisition that is equal to the number of simultaneously excited slices. Unlike in‐plane parallel imaging this can have only a marginal intrinsic signal‐to‐noise ratio penalty, and the full acceleration is attainable at fixed echo time, as is required for many echo planar imaging applications. Furthermore, for some implementations SMS techniques can reduce radiofrequency (RF) power deposition. In this review the current state of the art of SMS imaging is presented. In the Introduction, a historical overview is given of the history of SMS excitation in MRI. The following section on RF pulses gives both the theoretical background and practical application. The section on encoding and reconstruction shows how the collapsed multislice images can be disentangled by means of the transmitter pulse phase, gradient pulses, and most importantly using multichannel receiver coils. The relationship between classic parallel imaging techniques and SMS reconstruction methods is explored. The subsequent section describes the practical implementation, including the acquisition of reference data, and slice cross‐talk. Published applications of SMS imaging are then reviewed, and the article concludes with an outlook and perspective of SMS imaging. Magn Reson Med 75:63–81, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society of Medicine in Resonance.     

Dynamic bioluminescence imaging for quantitative tumour burden assessment using IV or IP administration of <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">d</Emphasis>-luciferin: effect on intensity,time kinetics and repeatability of photon emission

Introduction In vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a promising technique for non-invasive tumour imaging. d-luciferin can be administrated intraperitonealy or intravenously. This will influence its availability and, therefore, the bioluminescent signal. The aim of this study is to compare the repeatability of BLI measurement after IV versus IP administration of d-luciferin and assess the correlation between photon emission and histological cell count both in vitro and in vivo. Materials and methods Fluc-positive R1M cells were subcutaneously inoculated in nu/nu mice. Dynamic BLI was performed after IV or IP administration of d-luciferin. Maximal photon emission (PE_max) was calculated. For repeatability assessment, every acquisition was repeated after 4 h and analysed using Bland–Altman method. A second group of animals was serially imaged, alternating IV and IP administration up to 21 days. When mice were killed, PE_max after IV administration was correlated with histological cell number. Results The coefficients of repeatability were 80.2% (IV) versus 95.0% (IP). Time-to-peak is shorter, and its variance lower for IV (p < 0.0001). PE_max was 5.6 times higher for IV. A trend was observed towards lower photon emission per cell in larger tumours. Conclusion IV administration offers better repeatability and better sensitivity when compared to IP. In larger tumours, multiple factors may contribute to underestimation of tumour burden. It might, therefore, be beneficial to test novel therapeutics on small tumours to enable an accurate evaluation of tumour burden. Marleen Keyaerts is a Ph. D. fellow of the Research Foundation—Flanders (Belgium; FWO).     

Temporal resolution improvement in dynamic imaging

In some dynamic imaging applications, only a fraction, 1/n, of the field of view (FOV) may show considerable change during the motion cycle. A method is presented that improves the temporal resolution for a dynamic region by a factor, n, while maintaining spatial resolution at a cost of √n in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Temporal resolution is improved, or alternatively, total imaging time is reduced by reducing the number of phase encodes acquired for each temporal frame by 1/n. To eliminate aliasing, a representation of the signal from the static outer portion of the FOV is constructed using all the raw data. The k-space data derived from this representation is subtracted from the original data sets, and the differences correspond to the dynamic portion of the FOV. Improved resolution results are presented in phantom studies, and in vivo phase contrast quantitative flow imaging.