三房心14例的外科治疗

为探讨三房心的诊断和治疗方法，作者回顾分析了1986－2001年收治的14例三房心病人，男8例，女6例，年龄1－26岁，平均6．6岁。其中单纯型完全型三房心11例，单纯型部分型三房心1例。另外2例同时合并有其他多种心内畸形，而诊断为复杂型完全型、部分型三房心。14例病人中11例术前经超声心动图确诊，3例术中探查确诊。本组病人体外循环下行手术治疗，扩大房间隔缺损，探查清楚心内畸形，剪除左房隔膜，补片修补房间隔缺损。合并其他畸形者同时予以纠治。14例病人除1例12个月男婴术后早期死于急性肺水肿外，其余均治愈，随访5个月－15年（9例），恢复良好。说明三房心的手术治疗效果好；超声心动图检查在三房心的诊断中有较高价值。     

成人右旋心及合并畸形彩色多普勒超声心动图特征

目的探寻成人右旋心及合并畸形的彩色多普勒超声心动图(CDE)特征。资料与方法应用CDE检查30例成人右旋心及合并畸形,寻找成人右旋心及合并畸形CDE特征,所有病例均心血管造影对照,26例手术证实。结果根据CDE特征,对所有病例全部做出正确诊断。成人右旋心及合并畸形CDE特征明显:①成人右旋心合并4种先天性心脏病,其中SLL型矫正性大动脉转位(80.0%)多见,AⅢ型心室双入口(10.0%)、SLL型右心室双出口(6.7%)和孤立性房间隔缺损(3.3%)少见。②成人右旋心无论合并那种先天性心脏病,CDE表现均为心房正位。③成人右旋心合并矫正性大动脉转位、心室双入口和右心室双出口的大动脉均为左转位。④成人右旋心合并复杂先天性心脏病多有肺动脉狭窄(93.3%)。肺动脉狭窄时,彩色多普勒血流显像显示过肺动脉五彩镶嵌射流束血流信号。⑤合并房间隔缺损和室间隔缺损时,彩色多普勒血流显像显示过房间隔或室间隔左向右或双向五彩镶嵌分流束血流信号。结论成人右旋心及合并畸形的CDE特征明显,应用CDE对成人右旋心及合并畸形可做出正确诊断,但检查者必须熟练掌握本病解剖。在探查手法上与正常位心脏明显不同,检查前阅读X线正位胸片对CDE正确诊断有帮助,并可提高检查效率。     

成人房间隔膨出瘤及合并畸形彩色多普勒超声心动图特征和规律性研究

目的:探寻成人房间隔膨出瘤(IASA)及合并畸形彩色多普勒超声心动图(CDE)的特征和规律性.材料和方法:应用CDE检查38例成人IASA及合并畸形,在经胸超声心动图检查之后22例又行经食管超声心动图检查,26例行心导管检查,20例行房间隔缺损(ASD)封堵术,8例行合并畸形手术治疗.结果:根据CDE特征对38例成人IASA及合并畸形全部做出正确诊断.成人IASA及合并畸形CDE特征和规律性明显:①在二维超声心动图(2DE)心尖四腔心切面、胸骨旁四腔心切面和剑下四腔心切面显示房间隔中部变薄,局部凸向右心房,并随心动周期摆动.② IASA合并畸形者多见(94.7%),孤立性IASA少见(5.3%).在合并的畸形中ASD多见(80.0%),其次是室间隔缺损(5.3%)和房间隔卵圆孔未闭(5.3%),还有主动脉瓣狭窄和主动脉窦瘤破裂等,但少见.③孤立性IASA患者2DE显示各心腔内径正常;合并ASD患者2DE显示右心房、右心室内径增大,彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)显示过房间隔左向右五彩镶嵌分流束血流信号;合并室间隔缺损2DE显示左心房内径增大,CDFI显示过室间隔左向右五彩镶嵌分流束血流信号.④经胸超声心动图很难准确显示IASA合并ASD的数目、大小和位置;经食管超声心动图可准确显示IASA合并ASD的数目、大小和位置.结论:CDE对成人IASA及合并畸形有特异性诊断价值.应用CDE明确判断合并畸形比诊断IASA更重要;应用经食管超声心动图诊断合并畸形ASD比经胸超声心动图更具有临床价值.     

彩色多普勒超声诊断房间隔缺损64例与手术对比探讨

目的 研究彩色多普勒超声诊断房间隔缺损(ASD)的准确性。方法 回顾性分析经手术证实的64例ASD患者的超声检查结果并和手术结果对照。结果 64例患者中有1例三房心合并房间隔缺损畸形，1例合并右下肺静脉异位引流漏诊，术前超声正确诊断63例，定性诊断准确率达98．4％，有1例混合型定位不准确，定位准确率在98．4％，而且64例患者中超声检查结果显示在无合并其他畸形时房间缺损大小与右心系统扩大及肺动脉扩张呈正相关关系。结论 ASD是以右室容量超负荷为特征，彩色多普勒超声是诊断房间隔缺损的首选检查方法，并具有较高的准确性。     

成人镜像右位心及合并畸形彩色多普勒超声心动图特征研究

目的:探寻成人镜像右位心及合并畸形彩色多普勒超声心动图(CDE)特征。方法:应用CDE检查31例成人镜像右位心及合并畸形,寻找CDE特征,所有病例均经心导管对照,21例手术证实。结果:根据CDE特征对29例做出正确诊断,诊断准确率93.5%,误诊2例。成人镜像右位心及合并畸形CDE特征明显:①成人镜像右位心合并11种先天性心脏病,其中ILL型右心室双出口(22.6%)、IDD型矫正性大动脉转位(19.4%)和法乐四联症(19.4%)多见,心室双入口(12.9%)和室间隔缺损(6.5%)少见,两腔心、二尖瓣闭锁、三尖瓣闭锁、全肺静脉异位引流、孤立性双腔右心室和孤立性二尖瓣裂隙(各3.2%)更少见;②成人镜像右位心无论合并那种先天性心脏病均为心房反位;③成人镜像右位心合并右心室双出口大动脉均为左转位;合并矫正性大动脉转位大动脉均为右转位;⑷成人镜像右位心合并肺动脉狭窄(93.5%)多见,肺动脉高压(6.5%)少见。肺动脉狭窄时,彩色多普勒血流显像显示过肺动脉五彩镶嵌射流束血流信号;⑤合并房间隔缺损和室间隔缺损时,彩色多普勒血流显像显示过房间隔或室间隔左向右或双向五彩镶嵌分流束血流信号。结论:成人镜像右位心及合并畸形CDE特征明显,应用CDE对成人镜像右位心及合并畸形可做出正确诊断,但检查者必须熟练掌握本病解剖。在探查手法上与正常位心脏明显不同,检查前阅读X线正位胸片对CDE正确诊断有帮助,并可提高检查效率。     

房间隔膨出瘤合并畸形的彩色多普勒超声心动图特征及规律性研究

目的：探寻房间隔膨出瘤（IASA）合并畸形的彩色多普勒超声心动图（CDE）特征及规律性。方法：应用CDE检查32例IASA,在经胸超声心动图（TTE）检查之后18例又行经食管超声心动图（TEE）检查。10例行合并畸形房间隔缺损（ASD）封堵术,16例行合并畸形手术治疗。结果：根据CDE特征对32例IASA及合并畸形全部做出正确诊断。IASA及合并畸形CDE特征及规律性明显：①二维超声心动图（2DE）心尖四腔心切面、胸骨旁四腔心切面和剑下四腔心切面显示房间隔中部变薄,局部向右心房或左心房凸出,并随心动周期摆动;②IASA多并畸形,在合并畸形中ASD（84．4％）多见,其次是室间隔缺损（12．5％）和房间隔卯圆孔未闭（6．3％）,还有法乐三联症、法乐四联症、室间隔完整的肺动脉闭锁和主动脉瓣狭窄等,但少见;③孤立性IASA患者2DE显示心腔内径正常;合并ASD患者2DE显示右心房、右心室内径增大,彩色多普勒血流显像显示过房间隔左向右五彩镶嵌分流束血流信号;合并室间隔缺损2DE显示左心房内径增大,彩色多普勒血流显像显示过室间隔左向右五彩镶嵌分流束血流信号;④TIE很难准确显示IASA合并ASD的数目、大小和位置;TEE可准确显示IASA合并ASD的数目、大小和位置;⑤IASA女性（75．0％）明显多于男性（25.0％）。结论：CDE对IASA有特异性诊断价值。应用CDE明确判断合并畸形比诊断IASA更重要;应用TEE判断合并畸形SD比TIE更具有特异性诊断价值。     

房间隔膨出瘤及合并畸形彩色多普勒超声心动图特征及规律性研究

目的：探寻房间隔膨出瘤（IASA）及合并畸形彩色多普勒超声心动图（CDE）特征及规律性。方法：应用CDE检查32例IASA,在经胸超声心动图（TTE）检查之后18例又行经食管超声心动图（TEE）检查。10例行合并畸形房间隔缺损（ASD）封堵术,16例行合并畸形手术治疗。结果：根据CDE特征对32例IASA及合并畸形全部做出正确诊断。IASA及合并畸形CDE特征及规律性明显：①二维超声心动图（2DE）心尖四腔心切面、胸骨旁四腔心切面和剑下四腔心切面显示房间隔中部变薄,局部向右心房或左心房凸出,并随心动周期摆动;②IASA多并畸形,在合并畸形中ASD（84.4%）多见,其次是室间隔缺损（12.5%）和房间隔卵圆孔未闭（6.3%）,还有法乐三联症、法乐四联症、室间隔完整的肺动脉闭锁和主动脉瓣狭窄等,但少见;③孤立性IASA患者2DE显示心腔内径正常;合并ASD患者2DE显示右心房、右心室内径增大,彩色多普勒血流显像显示过房间隔左向右五彩镶嵌分流束血流信号;合并室间隔缺损2DE显示左心房内径增大,彩色多普勒血流显像显示过室间隔左向右五彩镶嵌分流束血流信号;④TTE很难准确显示IASA合并ASD的数目、大小和位置;TEE可准确显示IASA合并ASD的数目、大小和位置;⑤IASA女性（75．0％）明显多于男性（25．0％）。结论：CDE对IASA有特异性诊断价值。应用CDE明确判断合并畸形比诊断IASA更重要;应用TEE判断合并畸形ASD比TTE更具有特异性诊断价值。     

混合型肺静脉异位引流的彩色多普勒超声心动图诊断

目的：探讨彩色多普勒超声心动图对混合型肺静脉异位引流（MTAPVC）的诊断价值.方法：经心导管及手术证实为MTAPVC的11例患者为研究对象,回顾性分析其超声心动图.结果：患者可分三种类型：A型（心上型合并心内型）8例;B型（心上型合并心下型）2例;C型（心上型,合并有两个回流部位）1例.彩色多普勒超声心动图对MTAPVC诊断的正确率为81%（9/11）.结论：如能多部位、多切面仔细观察,彩色多普勒超声心动图可以比较准确地诊断混合型完全性肺静脉异位引流.     

顺序节段分析法在先天性右位心合并心内畸形中的诊断价值

目的提高超声心动图对心脏位置异常合并复杂心内畸形的诊断准确率。方法选择近年来在我院经手术或心血管造影证实的先天性右位心合并心内畸形患者42例,对其超声心动图检查结果进行回顾分析。结果手术证实本组先天性右位心分型：镜像右位心13例,右旋心29例;心内畸形：单心室10例,右室双出口8例,法洛四联症6例,完全性大动脉转位5例,矫正性大动脉转位4例,完全性房室间隔缺损4例,永存动脉干3例,肺动脉闭锁2例。超声误诊、漏诊的病例：3例完全性大动脉转位伴巨大室间隔缺损误诊为单心室;2例右室双出口误诊为法洛四联症;1例矫正性大动脉转位误诊为完全性大动脉转位;1例肺动脉闭锁误诊为永存动脉干;1例肺动脉闭锁超声漏诊左肺动脉缺如及多支体肺侧枝。结论超声心动图顺序节段法对绝大多数先天性右位心并心内畸形能作出准确诊断,但对某些极为复杂的病例心导管检查仍是明确诊断和手术条件的重要手段。     

超声心动图诊断室间隔缺损合并主动脉瓣及瓦氏窦畸形的价值

室间隔缺损(VSD)伴随主动脉瓣/瓦氏窦畸形并非少见,外科手术时不可忽视,二维超声及彩色多普勒血流显像(CD-FI)的应用使得非创伤性诊断及合并畸形的发现成为可能.本文回顾性分析经心脏外科手术证实为合并主动脉瓣或瓦氏窦畸形的VSD患者36例的超声心动图诊断结果,讨论这类患者的超声诊断体会.     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

Analysis of the results of the international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of Fe

The results of an international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of ⁵⁵Fe organized by the BIPM in 2005 are reported and analysed. This exercise, which follows the procedures of the CIPM mutual recognition arrangement to update older comparisons, is a renewal of the comparison organized by the BIPM that took place in 1978. A EUROMET comparison was organized in 1996 specifically to compare activity measurements of a ⁵⁵Fe solution by means of liquid-scintillation techniques. Results of these three comparisons are presented and discussed in this paper.

The radionuclide solution was provided by the NPL, which also distributed the samples to the participants. The activity of the ampoules was measured by 16 laboratories using 12 methods producing 25 results. Some general considerations on uncertainty assessments pertaining to the different techniques used are drawn. The outcome of four different estimators is compared from which the presence of at least one outlier can be confirmed. Further measurements should be made to try to reduce the discrepancy between the results. To date the outcome of the present comparison does not show an improvement to that of the 1996 comparison.     

Evaluation of the results of various technics of non-surgical therapy of varicocele

A new method of non-surgical treatment of varicocele syndrome is described: it consists in sclerotherapy of spermatic vein by trans-femoral percutaneous catheterization with balloon-catheters. In 8 cases venous thrombosis has been induced by direct electric clotting. The techniques and a 6 months follow-up are discussed. It is pointed out that this procedure should be considered as the method of choice for tubular lesions and sub-fertility prophylaxis in young people and in childhood.     

延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因分析

目的探讨延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因和预防措施.方法回顾性分析总结12例延迟性脾破裂中的诊断和误漏诊的经验与教训.结果本组延迟性脾破裂的误漏诊5例(41.66%).对多发伤与脾破裂并存可能认识不足,外伤史轻微或伤员隐瞒外伤史,缺乏腹痛-缓解-突然再腹痛的典型病史,缺乏“对冲性脾破裂”力学分析和整体化诊断思路等为其误漏诊的主要原因.结论详细的外伤史和全面系统检查,重视腹以外多发伤掩盖腹内脏器伤及延迟性脾破裂可能.确立外伤-腹内脏器伤-脾破裂整体化诊断思路.不间断地辅以B超检查脾形态学变化和腹内有无积液,腹腔穿刺确定有无血腹、X线胸腹部检查观察左侧胸肋角和膈肌运动情况、必要时CT检查以尽早发现脾包膜下血肿,降低延迟性脾破裂误漏诊率.