Epidural Analgesia and Risks of Cesarean and Operative Vaginal Deliveries in Nulliparous and Multiparous Women

Objective is to examine the effect of epidural analgesia in first stage of labor on occurrence of cesarean and operative vaginal deliveries in nulliparous women and multiparous women without a previous cesarean delivery. Design of the Prospective cohort study. Prenatal care was received at 12 free-standing health centers, 7 private physician offices, or 2 hospital-based clinics; babies were delivered at a free standing birth center or at 3 hospitals, all in San Diego, CA. This study of 2,052 women used data from the San Diego Birth Center Study that enrolled women between 1994 and 1996 to compare the birthing management of the collaborative Certified Nurse Midwife-Medical Doctor Model with that of the traditional Medical Doctor Model. Main Outcome Measures of the Cesarean or operative vaginal deliveries. After adjusting for differences between women who used and those who did not use epidural analgesia in 1st stage of labor, epidural use was associated with a 2.5 relative risk (95% CI: 1.8, 3.4) for operative vaginal delivery in nulliparous women, and a 5.9 relative risk (95% CI: 3.2, 11.1) in multiparous women. Epidural use was associated with a 2.4 relative risk (95% CI: 1.5, 3.7) for cesarean delivery in nulliparous women, and a 1.8 relative risk (95% CI: 0.6, 5.3) in multiparous women. Epidural anesthesia increases the risk for operative vaginal deliveries in both nulliparous and multiparous women, and increases risk for cesarean deliveries in nulliparous more so than in multiparous women.     

Effect of labor epidural anesthesia on breast-feeding of healthy full-term newborns delivered vaginally

BACKGROUND: Epidural anesthesia is commonly administered to laboring women. Some studies have suggested that epidural anesthesia might inhibit breast-feeding. This study explores the association between labor epidural anesthesia and early breast-feeding success. METHODS: Standardized records of mother-baby dyads representing 115 consecutive healthy, full-term, breast-feeding newborns delivered vaginally of mothers receiving epidural anesthesia were analyzed and compared with 116 newborns not exposed to maternal epidural anesthesia. Primary outcome was two successful breast-feeding encounters by 24 hours of age, as defined by a LATCH breast-feeding assessment score of 7 or more of 10 and a latch score of 2/2. Means were compared with the Kruskal-Wallis test. Categorical data were compared using the Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test. Stratified analysis of potentially confounding variables was performed using Mantel-Haenszel weighted odd ratios (OR) and chi-square for evaluation of interaction. RESULTS: Both epidural and nonepidural anesthesia groups were similar except maternal nulliparity was more common in the epidural anesthesia group. Two successful breast-feedings within 24 hours of age were achieved by 69.6% of mother-baby units that had had epidural anesthesia compared with 81.0% of mother-baby units that had not (odds ratio [OR] 0.53, P = .04). These relations remained after stratification (weighted odds ratios in parenthesis) based on maternal age (0.52), parity (0.58), narcotics use in labor (0.49), and first breast-feeding within 1 hour (0.49). Babies of mothers who had had epidural anesthesia were significantly more likely to receive a bottle supplement while hospitalized (OR 2.63; P < .001) despite mothers exposed to epidural anesthesia showing a trend toward being more likely to attempt breast-feeding in the 1 hour (OR 1.66; P = .06). Mothers who had epidural anesthesia and who did not breast-feed within 1 hour were at high risk for having their babies receive bottle supplementation (OR 6.27). CONCLUSIONS: Labor epidural anesthesia had a negative impact on breast-feeding in the first 24 hours of life even though it did not inhibit the percentage of breast-feeding attempts in the first hour. Further studies are needed to elucidate the exact nature of this association.     

不同时机自控硬膜外镇痛对产程和新生儿的影响

目的探讨不同时机实施自控硬膜外镇痛对产程进展、分娩方式和新生儿的影响。方法采用前瞻性的随机对照研究潜伏期镇痛组186例、活跃期镇痛组220例和对照组160例,观察三组孕妇产程时间、催产素的使用率、分娩方式、产后出血量、新生儿1min及5min的Apgar评分、新生儿窒息率。结果两组镇痛组均获得满意的镇痛效果,镇痛组比对照组的活跃期缩短,剖宫产率降低(P0.05);而第二产程、第三产程、产后出血量、阴道助产率、新生儿Apgar评分、新生儿窒息率在三组之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05);在潜伏期镇痛组的潜伏期有延长的趋势,催产素的使用率增加,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论硬膜外分娩镇痛可以降低剖宫产率,不增加阴道助产率,不影响新生儿预后;潜伏期分娩镇痛是可行的。     

全程导乐陪伴分娩联合硬膜外麻醉分娩镇痛对产科质量的影响

目的:探讨全程导乐陪伴分娩联合硬膜外麻醉分娩镇痛对产科质量的影响。方法:选择在该院定期产前检查且自愿要求全程导乐陪伴分娩联合硬膜外麻醉分娩镇痛的产妇750例为观察组,选择同期528例定期产检、传统方式分娩的产妇为对照组。比较两组产妇的产程时间、产后出血量、分娩方式、新生儿窒息等。结果:两组产妇的产后出血量、剖宫产率、产钳助产率、新生儿窒息率等比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:全程导乐陪伴分娩联合硬膜外麻醉分娩镇痛是目前一种理想的以产妇为中心的产时服务模式,缩短产程、减少产后出血、降低剖宫产率及新生儿窒息率,有利于提高产科质量,促进母婴健康,值得推广。     

剖宫产仰卧位低血压综合征的防治

目的:探讨垫高产妇右髋对硬膜外麻醉剖宫产仰卧位低血压综合征的预防作用。方法:将144例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级、无严重胎儿宫内窘迫、行硬膜外麻醉剖宫产术的产妇随机分为两组,A组垫高产妇右髋75例;B组床左侧倾斜30°69例。用监护仪连续监测并记录。收缩压较基础值下降30%或低于90 mmHg时,静脉注射麻黄素10~15 mg,比较两组麻黄素的使用率。结果:A组有7例使用麻黄素,占9.3%;B组有17例使用麻黄素,占24.6%,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:硬膜外麻醉剖宫产垫高产妇右髋比床左侧倾斜30°防治仰卧位低血压综合征更有效。     

硬膜外阻滞麻醉结合导乐分娩镇痛的临床观察

目的:研究硬膜外阻滞麻醉结合导乐陪伴分娩镇痛的效果及对产科质量的影响。方法:100例实行导乐陪伴加活跃期硬膜外阻滞麻醉镇痛分娩(镇痛导乐组),对照组100例实行传统分娩(传统分娩组),观察两组产妇的镇痛效果、产程、分娩方式等。结果:镇痛导乐组镇痛效果优于传统分娩组,在活跃期宫颈扩张速度较传统分娩组明显加快,手术产率明显减少。结论:硬膜外阻滞麻醉结合导乐分娩镇痛的效果好,能缩短产程,降低手术产率,提高产科质量,是比较理想的分娩镇痛方法。     

腰硬联合麻醉在无痛分娩中的应用效果探讨

目的 探讨腰硬联合麻醉在无痛分娩中的应用效果.方法 选取2019年7月至2020年12月在我院行无痛分娩的120例产妇,随机分为对照组和研究组各60例.对照组采用硬膜外麻醉镇痛,研究组采用腰硬联合麻醉镇痛,比较两组的分娩疼痛程度、产程时间及不良妊娠结局.结果 研究组第一产程、第二产程、第三产程V.AS评分均明显低于对照...     

导乐陪伴联合硬膜外麻醉镇痛分娩80例分析

目的：探讨导乐陪伴联合硬膜外麻醉用于分娩镇痛的效果。方法：选择80例无明显头盆不称,无妊娠并发症和妊娠合并症的初产妇,宫口开大2-3cm时施行导乐陪伴及硬膜外麻醉镇痛,记录镇痛效果、产程、分娩方式、产后出血及新生儿Apgar评分等。结果：所有产妇镇痛效果良好,阴道自然分娩率高,总产程缩短,新生儿窒息率低,无不良反应。结论：导乐陪伴联合硬膜外阻滞镇痛分娩,可显著减轻产时疼痛,降低剖宫产率,缩短产程,减少出血量,但不增加新生儿窒息率,对母婴无副作用,值得推广应用。     

不同镇痛方式对子宫收缩节律性的影响

目的 研究腰麻联合硬膜外麻醉和硬膜外麻醉这两种镇痛方式对子宫收缩节律性的影响.方法 随机选取湖南省妇幼保健医院2014年1月2016年10月300例分娩产妇,随机分为实验组150例和对照组150例,在分娩过程中实验组行腰麻联合硬膜外麻醉,对照组行硬膜外麻醉,并互相比较两种镇痛方法对子宫收缩时间和间隔时间的影响.结果 镇痛后实验组和对照组产妇对比使用缩宫素的量及镇痛起效时间、用药量、按压次数、Bromage评分、Apgar评分差异均无统计学意义(x2/t值分别为2.04、1.67、2.45、1.85、1.35,均P＞0.05);腰麻联合硬膜外麻醉比硬膜外麻醉更能延长患者子宫收缩的持续时间和间隔时长,且其药物起效时间也比硬膜外麻醉快很多(x2/t值分别为2.85、10.94,均P＜0.05);实验组产妇中有5例胎心早期减速,30例胎心晚期减速,对照组有6例胎心早期减速,28例胎心晚期减速,两组之间比较无显著性差异(x2/t值分别为3.65、4.97,均P＞0.05);据VAS评分显示,实验组和对照组都能减轻产妇的疼痛,且实验组比对照组更能减轻产妇的疼痛(t=6.98,P＜0.05).结论 腰麻联合硬膜外麻醉相对传统的硬膜外麻醉能更好的减轻孕分娩时的剧烈疼痛,且其对子宫收缩的持续时间和间隔时长更长,可达到缩短产时,减少剖宫产机率,提高顺产机率的目的.     

硬膜外阻滞麻醉分娩镇痛配合Doula式分娩及连续胎心监护的临床分析

目的:观察硬膜外腔阻滞麻醉分娩镇痛配合Doula式分娩及连续胎心监护的临床效果及对产科质量的影响。方法:将低浓度罗哌卡因和小剂量含芬太尼的混合液注入硬膜外腔。配合Doula式分娩及连续胎心监护,用于76例没有产科并发症及麻醉禁忌症进入活跃期的初产妇作为观察组,将单纯采用Doula式分娩的89例相同条件的初产妇作为对照组,比较两组的镇痛效果及其对产科质量的影响。结果:两组镇痛效果有极显著性差异(P<0.01),催产素使用有显著性差异(P<0.05),产程时间、分娩方式、产后出血量、胎儿窘迫、胎心监护异常发生率及新生儿窒息发生率无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:硬膜外腔阻滞麻醉用于分娩镇痛,效果可靠,对母婴无不良影响,配合Doula式分娩及连续胎心监护,安全有效。     

Peripartum Anesthesia in Grand-Grand Multiparous Women (≥10 Births)

Grand-grand multiparous (GGMP) women, that is women with ≥10 births, appear less likely to receive epidural anesthesia for labor/delivery than non-GGMP women. Eighteen months’ data were collected. 277/16,331 laboring females were GGMP (mean age: 39.6 ± 3.3 years; mean: 11.3 ± 1.5 births), 83/258 (32.2%) delivered vaginally with epidural anesthesia versus 7,203/15,711 (45.8%) non-GGMP with epidural anesthesia (p < .0051; Odds Ratio = 0.56). Among GGMP women, 23/42 cesarean sections (55%) were emergency versus 1,011/1,631 (62%) among non-GGMP women (Odds Ratio: 0.74). Mean birth weight of GGMP babies: 3,428 ± 504 gms; mean Apgar (1′): 8.8; there were six sets of twins. Most GGMP women were healthy, but epidural anesthesia was used less frequently for labor/delivery than in non-GGMP births.     

全程导乐陪伴联合硬膜外麻醉分娩镇痛的临床应用研究

目的研究全程导乐陪伴联合硬膜外麻醉分娩镇痛的临床应用效果。方法选择我院2013年6月至2014年6月在我院建卡拟行自然分娩的初产妇260例,根据产妇意愿分为两组,对照组152例产妇采用常规分娩护理联合硬膜外麻醉分娩镇痛;研究组108例在对照组基础上给予全程导乐陪伴,全面评价应用效果。结果研究组缩宫素、麻醉药物用量明显少于对照组,分娩时平均VAS评分明显低于对照组,总产程时间较对照组短,产后2 h出血量明显少于对照组,自然分娩率明显高于对照组;以上均P<0.05。研究组新生儿Apgar评分略高于对照组,但差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论全程导乐陪伴分娩联合硬膜外麻醉分娩镇痛在心理和生理上给予了产妇最大的支持,促进母婴健康,提高了产科质量,是极具人文理念的产时服务模式。     

全身麻醉插管术后院内获得性肺部感染探讨

全身麻醉气管插管术后下呼吸道感染具有较高发生率。分析５２６例手术时间超过４小时普外科病例，经ｕ检验发现全身麻醉气管插管术后患者肺部感染率明显高于持续性硬膜外麻醉术后患者，影响因素主要与全麻插管用具及麻醉机消毒情况有关，也与术前存在慢性阻塞性肺部疾患和术后保留气管插管有关。降低全麻术后肺部感染应重视无菌操作，尽可能对麻醉机管道进行常规消毒。     

Maternal health insurance coverage as a determinant of obstetrical anesthesia care

This study measures the association between health insurance and the likelihood of receiving different obstetrical anesthesia protocols among 121,351 singleton live births in upstate New York during 1992. Mothers receiving a cesarean under Medicaid were approximately twice as likely to receive general anesthesia as those with traditional private coverage. Those receiving a cesarean under an HMO were least likely to receive general anesthesia with adjusted odds of 0.73 (confidence interval [CI] = 0.68-0.79), compared to those with traditional private insurance. Those delivering vaginally under Medicaid, HMO, or no coverage had adjusted odds of receiving an epidural of 0.45 (CI = 0.43-0.48), 0.68 (CI = 0.64-0.71), and 0.44 (CI = 0.38-0.52), respectively, compared to those under traditional private insurance. Although there was some differences by race, the strongest determinant of anesthesia remained insurance type. Insurance-mediated disparities in obstetrical anesthesia care are evident in upstate New York and warrant further study nationally.     

Maternal intrapartum temperature elevation as a risk factor for cesarean delivery and assisted vaginal delivery

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the association of intrapartum temperature elevation with cesarean delivery and assisted vaginal delivery. METHODS: Participants were 1233 nulliparous women with singleton, term pregnancies in vertex presentations who had spontaneous labors and were afebrile (temperature: 99.5 degrees F [37.5 degrees C]) at admission for delivery. Rates of cesarean and assisted vaginal deliveries according to highest intrapartum temperature were examined by epidural status. RESULTS: Women with maximum intrapartum temperatures higher than 99.5 degrees F were 3 times as likely to experience cesarean (25.2% vs 7.2%) or assisted vaginal delivery (25.2% vs 8.5%). The association was present in epidural users and nonusers and persisted after birthweight, epidural use, and labor length had been controlled. In adjusted analyses, temperature elevation was associated with a doubling in the risk of cesarean delivery (odds ratio [OR] = 2.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.5, 3.4) and assisted vaginal delivery (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.4, 3.1). CONCLUSIONS: Modest temperature elevation developing during labor was associated with higher rates of cesarean and assisted vaginal deliveries. More frequent temperature elevation among women with epidural analgesia may explain in part the higher rates of cesarean and assisted vaginal deliveries observed with epidural use.     

11250例硬膜外病人自控分娩镇痛临床应用状况分析

目的：回顾分析低浓度罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼硬膜外自控镇痛在不同时机用于分娩镇痛的效果及对产妇选择分娩方式的影响。方法：将嘉兴市妇幼保健院2005年1月-2011年12月间临产后实施硬膜外分娩镇痛的产妇11 250例,按镇痛实施时间不同分为2组：Ⅰ组宫口开至1～3cm（n=8 270）,Ⅱ组宫口开至3cm以上（n=2 980）。分别观察产程时间、手术助产率、新生儿体重和Apgar评分情况,产后24小时随访。结果：各组镇痛效果确切,产程时间、新生儿体重和Apgar评分组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;产妇对镇痛效果满意,硬膜外镇痛对自然分娩有帮助。结论：低浓度罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼硬膜外自控镇痛用于分娩镇痛安全、有效,可以在第一产程早期施行,能促进产妇选择自然分娩,从而降低剖宫产率。     

60例硬膜外神经阻滞麻醉无痛分娩产妇的临床分析

目的探析硬模外神经阻滞麻醉用在产妇分娩中的起到的无痛效果,对母婴健康、分娩方式的影响。方法将60例采用硬模外神经阻滞麻醉无痛分娩的产妇作为观察组,与60例采用自然分娩的产妇作为对照组。观察两组产妇分娩过程中疼痛的程度,第一产程所用的时间、第二产程所用的时间、产后的出血量以及剖腹产、对新生儿的影响。结果通过对两组对比,产妇在分娩过程中的疼痛程度、两次产程所用的时间、分娩方式在统计学上相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),产妇的产后出血量和对新生儿的影响对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论硬模外神经阻滞麻醉用在产妇无痛分娩中效果显著,能缩短产程所用的时间、降低剖宫率、对产妇和新生儿具有较高的安全性,无不良影响。     

喉罩通气联合硬膜外阻滞在外科手术麻醉中的临床效果分析

目的评价喉罩通气联合硬膜外阻滞在外科手术中的麻醉优势。方法选择2009年1月～2011年9月行外科择期手术的患者80例,随机分为喉罩全麻复合硬膜外阻滞组和气管插管复合硬膜阻滞组各40例。手术过程中连续监测患者的血压(BP)、心率(HR)、心电图(ECG)、血氧饱和度(SPO2)、呼气末二氧化碳分压(PetCO2);记录拔除气管导管或喉罩时是否安静,患者有无呛咳、喉痉挛及呕吐,观察有无咽喉疼痛。结果全麻诱导后两组MAP和HR均较诱导期显著降低(P﹤0.05),插入导管或喉罩后:喉罩通气联合硬膜外阻滞组MAP和HR较诱导前差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05),而气管插管复合硬膜外阻滞组MAP和HR较诱导前迅速升高(P﹤0.05),两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);术中:两组MAP、HR值均较平稳,基本恢复至全麻诱导前,两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05);拔出导管或喉罩时:喉罩通气联合硬膜外阻滞组MAP和HR升高不明显,而气管插管复合硬膜外麻醉阻滞组升高则较诱导前显著升高(P﹤0.05),两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。喉罩通气联合硬膜外阻滞组安静拔管例数明显多于气管插管复合硬膜外阻滞组,不良反应前者也明显少于后者。结论喉罩通气复合硬膜外阻滞用于外科手术麻醉,麻醉效果好,可有效维持术中通气,术后并发症少,可广泛用于外科手术麻醉中。     

硬膜外麻醉和分娩镇痛仪行无痛分娩的临床观察

目的探讨硬膜外麻醉和分娩镇痛仪的无痛分娩效果及对分娩方式和母婴健康的影响。方法随机抽取50例行硬膜外麻醉无痛分娩病例为A组,采用L2-L3穿刺,向头侧置管3—4cm,采用负荷量＋持续背景剂量＋患者自控硬膜外镇痛（PCEA）的给药模式;另50例镇痛仪镇痛分娩为B组。结果A组镇痛效果明显;平均宫口开全时间短,宫缩被抑制比例较高需缩宫素加强宫缩。如因某种原因改行剖宫产不需另行置管。但具有创伤性,对麻醉要求高,费用高B组只能在某种程度上缓解疼痛,不能达到完全无痛,产妇仍有宫缩感及宫缩痛,但多数VAS评分〈5,产程干预相对较少,产妇在第二产程可以主动屏气用力,显著降低阴道助产率。结论两者均有效缩短第一产程,对母婴安全;硬膜外无痛分娩较分娩镇痛仪镇痛效果显著,但阴道助产率及缩宫素干扰率也较高。