Detection of cardiovascular risk factors by indices of obesity obtained from anthropometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in Japanese individuals

OBJECTIVE: To determine the cut-off points of indices of obesity for detecting hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus in Japanese individuals. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: A total of 2728 Japanese individuals (768 males and 1960 females, aged 20-79 y) who attended the Fukuoka Health Promotion Center, Japan for health check-up. MEASUREMENTS: Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were measured. Percentage fat mass (%FM), trunk fat mass (FM(trunk)) and trunk fat mass-leg fat mass ratio (FM(trunk)/FM(legs)) were obtained by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Cardiovascular risk factors were determined by blood pressure, serum lipids, fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin A(1C). RESULTS: The cut-off points of BMI, WC and WHR were around 23.5 kg/m(2), 84 cm and 0.9 for males, and 22.5 kg/m(2), 72 cm and 0.8 for females. The cut-off points of %FM, FM(trunk) and FM(trunk)/FM(legs) were around 24%, 8 kg and 1.6 for males, and 35%, 9 kg and 1.4 for females. WHR and FM(trunk)/FM(legs) most accurately detected the risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: For Japanese individuals, the cut-off points for detecting cardiovascular risk factors are lower than the criteria by the World Health Organization. Indices of fat distribution detected the cardiovascular risk factors more accurately than those of overall adiposity. The accuracy of detecting the risk factors was comparable between the anthropometric indices and indices obtained by DXA.     

Plasma leptin is associated with insulin resistance independent of age, body mass index, fat mass, lipids, and pubertal development in nondiabetic adolescents

OBJECTIVE: The rising epidemic worldwide in overweight and obese children requires urgent attention. Leptin has been found to be associated with body weight control and possibly affects insulin sensitivity. Since insulin resistance is associated with obesity in adults and possibly in adolescents, we set out to investigate the association of plasma leptin level with various anthropometric indices, body fat mass (FM), lipids, and insulin resistance (IR) index in nondiabetic adolescents. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study from three high schools in Taipei City in Taiwan. SUBJECTS: A total of 402 nondiabetic subjects (162 boys and 240 girls; age range, 10-19 y; mean age, 15.8+/-1.9 y, and mean body mass index (BMI), 24.8+/-4.6 kg/m(2)) were recruited. MEASUREMENTS: The fasting plasma leptin, plasma glucose, insulin, lipids, and anthropometric indices including height, weight, waist (WC) and hip circumferences, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were examined. Total body FM and percentage body fat (FM%) were obtained from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The homeostasis model was applied to estimate the degree of IR. RESULTS: The plasma leptin levels were significantly higher in girls (17.45+/-10.13 ng/ml) than boys (8.81+/-6.71 ng/ml, P<0.001). The plasma leptin levels were positively correlated to BMI, WC, WHR, FM, FM%, and triglycerides (TG). The IR index was positively correlated to BMI, WC, WHR, FM, FM%, TG, and leptin. Using the multivariate linear regression models, we found that plasma leptin remains significantly associated with IR index even after adjusting for age, gender, BMI, FM, WC, Tanner stage, and TG. CONCLUSION: Plasma leptin was associated with IR index independent of age, gender, BMI, FM, WC, Tanner stage, and TG. Plasma leptin levels in adolescents could be a predictor for the development of the metabolic syndrome disorders and cardiovascular diseases.     

Modification of the relationship between simple anthropometric indices and risk factors by ethnic background

Current targets for body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) may not be appropriate for those of South Asian origin. The objectives of this study were to determine whether the relationship between BMI and WC with risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the same for men and women of South Asian and European descent. Apparently healthy men and women of European (n = 88) and South Asian (n = 93) descent were recruited from 3 hospital communities and assessed for BMI, WC, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), blood pressure (BP), lipids, insulin, glucose, and CRP. The study cohort was stratified by sex, and regression analyses were performed with individual risk factors as outcomes and ethnicity with either BMI or WC as predictors adjusting for age and height (WC only). BMI and WC were similar between the European and South Asian men and women. South Asian men had significantly higher values for total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol:high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and CRP, and significantly lower values of HDL-C. South Asian women had significantly higher values for TG, TC:HDL-C and CRP and significantly lower values of HDL-C, glucose, systolic BP and diastolic BP. In men, ethnicity was an independent predictor for all risk factors except for glucose and insulin, after adjusting for either BMI or WC independent of age and height. For women, ethnicity was an independent predictor for all risk factors except for total cholesterol (WC model only) and insulin (BMI model only), after adjusting for either BMI or WC independent of age and height. The relationship between BMI or WC and risk factors is such that men and women of South Asian descent present with a more adverse risk profile than those of European descent at the same BMI and/or WC.     

男性体脂肪含量及其分布与血脂关系的研究

目的探讨男性体脂肪含量及脂肪分布与血脂代谢的关系。方法采用临床横断面研究,对194例青岛港男职工行体脂肪测定仪检查和血脂的测定,将所有入选对象分为血脂异常组和血脂正常组,两组之间比较。结果两组间脂肪量和肥胖度差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05);血脂异常组脂肪率、腹部总脂肪面积、腰围(WC)、腰臀比(WHR)和体重高于对照组(P<0.05);脂肪量和肥胖度与甘油三酯(TG)成正相关;腹部总脂肪面积、WC和WHR均与总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(LDL-C)和TG成正相关,与高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(HDL-C)成负相关;脂肪率与TC、LDL-C成正相关,与HDL-C成负相关。结论男性脂肪量、尤其是脂肪分布与血脂代谢有关,腹部总脂肪面积是预测心血管危险因素的一个指标。     

高尿酸血症与冠心病及危险因素的相关性分析

目的 通过对高尿酸血症与冠心病及危险因素的横断面研究,分析高尿酸血症与冠心病及危险因素的相关性.方法 入选太原市中心医院心内科符合标准患者150例,依据尿酸水平分为高尿酸血症组(80例)及非高尿酸血症组(70例).记录年龄、性别、身高、体重、腰围、臀围、血压及血生化指标等基本资料,通过横断面研究高尿酸血症与冠心病及危险因素的关系.结果 高尿酸血症组与非高尿酸血症组比较,在吸烟年限、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、腰围、腰臀比、体重指数(BMI)、三酰甘油、总胆固醇、空腹血糖等均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).高尿酸与冠心病间存在相关性.针对高尿酸血症危险因素空腹血糖(FBG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL - C)、BMI以及代谢综合征(MS)四者进行多元Logistic回归分析,并校正年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒后分析表明,MS(校正前OR=1.110,校正后OR=1.111,P＜0.001)及FBG(校正前OR=2.586,校正后OR=2.685,P＜0.001)是高尿酸血症的独立危险因素,而LDL -C(校正前OR=0.638,校正后OR=0.642,P＜0.05)则是高尿酸血症的保护因素.BMI的Logistic回归分析无统计学意义(校正前OR=0.795,校正后OR=0.757).结论 高尿酸血症与冠心病存在一定的协同作用;在高尿酸血症的危险因素中MS、FBG是高尿酸血症的独立危险因素,LDL -C是高尿酸血症的保护因素.     

Distribution and determinants of adiponectin, resistin and ghrelin in a randomly selected healthy population

OBJECTIVE: Adiponectin, resistin, ghrelin and the IGF-I system seem to play an important role in the regulation of body composition throughout life, but the mechanisms are not well understood. The aim of our study was to analyse the distribution among sexes and all decades of the adult life of adiponectin, resistin and ghrelin and their relationship with anthropometric, body composition parameters and the IGF-I system. SUBJECTS: One hundred and thirty-four men and 127 healthy women were included in the study. MEASUREMENTS: Plasma concentration of adiponectin, resistin, ghrelin, total IGF-I, free IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were determined in all subjects. Body composition was evaluated by bioelectrical impedance. RESULTS: Resistin and ghrelin were not affected by age. Plasma adiponectin correlated negatively with age, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference (WC), fat mass (FM) and body fat (BF) in men. Adiponectin correlated negatively with WHR and positively with free IGF-I in women. Resistin correlated positively with BMI and WC only in men, and ghrelin correlated positively with WC, BMI and FM and negatively with free IGF-I in men. In multiple regression analysis adiponectin remained associated with WHR (beta=-0.19, P=0.01) in women. Resistin was positively associated with BMI (beta=0.30, P=0.003) in women and ghrelin was negatively related to free IGF-I (beta=-0.158, P=0.019) in men. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma adiponectin declines with age and is negatively associated with FM in men. Our data suggest the existence of a positive correlation of adiponectin and the IGF-I axis in women and of an inverse relationship between ghrelin and the IGF-I system in men.     

新疆哈萨克族脂蛋白脂酶基因Hind Ⅲ、S447X多态性与代谢综合征的相关研究

目的 探讨脂蛋白脂酶基因Hind Ⅲ、S447X多态性与代谢综合征(MS)的关系.方法 应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态法检测401例研究对象(包括200例代谢综合征患者和201名对照者)的脂蛋白脂酶Hind Ⅲ、S447X基因型.结果 (1)腰围、臀围、腰臀比、体重指数(BMI)、收缩压、舒张压、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、空腹血糖(FPG)在MS组与对照组之间差别均有统计学意义(均P<0.05).(2)代谢综合征组H+H+基因型、H+等位基因、SS基因型和S等位基因频率显著高于对照组(H+H+基因型:66.5%对54.2%,P=0.012;H+等位基因:78.0%对71.4%,P=0.031;SS基因型:89.5%对77.1%,P=0.001;S等位基因:94.5%对87.56%,P=O.001).(3)H+H_/H-H-基因型携带者腰围、臀围、腰臀比、BMI、收缩压、舒张压、TG、LDL-C、FPG水平较H+H+基因型携带者低,HDL-C水平高于H+H+基因型携带者,差别均有统计学意义(均P<0.05).SX/XX基因型携带者腰围、臀围、腰臀比、BMI、收缩压、舒张压、TC、TG、FPG水平较SS基因型携带者低,HDL-C水平高于SS基因型携带者,差别均有统计学意义(均P<0.05).(4)多因素Logistic回归分析显示吸烟、饮酒、SS基因型是MS的危险因素(OR值分别为4.289、2.268、2.597).(5)不同因素间的交互作用结果显示,吸烟者携带SS基因型的患病风险是不吸烟者携带SX/XX基因型的3.996倍.结论 脂蛋白脂酶基因S447X多态性与哈萨克族MS的危险性相关,其中SS基因型、S等位基因可能是代谢综合征的遗传危险因素,而且H+H-/H-H-和SX/XX基因型对血脂、血压产生有益的影响.SS基因型与吸烟可能存在交互作用,二者之间有相加作用.     

Body composition and fat repartition in relation to structure and function of large arteries in middle-aged adults (the SU.VI.MAX study)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate associations of body composition assessed by bioimpedance analysis and anthropometric indicators of fat repartition with carotid structure and function. DESIGN: Cross-sectional epidemiological study. SUBJECTS: A total of 1014 middle-aged apparently healthy adults participating in the SU.VI.MAX study. MEASUREMENTS: Body composition (fat mass, fat-free mass) was assessed by bioimpedance analysis and anthropometric indicators of fat repartition (waist circumference (WC); waist-hip-ratio (WHR)) were simultaneously collected. Carotid ultrasound examination included measurements of intima-media thickness (IMT) at the common carotid arteries (CCA) and assessment of atherosclerotic plaques in extracranial carotid arteries. Carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity (PWV) was used as a marker of aortic stiffness.RESULTS:In multivariate analyses adjusted for major known cardiovascular risk factors in addition to age, gender and height, fat-free mass, fat mass (FM), and WC were positively associated with CCA-IMT and lumen diameter. No significant association was found with occurrence of carotid plaques. PWV was only associated with WC. Associations of CCA-IMT and PWV with WC were not significant anymore after further adjustment on body mass index (BMI) or FM. CONCLUSION: WC was the only measurement positively associated with both early atherosclerosis markers such as CCA-IMT and arterial stiffness. Although this association depends on overall adiposity, as assessed by the BMI, it emphasizes the importance of WC in clinical practice and prevention programs as a screening tool for individuals at risk for cardiovascular disease.     

Value of body fat mass vs anthropometric obesity indices in the assessment of metabolic risk factors

OBJECTIVE: To compare the value of body fat mass (%FM) to indirect measures of general (body mass index (BMI)) and central adiposity (waist circumference (WC); waist-to-height ratio (WC/ht)) for the prediction of overweight- and obesity-related metabolic risk in a study population with a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MSX). METHODS: BMI, WC, WC/ht, body composition (by air-displacement plethysmography) and metabolic risk factors: triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), uric acid, systolic blood pressure (BPsys), insulin resistance by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in 335 adults (191 women, 144 men; mean age 53 +/-13.9 years, prevalence of MSX 30%). RESULTS: When compared with BMI and WC, %FM showed weaker associations with metabolic risk factors, except for CRP and BPsys in men. In women, HDL-C and HOMA-IR showed the closest correlations with BMI. For all other risk factors, WC or WC/ht were the best predictors in both sexes. Differences in the strength of correlations between an obesity index and different risk factors exceeded the differences observed between all obesity indices within one risk factor. In stepwise multiple regression analyses, WC/ht was the main predictor of metabolic risk in both sexes combined. However, analysis of the area under receiver operating characteristic curves for prediction of the prevalence of >or=2 component traits of the MSX revealed a similar accuracy of all obesity indices. CONCLUSIONS: At the population level, measurement of body FM has no advantage over BMI and WC in the prediction of obesity-related metabolic risk. Although measures of central adiposity (WC, WC/ht) tended to show closer associations with risk factors than measures of general adiposity, the differences were small and depended on the type of risk factor and sex, suggesting an equivalent value of methods.     

Association of polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor alpha gene with body fat distribution

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether polymorphisms of the estrogen receptor (ER) alpha gene are associated with body fat distribution. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, epidemiological study of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms, a T --> C (PvuII) and an A --> G (XbaI), in the first intron of the ERalpha gene. SUBJECTS: A total of 2238 community-dwelling middle-aged and elderly Japanese population (age: 40-79 y). MEASUREMENTS: The ERalpha genotypes (by automated fluorescent allele-specific DNA primer assay system), anthropometric variables, fat mass (FM) and percentage FM (%FM) (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). RESULTS: FM and waist were inversely associated with age (r=-0.630 and -0.504, respectively) in women with the GG genotype. On the other hand, waist circumference of the AA genotype was positively correlated with age (r=0.231). Thus, for middle-aged women (40-59 y) with the AG or GG genotype body mass index (BMI), %FM, FM, waist, hip and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were larger than those with the AA genotype. In particular, FM and waist were greater by 20% and 9%, respectively, for the GG genotype, compared to the AA genotype. Alternatively, FM and waist were smaller by 18% and 6%, respectively, in older women with the GG genotype, compared to the AA genotype. No effect was found among the A --> G polymorphisms for men. For both genders, no difference was found in any variables among the TT, TC and CC genotypes with the exception of BMI of older men (60-79 y). CONCLUSION: No association was found between the ERalpha gene polymorphisms and body fat distribution in men. For women, the A --> G polymorphism, in particular the GG genotype, may contribute to the development of upper-body obesity in middle-aged individuals, but may serve to decrease the whole-body and abdominal fat tissue of older individuals.     

Total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio vs LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio as indices of ischemic heart disease risk in men: the Quebec Cardiovascular Study.

BACKGROUND: Total cholesterol (TC)/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)/HDL-C ratios are used to predict ischemic heart disease risk. There is, however, no consensus on which of these 2 indices is superior. The objective of the present study was to present evidence that the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio may underestimate ischemic heart disease risk in overweight hyperinsulinemic patients with high triglyceride (TG)-low HDL-C dyslipidemia. METHODS: A total of 2103 middle-aged men in whom measurements of the metabolic profile were performed in the fasting state were recruited from 7 suburbs of the Quebec metropolitan area. RESULTS: The relationship of LDL-C/HDL-C to TC/HDL-C ratios was examined among men in the Quebec Cardiovascular Study classified into tertiles of fasting TG levels. For any given LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, the TC/HDL-C ratio was higher among men in the top TG tertile (>168 mg/dL [>1.9 mmol/L]) than in men in the first and second TG tertiles. Adjustment of the TC/HDL-C ratio for LDL-C/HDL-C by covariance analysis generated significant differences in average TC/HDL-C ratios among TG tertiles (P<.001). Greater differences in features of the insulin resistance syndrome (insulinemia, apolipoprotein B, and LDL size) were noted across tertiles of the TC/HDL-C ratio than tertiles of the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio. CONCLUSION: Variation in the TC/HDL-C ratio may be associated with more substantial alterations in metabolic indices predictive of ischemic heart disease risk and related to the insulin resistance syndrome than variation in the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio.     

超重及肥胖人群血清网膜素-1水平的变化

目的 探讨在南京地区人群中超重及肥胖者血清网膜素-1水平的变化及其与体重指数、腰围、脂联素之间的相关性.方法 从2008年3月至7月全国糖尿病和代谢综合征患病率及变迁调查江苏分中心的南京地区调查人群中,选取42例超重及肥胖者和55名健康对照者,分别测定体重指数、腰围、空腹胰岛素、窄腹血糖、血脂、血清网膜素-1及脂联素的水平,计算腰臀比及胰岛素抵抗指数.采用SPSS 15.0软件进行统计学分析,血清网膜素-1和各指标问的相关性分析采用Pearson相关分析法.结果 健康对照者的血清网膜素-1浓度为(0.024±0.012)μg/L,脂联素浓度为(7.7±2.4)mg/L,超重及肥胖者的血清网膜素-1浓度为(0.016±0.007)μg/L,脂联素浓度为(6.4±3.1)mg/L.结果 显示超重及肥胖者的血清网膜素-1及脂联素水平明显低于健康对照者(P<0.05),且相关分析表明血清网膜素-1与体重指数(r=-0.321,P<0.05)、腰围(r=-0.312,P<0.05)、腰臀比(r=0.243,P<0.05)及甘油三脂(r=-0.220,P<0.05)之间旱显著负相关,与脂联索(r=0.232,P<0.05)呈明显正相关.结论 超莆及肥胖者的血清网膜素-1水平较健康对照者显著下降,且血清网膜素-1浓度变化与脂联素之间呈正相关,提示网膜素水平变化可能与肥胖、胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病密切相关.     

Nutrient intakes as predictors of body weight in European people with type 1 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Overweight and obesity are also found among persons with type 1 diabetes. OBJECTIVE: The present study examined which nutrients predict the body mass index (BMI), the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and the waist circumference (WC) of European persons with type 1 diabetes. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, clinic-based study (EURODIAB Complications Study). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Nutrient intakes (assessed by a 3-day dietary record) predicting measures of body weight (BMI, WHR and WC) were determined by stepwise forward regression analysis in 1458 males and 1410 females with type 1 diabetes (P< or =0.05 for inclusion). RESULTS: In men, a higher carbohydrate intake was a significant independent predictor for lower levels of BMI, WHR and WC, an increased saturated fat intake and a lower intake of cereal fibre predicted a higher WHR, a higher monounsaturated fat intake and a lower glycaemic index of the diet determined lower levels of WHR and WC, and a moderate consumption of alcohol determined an increased WC. In women, a higher carbohydrate intake predicted a lower BMI and a thinner WC, no alcohol consumption determined a lower BMI, and an increased intake of saturated fat and a lower consumption of cereal fibre were significant independent predictors for a higher WHR. CONCLUSIONS: A modified fat intake, an increase of carbohydrate and cereal fibre intake and a preferred consumption of low glycaemic index foods are independently related to lower measures of body weight in European persons with type 1 diabetes.     

Body mass index,waist circumference,and health risk: evidence in support of current National Institutes of Health guidelines

BACKGROUND: No evidence supports the waist circumference (WC) cutoff points recommended by the National Institutes of Health to identify subjects at increased health risk within the various body mass index (BMI; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters) categories. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether the prevalence of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and the metabolic syndrome is greater in individuals with high compared with normal WC values within the same BMI category. METHODS: The subjects consisted of 14 924 adult participants of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which is a nationally representative cross-sectional survey. Subjects were grouped by BMI and WC in accordance with the National Institutes of Health cutoff points. Within the normal-weight (18.5-24.9), overweight (25.0-29.9), and class I obese (30.0-34.9) BMI categories, we computed odds ratios for hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and the metabolic syndrome and compared subjects in the high-risk (men, >102 cm; women, >88 cm) and normal-risk (men, 相似文献   

老年高血压病并发非酒精性脂肪肝的相关影响因素

目的:探讨老年原发性高血压(EH)并发非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)的相关影响因素。方法:将90例老年高血压病患者分成2组,NAFLD组40例,非NAFLD组50例,比较两组间体质量指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、血肌酐(Cr)和空腹血糖(FPG)的差异,并进行Logistic回归分析。结果:NAFLD组与非NAFLD组在BMI(26.8±2.3与22.6±2.4,P0.01)、WHR(0.96±0.03与0.91±0.04,P0.01)、TG[(2.6±0.4)mmol/L与(2.0±0.5)mmol/L,P0.01]、HDL-C[(1.5±0.3)mmol/L与(1.7±0.4)mmol/L,P0.01]、ALT[(31±8)mmol/L与(26±7)mmol/L,P0.05]、AST[(28±7)mmol/L与(24±7)mmol/L,P0.05]、FPG[(5.2±0.8)mmol/L与(4.8±0.7)mmol/L,P0.01]的差异有统计学意义,Logistic回归分析显示BMI(P0.01)、WHR(P0.01)和TG(P0.01)是高血压病并发NAFLD的独立影响因素。结论:BMI、WHR和TG是高血压并发NAFLD的独立危险因素。     

The relationship between indices of iron status and selected anthropometric cardiovascular disease risk markers in an African population: the THUSA study

There is evidence that certain indices of iron status are associated with anthropometric measures, which are used independently as markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. This study examined whether this association exists in an African population. The study was a cross-sectional comparative study that examined a total of 1 854 African participants. Ferritin was positively associated with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), percentage body fat and subscapular skinfold thickness. Serum ferritin concentration was higher in the high-WHR category than the normal-WHR category for both genders. Additionally, WC and WHR increased with increasing ferritin concentrations in both genders. Serum iron was lower in the obese than the normal-weight and pre-obese women only. In this population-based study, increased serum ferritin concentrations associated positively with increased WHR and WC, indicating that individuals or populations at risk of iron overload as defined by high serum ferritin concentrations may be at a greater risk of developing CVD.     

Cardiovascular disease risk factors in males with normal body weight and high waist-to-hip ratio.

BACKGROUND: Overweight and the distribution of body fat are both associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The relation of abdominal body fat distribution to CVD may depend on the degree of obesity. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the cardiovascular disease risk factor levels in males with high waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) in the absence of overweight. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of 231 male subjects (21-69 years old). METHODS: Anthropometric measurements (height, weight, BMI, fat%, skinfolds, waist circumference, WHR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BPsyst, BPdiast), serum lipids and lipoproteins (CHOL, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG), glucose (GL), and physical working capacity. A questionnaire was drawn up to evaluate physical activity level and lifestyle patterns. RESULTS: Subjects with WHR > or = 0.9, BMI < 27.0 and with WHR > or = 0.9, BMI > or = 27.0 showed statistically significant differences in all measured anthropometric and blood pressure values in comparison with the control group (WHR < 0.9, BMI < 27.0). Compared with the controls, subjects with WHR > or = 0.9, BMI > or = 27.0 had significantly higher risk (OR) for hypertension and elevated LDL-C. Physical activity was a significant determinant of the high WHR. CONCLUSIONS: WHR has independent associations with some CVD risk factors, but the effect increases with weight.     

Serum leptin is associated with serum uric acid concentrations in humans.

This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the relationship between leptin and the cluster of abnormalities often referred to as the metabolic syndrome. The serum leptin concentration, body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, total fat mass (FM), waist and hip circumference, waist to hip ratio (WHR), prevalence of hypertension, and triglyceride (TG), lipoprotein, and uric acid concentration were determined in 86 type 2 diabetic (n = 59) and healthy (n = 27) subjects. Multiple regression analyses showed that the estimates of total body obesity (BMI, percent body fat, and total FM), sex, and serum uric acid concentration are independently associated with the serum leptin concentration. The finding of a positive correlation between serum leptin and uric acid levels suggests that leptin could be a pathogenic factor responsible for hyperuricemia in obesity.     

The relationship of percent body fat by bioelectrical impedance analysis with blood pressure, and glucose and lipid parameters

The objective of this study was to clarify the clinical significance and usefulness of measuring percent body fat (PBF) when compared with body mass index (BMI) in the Japanese population. A total of 2,483 Japanese individuals (1,380 men and 1,103 women) who underwent a medical checkup from 1999-2002 were employed. PBF was determined using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Relationships of age, BMI and PBF with several metabolic parameters, including blood pressure, lipids and plasma glucose levels were assessed in both genders separately. In men, PBF was a stronger determinant of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) compared with age and BMI, whereas in women, age was the strongest determinant of TC and LDL-C. In both genders, BMI was the strongest determinant of serum HDL-C among age, PBF and BMI. Based on these data, we suggest that measuring PBF by BIA is superior to BMI for predicting TC, LDL-C and TG in Japanese men.     

肥胖高血压患者血清脂蛋白脂酶水平的临床意义及相关性分析

目的　探讨肥胖高血压患者血清肝素前脂蛋白脂酶 (Preheparin lipoprotein lipase,Pre- LPL)的临床意义及其与血脂、收缩压 (SBP)舒张压 (DBP)、体重指数 (BMI)、腰臀比 (WHR)、胰岛素敏感指数 (ISI)等的关系。方法　测定 2 4例肥胖高血压患者及 2 4例正常人的血清 Pre- L PL、人体测量变量值及生化指标。结果　肥胖高血压组的血清 Pre- L PL含量显著低于对照组 ;血清 Pre- LPL含量与 BMI、WHR、TG,SBP,DBP呈负相关(均 P<0 .0 1 ) ,与 ISI、HDL呈正相关 (均 P<0 .0 0 1 ) ,与 TC、L DL无相关性 (均 P>0 .0 5)。结论　 Pre- LPL可间接反映腹部脂肪堆积程度和胰岛素活性水平 ;Pre- LPL及其介导的脂质代谢紊乱、胰岛素抵抗与肥胖高血压发病相关联。