鲟鱼软骨硫酸软骨素的制备及结构分析

目的 采用酶解提取法,从鲟鱼软骨中提取硫酸软骨素,对其化学结构进行研究。方法 从鲟鱼软骨中提取硫酸软骨素,通过紫外-可见吸收光谱法（UV）,傅里叶变换红外光谱法（FTIR）,PMP柱前衍生高效液相色谱法（PMP-HPLC）、核磁共振波谱法（NMR）和液质联用分析（HPLC-MS）,对硫酸软骨素的化学结构进行分析。结果 采用酶解提取法,从鲟鱼软骨中制备了硫酸软骨素。单糖分析表明,鲟鱼硫酸软骨素主要由葡萄糖醛酸（48.23%）和氨基半乳糖（46.29%）组成。结合NMR分析和HPLC-MS分析可知,从鲟鱼软骨中提取的硫酸软骨素主要含有4-单硫取代的硫酸软骨素A二糖单元,6-单硫取代的硫酸软骨素C二糖单元,其所占比例分别为34%和63%,硫酸根含量为13.13%,属于高硫酸化的硫酸软骨素。结论 从鲟鱼软骨中提取出了具有高硫酸根含量的硫酸软骨素组分,可应用于保健食品和海洋药物的开发等领域。     

HPLC法测定复方氨基葡萄糖片中盐酸氨基葡萄糖和硫酸软骨素含量

目的建立复方氨基葡萄糖片中盐酸氨基葡萄糖和硫酸软骨素含量HPLC测定方法。方法均采用C18色谱柱,盐酸氨基葡萄糖以0.68%醋酸缓冲溶液-甲醇（82∶18）为流动相,检测波长为340nm,流速为1.0 mL.min-1,进样量为10μL。硫酸软骨素以0.005mol.L-1辛烷磺酸钠水溶液-乙腈（95∶5）为流动相,检测波长为195nm;流速为0.5mL.min-1;进样量为10μL。结果盐酸氨基葡萄糖浓度在0.5061~4.100mg.mL-1范围内与β-异构体峰面积线性关系良好,平均回收率为100.59%,RSD=1.21%（n=6）。硫酸软骨素的进样浓度在170.7~1001.5μg.mL-1范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,平均回收率为99.87%,RSD=1.05%（n=6）。结论该方法简便、准确,可用于本品的质量控制。     

酶解高效液相色谱法测定硫酸软骨素的含量

目的建立酶解高效液相色谱法测定硫酸软骨素含量的方法。方法采用硫酸软骨素ABC酶制备样品,高效液相色谱法测定含量。以Ultimate XB-NH2柱(4.6 mm×25 cm,5μm)分离样品,醋酸钠缓冲液(pH 5.6)-乙腈(950∶50)为流动相,流速1.0 mL/min,检测波长232 nm,进样量10μL,柱温30℃。结果在此色谱条件下,硫酸软骨素A、B、C三组分分离良好;硫酸软骨素浓度在300～3 000μg/mL之间与峰面积呈良好线性关系;高、中、低三个浓度平均加样回收率为102.1%,100.4%和97.5%。结论本法简便、准确、可靠,可用于硫酸软骨素的含量测定。     

真鱿软骨硫酸软骨素的提取、鉴定及结构分析

目的 采用酶解提取法,从真鱿软骨中提取1种新型的硫酸软骨素,对其化学结构进行研究。方法 采用酶解法、氯化十六烷基吡啶（CPC）沉淀法从鱿鱼软骨中提取纯化硫酸软骨素,通过PMP柱前衍生液相色谱法、聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳（PAGE）、核磁共振波谱法（NMR）和液质联用分析（HPLC-MS）,对硫酸软骨素的化学结构进行分析。结果 使用木瓜蛋白酶酶解鱿鱼软骨,乙酸缓冲液在料液比为1:30（g/mL）条件下,硫酸软骨素的提取率最高,蛋白质残留最低,经过CPC纯化,得到了纯度高达99.5%的硫酸软骨素。由PAGE电泳可以看出其分子量很大且能够被硫酸软骨素ABC酶酶解。单糖分析表明,鱿鱼硫酸软骨素主要由乙酰氨基半乳糖、葡萄糖醛酸以及少量的葡萄糖组成。硫酸软骨素ABC酶将其水解为聚合度2-18的偶数糖,采用HPLC-MS分析,可以得到所有寡糖的全指纹谱图。结合1H-NMR分析可知,从真鱿软骨提取出来的硫酸软骨素主要含有6-单硫取代的硫酸软骨素C二糖单元和4,6-双硫取代硫酸软骨素E二糖单元,其所占比例分别为60.3%和39.7%,硫酸根含量为22.3%,是属于高硫的硫酸软骨素。结论 从真鱿软骨中提取出了具有高硫酸根含量的硫酸软骨素组分,可用于开发保健食品和海洋药物。     

HPLC-ELSD法测定氨糖软骨素中硫酸软骨素和盐酸氨基葡萄糖的含量

目的建立HPLC-ELSD法测定氨糖软骨素中硫酸软骨素和D-盐酸氨基葡萄糖的含量。方法采用HPLC-ELSD法,色谱柱为Waters Xselect HSS T3(5μm,4.6 mm×250 mm);流动相为乙腈-水-三乙胺(10∶90∶0.1);流速为0.5 mL·min-1,柱温为30℃;漂移管温度为90℃;载气流速为3.0 L·min-1。结果硫酸软骨素及D-盐酸氨基葡萄糖进样量分别在0.22～2.19μg及0.40～3.96μg与峰面积线性关系良好,硫酸软骨素的平均回收率为96.6%,RSD为2.8%;D-氨基葡萄糖回收率的平均回收率为99.4%,RSD为2.3%。结论本方法准确,可靠,可用于氨糖软骨素中硫酸软骨素及D-盐酸氨基葡萄糖的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方盐酸氨基葡糖硫酸软骨素片中硫酸软骨素的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法测定复方盐酸氨基葡萄糖硫酸软骨素片中硫酸软骨素的含量.方法 采用nucleosil 100-5SB（强阴离子交换硅胶,（5 μm 4.6 mm×250 mm）柱分离,以pH 3.5的水为流动相A,以pH 3.5的2 mol·L-1氯化钠溶液为流动相B,进行梯度洗脱.检测波长232 nm流速为1.0 mL·min-1,进样量为20 mL.结果 硫酸软骨素B、硫酸软骨素C和硫酸软骨素A的相邻之间分离度分别为24.32和2.37,线性范围为2.5125～20.1 g·L-1 （r=0.999 5,A=712.59C＋137.64）;平均回收率为103.06%,RSD为2.71%.结论 该方法简便,重复性好,结果可靠,可做为复方盐酸氨基硫酸软骨素片质量控制方法之一.     

RP—HPLC法测定鲨芪康胶囊中硫酸软骨素含量

目的建立RP．HPLC法测定硫酸软骨素的含量。方法采用RP-HPLC法测定,使用C18柱（4．6×250mm,5μm）,流动相为乙腈．2．28mmol·L^-1四甲基氯化铵水溶液（5：95）,流速为0．6mL·min^-1,检测波长195nm。结果硫酸软骨素总量在0．08-0．4mg·mL^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9996）,方法平均回收率95．52％,RSD％=1．43％。结论本方法准确、快捷、重复性。可作为该制剂中硫酸软骨素的含量测定方法。     

北极海参硫酸软骨素及其低分子量糖抗血栓活性研究

摘要：目的 对北极海参硫酸软骨素（Holothuria mexicana）和低分子量糖的体内抗血栓活性和机制进行研究比较。方法 以海参硫酸软骨素（CS）和低分子量海参硫酸软骨素（LCS）为研究对象,使用电刺激颈动脉血栓模型,分析比较不同分子量海参硫酸软骨素对血栓形成时间、APTT、PT、TT、血栓烷（TXB2）、6-酮-前列腺素（6-keto-PGF1α）、组织途径抑制因子（TFPI）和血友病因子（VWF）含量的影响。结果 海参硫酸软骨素和低分子量硫酸软骨素均有较强的抗血栓活性。在有效抗栓浓度下,海参硫酸软骨素和低分子量硫酸软骨素体内抗栓作用机理为：海参硫酸软骨素能够作用于内源凝血途径,并且通过抑制血小板激活和调控VWF含量下降来抑制血栓生成,但是其对外源凝血途径和内皮细胞损伤无明显作用。同时,海参硫酸软骨素和低分子量硫酸软骨素的抗栓活性相比较得出,当硫酸软骨素分子量下降时,其抗血栓能力也会下降,但是其体内抗血栓作用机制不变。结论 北极海参硫酸软骨素及其低分子量糖具有较强的体内抗血栓活性。     

HPLC-ELSD法测定复方氨基葡萄糖片中硫酸软骨素的含量

目的建立以蒸发光散射为检测器(ELSD)测定复方氨基葡萄糖片中硫酸软骨素的高效液相色谱分析方法。方法采用高效液相色谱法,以乙腈-水-三乙胺溶液(10∶90∶0.1)为流动相,ODS色谱柱为色谱柱,蒸发光散射检测器检测。结果硫酸软骨素在1.5~21μg范围与峰面积呈良好线性关系;该方法3个不同浓度的平均回收率分别为99.33%,98.29%,98.95%,重复性实验的RSD为0.15%。结论本方法准确、快速、重复性好。     

沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)硫酸多糖的结构表征及抗凝血活性研究

目的 对来源于沙蚕（Perinereis aibuhitensis）的硫酸多糖进行结构表征和抗凝血活性研究。方法 采用两步酶解法从沙蚕中提取多糖;利用强阴离子交换色谱和凝胶渗透色谱对粗多糖进行分离纯化;通过离子色谱法、高效液相色谱法（HPLC）、高效凝胶渗透色谱-多角度激光光散射仪（HPGPC-MALLs）联用技术、硫酸软骨素酶ABC酶法分析、核磁共振氢谱（1H-NMR）等方法,研究纯化多糖的化学组成和结构特征;通过测定APTT、PT和TT评价其体外抗凝血活性。结果 从沙蚕中纯化得到了2种硫酸多糖组分PAE1和PAE2,二者的总糖含量、蛋白含量、硫酸根含量及分子量分别为65.21%、14.31%、0.33%、24.49 kDa和53.08%、11.33%、13.46%、57.39 kDa。PAE1主要由Gal（43.58%）、Glc（32.63%）、GalN（8.71%）、GlcA（7.66%）及少量Fuc（2.77%）组成;PAE2主链为硫酸软骨素C（GlcAβ1→3GalNAc6S）,支链主要由Fuc（35.33%）、Gal（20.9%）和Glc（8.98%）构成。PAE1和PAE2均可明显延长APTT和PT。结论 首次从沙蚕中提取、分离得到2种硫酸多糖,其中PAE2是1种含有Fuc、Gal与Glc支链并具有明显的体外抗凝血活性的结构新颖的类硫酸软骨素,该发现为沙蚕硫酸多糖的开发提供了依据。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.