A simple guide to inframammary-fold reconstruction

In breast reconstruction, the inframammary fold (IMF) is one of the most difficult anatomic structures to faithfully recreate. Nonetheless, it is critical to achieving optimal aesthetic outcome. We describe our technique for reconstructing the IMF as a secondary procedure after breast reconstruction using a Steinman pin template based on the curvature of the normal contralateral IMF. Twelve cases of IMF reconstruction using this technique have been performed with good aesthetic outcome and high reliability, with the longest follow-up being over 10 years. Advantages include (1) use of the Steinman pin template based on the contralateral side maximizes attainable symmetry, (2) an additional incision is not required, (3) precise suture placement is facilitated by visualization of the pin inside the breast cavity, and (4) use of a running internal mattress suture avoids a scalloped appearance, and smooth curvature of the IMF over its entire width is easily and reliably obtained. This technique is applicable to postoperative deformities from breast reconstruction using flaps, implants, or both.     

The Lateral Inframammary Fold Incision for Nipple‐Sparing Mastectomy: Outcomes from Over 50 Immediate Implant‐Based Breast Reconstructions

Nipple‐sparing mastectomy (NSM) as a therapeutic or prophylactic procedure for breast cancer is rapidly gaining popularity as the literature continues to support it safety. The lateral inframammary fold (IMF) approach provides adequate exposure and eliminates visible scars on the anterior surface of the breast, making this incision cosmetically superior to radial or periareolar approaches. We reviewed 55 consecutive NSMs performed through a lateral IMF incision with immediate implant‐based reconstruction, with or without tissue expansion, between June 2008 and June 2011. Prior to incision, breasts were lightly infiltrated with dilute anesthetic solution with epinephrine. Sharp dissection, rather than electrocautery, was used as much as possible to minimize thermal injury to the mastectomy flap. When indicated, acellular dermal matrix was placed as an inferolateral sling. Subsequent fat grafting to correct contour deformities was performed in select patients. Three‐dimensional (3D) photographs assessed changes in volume, antero‐posterior projection, and ptosis. Mean patient age was 46 years, and mean follow‐up time was 12 months. Twelve mastectomies (22%) were therapeutic, and the remaining 43 (78%) were prophylactic. Seven of the nine sentinel lymph node biopsies (including one axillary dissection) (78%) were performed through the lateral IMF incision without the need for a counter‐incision. Acellular dermal matrix was used in 34 (62%) breasts. Average permanent implant volume was 416 cc (range 176–750 cc), and average fat grafting volume was 86 cc (range 10–177 cc). In one patient a positive intraoperative subareolar biopsy necessitated resection of the nipple‐areola complex (NAC), and in two other patients NAC resection was performed at a subsequent procedure based on the final pathology report. Mastectomy flap necrosis, requiring operative debridement, occurred in two breasts (4%), both in the same patient. One of these breasts required a salvage latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap to complete the reconstruction. Three nipples (6%) required office debridement for partial necrosis and operative reconstruction later. No patient had complete nipple necrosis. No statistically significant differences existed between therapeutic and prophylactic mastectomies for developing partial skin and/or nipple necrosis (p = 0.35). Three episodes (5%) of cellulitis occurred, which responded to antibiotics without the need for explantation. Morphological outcomes using 3D scan measurements showed reconstructed breasts were larger, more projected, and less ptotic than the preoperative breasts (196 versus 248 cc, 80 versus 90 mm, 146 versus 134 mm, p < 0.01 for each parameter). Excellent results can be achieved with immediate implant‐based reconstruction of NSM through a lateral IMF incision. NAC survival is reliable, and complication rates are low. blechmanplasticsurgery.com     

Reconstruction of the breast with a contralateral epigastric rectus myocutaneous flap

Summary The contralateral epigastric rectus flap (ERF) is a new myocutaneous flap, recently proposed by Vasconez. It is composed of two island flaps including epigastric skin taken along the submammary fold, and the upper part of the rectus abdominis muscle with the superior epigastric artery. It usually measures 20 × 8 cm. In breast reconstruction the ERF is transferred from the normal side to the mastectomized side on its vascular pedicle. The donor site is hidden in the submammary fold. The ERF can be used either for skin or volume replacement. It has many advantages over the latissimus flap (larger amount of skin, skin comparable to breast skin, taken without position change during surgery, no muscle dysfunction, no donor site in the back, upper abdominal lift with major addition of homolateral epigastric skin to the reconstruction), but cannot replace it in patients with thin or irradiated skin, where muscle addition is needed.Partly read at the Joint Annual Meeting of the Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Plastische Chirurgie, Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Plastische- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Vereinigung der Deutschen Plastischen Chirurgen, Deutschsprachigen Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Mikrochirurgie der peripheren Nerven und Gefäße on September 23, 1981, in Innsbruck     

Aesthetic role of the surgically rebuilt inframammary fold for implant-based breast reconstruction after mastectomy.

The inframammary fold (IMF) represents one of the most important anatomic landmarks in defining a woman's breast ptosis and inferior quadrant shape. Therefore it is important to preserve it, if this is oncologically safe, at the time of excisional surgery. If it is sacrificed, dislocated cranially or caudally, or there is a thick panniculus adiposus with a poor definition of the fold, it is necessary to recreate it. We present our experience in the reconstruction of the IMF in patients suffering from post-oncologic mastectomy, reconstructed with silicone implants. From January 2000 to May 2004 at the Plastic Surgery Department of the University of Turin, 74 reconstructions of the IMF were performed through Nava's technique, partially modified by us. We believe that IMF reconstruction, through fixation of cutis, subcutis and fascia superficialis to VI rib, along with capsulectomy of periprotesic pocket inferior quadrants, is a milestone for achieving, in selected cases, a good aesthetic result in terms of shape, ptosis and projection of inferior pole. The comparison between patients' opinions (obtained through questionnaires) and surgeon's, at 1 year after the reconstruction, shows that both are satisfied with the achieved outcome in terms of shape, projection, symmetry, ptosis and IMF definition. Another comparison was made between cases of fold preservation and cases of fold reconstruction, with a remarkable similarity of aesthetic satisfaction. The technique proposed here appears to be the current method of choice for IMF reconstruction in all cases where it is necessary to recreate or redefine it.     

Preformed Titanium Meshes: A New Standard?

Three-dimensional reconstruction of the orbital floor is the key procedure for a primary or secondary orbital deformity. After the unaffected side is mirrored onto the affected side using the patient's computer-tomography database, the defect can be reconstructed virtually. A measurement procedure that calculates the virtually reconstructed orbital surface data is available. These data are sent to a template machine that reproduces the physical surface. A flat titanium mesh can then be adjusted preoperatively to the spatial configuration of the anatomical structures. This procedure offers optimal anatomical reconstruction of the orbital floor, especially when the deep orbital cone is affected.     

外耳再造术后体位的初步探讨

目的:探讨全身麻醉外耳再造术术后早期体位对患者康复及舒适度的影响。方法:将80例外耳再造患者随机分为两组,实验组术后早期采取半卧位,对照组按照传统的方法采用去枕平卧位,术后48h进行观察比较。结果:①半卧位较平卧位舒适;②早期半卧位较平卧位有利于引流,改善呼吸循环状况。结论:早期半卧位可提高患者的舒适度,促进康复。     

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Double-Bundle Reconstruction With Hamstring Tendon Autografts

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgical technique via a 5-strand hamstring tendon autograft is designed with a conventional single-bundle reconstruction that has shown favorable results and an additional posterolateral (PL) bundle reconstruction. The conventional single-tunnel technique is performed for the tibial tunnel, and the double-tunnel technique is performed for the femoral tunnel. The anteromedial (AM) femoral tunnel is prepared with 1 mm of the posterior femoral cortex being left over the top at the 11- to 1-o’clock position. The PL femoral tunnel is prepared with the outside-in technique by use of a 4.5-mm cannulated reamer. The AM bundle is fixed with a rigid fixation system on the femoral side, and the PL bundle is fixed to tie with the miniplate from the outside femur. A double-bundle reconstruction with 5-strand hamstring autografts, in conjunction with a conventional AM bundle and an additional PL bundle, seems to be a very effective method for the treatment of ACL instabilities. Although the long-term clinical outcome of the procedure is yet to be determined, complications including graft impingement, limitation in range of motion, and residual instability have not been observed to date in the first 38 patients who have undergone our technique.     

股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复阴囊撕脱伤1例报告并文献复习

目的：介绍股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复急性阴囊皮肤撕脱伤的适应证和方法。方法：以髂前上棘与髌骨外缘连线的中点为皮瓣的中心点设计皮瓣,修复阴囊大面积皮肤缺损,并对术后效果和供区恢复情况进行评价。结果：应用股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复阴囊缺损创面术后效果良好,皮瓣存活,供区无功能受限。结论：股前外侧穿支皮瓣可切取面积大,血运丰富,部位隐蔽,不损伤主要血管,是修复阴囊等会阴部缺损、瘢痕挛缩、局部感染的理想皮瓣。     

CT三维重建结合美学理念在儿童小耳畸形全扩张法耳再造中的应用

目的探讨CT三维重建技术结合美学理念在小耳畸形耳再造术耳支架雕刻组合中的作用。方法自2016年1月至2018年10月对收诊的56例(57侧)先天性小耳畸形患儿均行全扩张法全耳再造术;一期常规在患侧耳后置入扩张器注水扩张;二期手术前用256排螺旋CT扫描患儿双侧肋软骨,配合最大密度投影以及容积的三维重建肋软骨图像,根据每例患儿肋软骨情况切取适量肋软骨,雕刻耳支架。耳支架以耳轮、对耳轮及对耳轮上脚和下脚、耳轮脚、耳舟、三角窝、耳甲腔8个主要亚结构进行雕刻组合,形成3、4层三维立体的耳支架,用扩张好的皮瓣包裹;三期手术对再造耳行耳垂转位以及形态的调整。结果除2例扩张过程中因扩张器外露,通过皮瓣结合植皮完成耳再造术后效果不佳外;其余患儿均顺利完成三期手术,术后获随访6~17个月。再造耳大小、位置与健侧匹配,主要结构及亚结构显现,患儿及家属满意。结论采用CT三维重建技术结合美学理念进行肋软骨切取和耳支架的雕刻组合,可获得更好的耳再造形态效果。     

扩张法全耳再造皮瓣破溃后的处理

目的 探讨临床应用扩张法全耳再造过程中出现耳后扩张皮瓣破溃,采用Brent Ⅰ期耳再造术作为补救方法的可行性.方法 8例扩张法全耳再造术的患者,在扩张器注水过程中发生耳后扩张皮瓣破溃,将扩张器取出,植入自体肋软骨支架,行Brent Ⅰ期耳再造术.结果 8例创口均一期愈合,扩张皮瓣血供良好,再造耳形态逼真,轮廓清晰,耳轮毛发少,其大小、形状、位置与面部协调,效果满意.结论 Brent Ⅰ期耳再造术是扩张法全耳再造过程中发生耳后扩张皮瓣破溃后的一种较好补救方法.     

RESULTS OF NIPPLEAREOLA RECONSTRUCTION

Reconstruction of the nipple-areola complex is being performed for about a quarter of postmastectomy breast reconstruction patients. The methods used and results achieved in thirteen reconstructions were reviewed. Full thickness skin grafts from the upper inner thigh were used for the areola, with 100% success. For the nipple proper, most (eight) had a composite graft from the opposite nipple, with 100% take if the dressing was kept in place for 10–12 days. Earlobe tissue made an excellent nipple reconstruction for bilateral cases (four). It is concluded that nipple-areola reconstruction is safe, simple and predictable. A second operation is recommended for this surgery to ensure symmetry of nipple position, a fundamental requirement for a good result.     

3D CT evaluation of femoral and tibial tunnels in anatomic double bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

BackgroundAn anatomical double bundle ACL reconstruction replicates the anatomy of native ACL as the tunnels are made to simulate the anatomy of ACL with AM and PL bundle foot prints. The goal of anatomic ACL reconstruction is to tailor the procedure to each patient’s anatomic, biomechanical and functional demands to provide the best possible outcome. The shift from single bundle to double bundle technique and also from transtibial to transportal method has been to provide near anatomic tunnel positions.PurposeTo determine the position of femoral and tibial tunnels prepared by double bundle ACL reconstruction using three dimensional Computed tomography.Study designA prospective case series involving forty patients with ACL tear who underwent transportal double bundle ACL reconstruction.MethodComputed tomography scans were performed on forty knees that had undergone double bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Three-dimensional computed tomography reconstruction models of the knee joint were prepared and aligned into an anatomical coordinate axis system for femur and tibia respectively. Tibial tunnel centres were measured in the anterior-to-posterior and medial-to-lateral directions on the top view of tibial plateau and femoral tunnel centres were measured in posterior to anterior and proximal-to-distal directions with anatomic coordinate axis method. These measurements were compared with published reference data.ResultsAnalysing the Femoral tunnel, the mean posterior-to-anterior distances for anteromedial and posterolateral tunnel centre position were 46.8% ± 7.4% and 34.5% ± 5.0% of the posterior-to-anterior height of the medial wall and the mean proximal-to-distal distances for the anteromedial and posterolateral tunnel centre position were 24.1% ± 7.1% and 61.6% ± 4.8%. On the tibial side, the mean anterior-to-posterior distances for the anteromedial and posterolateral tunnel centre position were 28.8% ± 4.3% and 46.2% ± 3.6% of the anterior-to posterior depth of the tibia measured from the anterior border and the mean medial-to-lateral distances for the anteromedial and posterolateral tunnel centre position were 46.5% ± 2.9% and 50.6% ± 2.8% of the medial-to-lateral width of the tibia measured from the medial border. There is high Inter-observer and Intra-observer reliability (Intra-class correlation coefficient).Discussion and conclusionFemoral AM tunnel was positioned significantly anterior and nearly proximal whereas the femoral PL tunnel was positioned significantly anterior and nearly distal with respect to the anatomic site. Location of tibial AM tunnel was nearly posterior and nearly medial whereas the location of tibial PL tunnel was very similar to the anatomic site Evaluation of location of tunnels through the anatomic co-ordinate axes method on 3D CT models is a reliable and reproducible method. This method would help the surgeons to aim for anatomic placement of the tunnels. It also shows that there is scope for improvement of femoral tunnel in double bundle ACL reconstruction through transportal technique.     

Breast cancer in the inframammary fold: is preserving the inframammary fold during mastectomy justified?

INTRODUCTION: Preservation of the inframammary fold (IMF) during mastectomy facilitates breast reconstruction. The true incidence of breast cancer in the IMF is not well known. We report our experience of this condition. METHODS: The site and clinical features of initial presentation and recurrence of breast cancer within the breast in a consecutive series of 580 patients between 1997 and 2000 was studied. RESULTS: Primary breast tumours were detected within the IMF in four patients (0.7%). Only two tumours presenting within the IMF were visible on mammography. During the follow-up period, there were five patients with local recurrences involving either breast or skin flaps, but no breast cancer recurrence was observed in the IMF. CONCLUSION: Tumours within the IMF are rare but its occasional occurrence requires reconsideration of the safety of preserving the IMF at mastectomy.     

Outcome of double bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using crosspin and aperture fixation

Background:

Double bundle anterior cruciate ligament (DBACL) reconstruction is said to reproduce the native anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) anatomy better than single bundle anterior cruciate ligament, whether it leads to better functional results is debatable. Different fixation methods have been used for DBACL reconstruction, the most common being aperture fixation on tibial side and cortical suspensory fixation on the femoral side. We present the results of DBACL reconstruction technique, wherein on the femoral side anteromedial (AM) bundle is fixed with a crosspin and aperture fixation was done for the posterolateral (PL) bundle.

Materials and Methods:

Out of 157 isolated ACL injury patients who underwent ACL reconstruction, 100 were included in the prospective study. Arthroscopic DBACL reconstruction was done using ipsilateral hamstring autograft. AM bundle was fixed using Transfix (Arthrex, Naples, FL, USA) on the femoral side and bio interference screw (Arthrex, Naples, FL, USA) on the tibial side. PL bundle was fixed on femoral as well as on tibial side with a biointerference screw. Patients were evaluated using KT-1000 arthrometer, Lysholm score, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Score and isokinetic muscle strength testing.

Methods:

Out of 157 isolated ACL injury patients who underwent ACL reconstruction, 100 were included in the prospective study. Arthroscopic DBACL reconstruction was done using ipsilateral hamstring autograft. AM bundle was fixed using Transfix (Arthrex, Naples, FL, USA) on the femoral side and bio interference screw (Arthrex, Naples, FL, USA) on the tibial side. PL bundle was fixed on femoral as well as on tibial side with a biointerference screw. Patients were evaluated using KT-1000 arthrometer, Lysholm score, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Score and isokinetic muscle strength testing.

Results:

The KT-1000 results were evaluated using paired t test with the P value set at 0.001. At the end of 1 year, the anteroposterior side to side translation difference (KT-1000 manual maximum) showed mean improvement from 5.1 mm ± 1.5 preoperatively to 1.6 mm ± 1.2 (P < 0.001) postoperatively. The Lysholm score too showed statistically significant (P < 0.001) improvement from 52.4 ± 15.2 (range: 32-76) preoperatively to a postoperative score of 89.1 ± 3.2 (range 67-100). According to the IKDC score 90% patients had normal results (Category A and B). The AM femoral tunnel initial posterior blow out was seen in 4 patients and confluence in the intraarticular part of the femoral tunnels was seen in 6 patients intraoperatively. The quadriceps strength on isokinetic testing had an average deficit of 10.3% while the hamstrings had a 5.2% deficit at the end of 1 year as compared with the normal side.

Conclusion:

Our study revealed that the DBACL reconstruction using crosspin fixation for AM bundle and aperture fixation for PL bundle on the femoral side resulted in significant improvement in KT 1000, Lysholm and IKDC scores.     

术前三维重建及术中超声引导在肾盂旁囊肿输尿管软镜内切开术中的应用

目的探讨术前三维重建及术中超声引导在肾盂旁囊肿输尿管软镜内切开术中的应用价值。 方法2017年7月至2018年12月我院采用输尿管软镜钬激光内切开治疗肾盂旁囊肿13例,男性8例,女性5例,平均年龄（55±5）岁,左侧7例,右侧6例。术前基于CT三维重建预先规划目标盏及理想切开位点,并以术中超声实时引导和监测,选择囊肿受压变形最大即囊壁最薄处,配合呼吸暂停切开囊壁,进镜观察囊腔内无误后,扩大切开范围直至肾盏穹窿部,术毕留置双J管。 结果13例患者手术均顺利完成,最佳切开位点均位于肾盏或肾盏颈而非肾盂,手术时间24～67 min,平均38 min,无中转开放手术者,无严重并发症发生,术后住院2～4 d,平均3 d。术后随访3～21个月影像学检查结果示10例囊肿消失,3例囊肿直径较术前缩小1/2以上,3例合并肾结石患者术后1个月复查未见明显结石残留,7例腰背部酸胀患者术后明显缓解。 结论输尿管软镜联合钬激光在术前三维重建及术中超声引导下治疗肾盂旁囊肿是安全可行的,且切开位置合适,切开范围充分,出血少,镜下寻找快速,手术安全性高,值得推广。     

Aesthetic Remodeling of the Healthy Breast in Breast Reconstruction Using Expanders and Implants

Background  Breast reconstruction using expanders and implants still is the most common surgical procedure in many hospitals. The most important factor in obtaining a satisfactory aesthetic result for both the patient and the surgeon is to achieve the greatest symmetry possible between the healthy breast and the reconstructed breast. To get a good result, it is necessary to make an exhaustive preoperative examination that facilitates selection of the most suitable technique for remodeling the healthy breast and to choose the most suitable expander for placement on the side to be reconstructed. Methods  A retrospective study investigated 60 patients submitted to breast reconstruction between October 2005 and January 2008. The study analyzed the characteristics of the healthy breast (e.g., volume, ptosis), which is treated in the first part of the first operation. These characteristics are used later as a model for reconstructing the mastectomy side. The most adequate technique for remodeling the healthy breast based on its characteristics is indicated, as well as techniques not recommended for obtaining the desired symmetry. Results  This study aimed to determine the basis for selecting the most appropriate technique to use in managing the healthy breast and obtaining the most aesthetic result in breast reconstruction. The healthy breast analysis allows an algorithm of indications to be elaborated based on the volume and degree of ptosis exhibited by the healthy breast. The healthy breast should resemble the reconstructed breast with its anatomic implant. In this study, the technique used most often to remodel the healthy breast was reduction surgery with a superomedial pedicle, and glandular flap (autoimplant) (30%). The results were highly satisfactory for both the patient and the surgeon. Conclusions  Aesthetic remodeling of the healthy breast is the first surgical treatment in breast reconstruction in two stages using expanders and implants. The expander for reconstruction of the other breast then is selected according to the measurements of the healthy modified breast. This reproducible and simple model of breast reconstruction, with its detailed preoperative plan, allows clinicians to obtain a good aesthetic result for breast reconstruction patients.     

下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣联合腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣乳房再造术

目的 探讨应用下腹部腹直肌肌皮瓣联合腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣行乳房再造的手术方法，并分析其适应证。方法 以健侧腹直肌为肌蒂、患侧腹壁下动、静脉穿支为吻合血管蒂形成下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣与腹壁下动脉穿支联合皮瓣，将腹壁下动、静脉与患侧胸背血管或胸廓内血管相吻合，进行乳房再造。结果 自2003年以来，于临床应用17例，所有皮瓣皆成活，随访3～12个月，再造乳房外形满意。结论 下腹部腹直肌肌皮瓣联合腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣，具有血运可靠、提供组织量丰富、塑形自由度大、供区损伤较小等优点，尤适宜需要移植体积多以及胸廓内血管受损的乳房再造患者。     

延迟——即刻乳房再造

延期—即刻乳房再造是在乳癌根治术后一期,于胸大肌后植入合适大小扩张器,定期注水扩张,二期置换为乳房假体,根据术后放疗与否选择二期手术时机。延期—即刻乳房再造为可能需要接受术后放疗的患者提供了更好的乳房再造效果,降低了并发症的发生率。本文就延期—即刻乳房再造的适应证及手术方法进行综述。     

V-Y fasciocutaneous flap of the medial thigh including the long saphenous vein for reconstruction of intrapelvic dead space

Some patients develop an intrapelvic infection and fistula caused by the presence of intrapelvic dead space after the resection of rectal cancer, and the treatment is sometimes quite difficult. We have developed a new surgical technique for the treatment and prevention of such fistulas that uses a fasciocutaneous flap from the medial thigh. A V-shaped fasciocutaneous flap with a pedicle on the anterior side of the thigh is designed on the medial thigh and gluteal region. After raising the fasciocutaneous flap that contains the long saphenous vein, the gluteal section including a thick layer of fatty tissue is de-epithelialised, and the flap is rotated and advanced towards the dead space to fill it. Four patients were operated on using our technique. One was a secondary reconstruction: the patient had developed a small fistula after reconstructive surgery, but it healed with conservative treatment. As a result, all four patients achieved satisfactory outcomes. The advantages of our technique include: no change in the position of the body is required for reconstruction; operations are simple; sufficient volume of tissue is obtained from the thick fatty tissues of the gluteal region; and the fasciocutaneous flap contains the long saphenous vein and has good venous circulation. We consider this technique useful for the reconstruction of intrapelvic dead space.