癫痫患者对痫性发作的自我知晓研究

目的:研究痫性发作后患者对癫痫事件发生的自我知晓程度。方法:癫痫患者39例痫性发作后1 h,在视频脑电监测下询问患者是否出现痫性发作,并通过视频脑电图确认痫性发作的种类、发作时间等,进行统计学分析。结果:接受视频脑电监测的39例癫痫患者共有69次痫性发作,痫性发作不知晓37次(53.6%)。痫性发作不知晓率在复杂部分性发作为89.3%,全身强直-阵挛发作为58.8%,单纯部分性发作为8.3%,三者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);脑电图初始改变出现在左侧大脑半球的痫性发作不知晓率为75.8%,右侧大脑半球为33.3%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:癫痫患者的痫性发作不知晓率>50%。痫性发作所致的意识受损程度及痫性发作的起源部位可能是影响患者对痫性发作自我知晓的原因。     

皮层脑电图监测下切除有癫痫症状的脑肿瘤

[目的]探讨皮层脑电图监测下切除或热灼伴有癫痫症状的脑肿瘤的手术效果.[方法]16例伴有癫痫症状的脑肿瘤患者,术中通过皮层脑电图确定癫痫灶,切除肿瘤后,切除或热灼可疑癫痫灶,术后随访患者癫痫发作情况.[结果]16例患者切除肿瘤前均可通过皮层脑电图探及痫波,肿瘤及病灶完全切除后,痫波消失者14例,术后14例未再有癫痫发作,2例功能区患者虽多次皮层热灼,仍可见偶发棘波,有部分性发作,用抗癫痫药可控制.[结论]术中皮层脑电图监测切除或热灼癫痫灶是一种有效控制肿瘤切除术后癫痫发作的方法.     

婴儿良性部分性癫痫35例临床分析

目的:研究婴儿良性部分性癫痫的临床特点及治疗反应,探讨早期诊断方法。方法:对生后24个月内起病、排除热性惊厥、症状性癫痫、发育异常的婴儿惊厥进行临床及脑电观察,并随访治疗和预后。结果:35例患者7例惊厥伴轻度胃肠炎,5例有良性婴儿惊厥家族史,29例有丛集性发作,14例VEEG监测证实分别为起源于颞、枕、额、顶区的部分性发作。发作间期脑电图无异常。所有病例均接受抗癫痫单药治疗,5例失访。30例平均用药时间8.1个月,29例于服药6个月内发作消失,停药后3例复发,随访期内未见2岁后再复发者,21例随访至2岁以上确诊为婴儿良性部分性癫痫。结论:起病早期有以下特点应考虑婴儿良性部分性癫痫可能:①首发年龄1岁以内,不超过2岁;②复杂部分性发作或复杂部分性发作伴泛化;③呈丛集性发作,但无癫痫持续状态;④无神经系统基础病,发作无明显诱因;⑤起病前精神运动发育正常,神经影像检查正常;⑥可有婴儿良性惊厥家族史;⑦发作间期脑电图无异常,发作期有痫样放电。     

提高癫痫患者视频脑电图监测质量的相关护理

癫痫是一种常见的慢性神经系统疾病,是一组以反复痫性发作为主要特征的慢性综合征。癫痫临床表现多种多样,可分为部分性发作及全身性发作。其中以强直阵挛发作、单纯部分运动性发作及典型的失神发作较为普遍,而特殊类型的癫痫极易引起误诊。视频脑电图(VEEG)是脑电图监测的     

404例癫痫发作的强化分析

目的：（1）探讨各类癫痫发作时症状和脑电图特点及录像脑电图监测（VEEG）在癫痫诊断、分类、定位上的价值。方法：将404例癫痫患者分为2组：1、临床诊断癫痫组，2、临床疑诊癫痫组。采用同步录像脑电图监测仪纪录患者发作时临床和脑电图表现，分析其监测结果。采用医用统计软件包SPSS软件分析，计数资料采用X^2检验。结果：确诊癫痫组患者的痫样放电检出阳性率：VEEG达82．3％，与常规脑电图（REEG）阳性率33．2％有显著性差异。88．7％临床表现为部分性发作的患者，可检出部分性痫样波。结论：VEEG对癫痫患者脑电异常的检出率高于REEG。VEEG可以为部分性癫痫发作提供定位依据。     

老年人迟发性癫痫发作53例临床分析

目的　探讨老年人迟发性癫痫的病因、临床特点、脑电图及影像学特征。方法　回顾分析5 3例老年人迟发性癫痫的临床、脑电图及脑CT资料。结果　癫痫发作的可能病因为脑血管病31例,脑外伤7例,脑萎缩7例,脑肿瘤3例,蛛网膜囊肿1例,硬膜下积液1例,颅内感染1例,不明原因2例。临床发作类型为全身性强直 阵挛发作31例,部分性发作发展至全身性发作4例,部分性发作18例。脑电图共查2 1例,其中异常18例(痫样放电2例,其余主要表现为弥漫性或局限性慢波)。脑CT检查5 1例,异常4 9例。结论　老年人迟发性癫痫多数有明确病因。全身性发作是其主要临床发作类型。影像学检查多能发现病灶,以脑叶病变为多。     

24小时动态脑电图在精神运动性癫痫患者诊断中的作用

目的:探讨动态脑电图(AEEG)对精神运动性癫痫的诊断及鉴别诊断价值.方法:分别采取常规脑电图(EEG)和AEEG对60例精神运动性癫痫患者行脑电监测,并进行比较.结果:与EEG相比,AEEG的总异常率和中度异常率有显著性差异 (P<0.01 ).结论:精神运动性癫痫患者在发作间期进行AEEG检查,可提高痫样波的检出率...     

儿童自主神经性癫痫34例临床与脑电图分析

目的：探讨儿童自主神经性癫痫的临床特点及脑电图改变。方法：对34例儿童自主神经性癫痫患者的临床表现及脑电图改变进行分析。结果：本组临床上有四种类型：头痛型、腹痛型、眩晕型、间脑型，各型都具有癫痫发作的共同特点。脑电图异常29例，表现阵发性慢波或痫性发作波，正常5例。抗痫治疗后脑电图大部分恢复正常，症状控制满意。结论：诊断儿童自主神经性癫痫应慎重，须排除器质性疾病所致者，高度怀疑病例，除脑电图检查外，可试行抗癫痫治疗。     

91例癫痫儿童临床表现及脑电图分析

目的:分析儿童癫痫的临床及脑电图特征。方法:纳入癫痫儿童91例,收集其临床及脑电图资料,进行回顾性分析。结果:本组患儿平均发病年龄为(4.9±3.0)岁。发作类型中,全面性发作53例(58.2%),局灶性发作38例(41.8%)。明确诊断的癫痫综合征有婴儿痉挛症4例(4.4%),失神发作3例(3.3%),儿童良性癫痫伴中央颞区棘波20例(22.0%)。脑电图异常部位分布中,全头部均有痫样放电者19例(20.9%),痫样放电局限于半球者13例(14.3%)。癫痫儿童发作持续时间5 min者45例(49.5%),5~10 min者33例(36.3%),10 min者13例(14.2%);中颞起源的癫痫患儿中,痫性发作持续时间5及5~10 min者各占37.5%,10 min者25%。结论:儿童癫痫主要集中在4~7岁年龄段,以全面性发作类型为主。脑电图异常部位主要以多灶性起源为主。儿童癫痫发作时间以5 min为主。中颞起源的癫痫儿童出现发作持续时间10 min的可能性较大。     

录像脑电图在部分性癫痫诊断中的价值探讨

[目的]探讨录像脑电图（VEEG）对部分性癫痫的诊断价值。[方法]对经VEEG监测、临床及神经影像学等确诊的120例各类部分性癫痫的脑电图（EEG）及发作期表现进行回顾性分析。[结果]120例中额叶癫痫39例,颞叶38例,枕叶23例,顶叶20例。VEEG监测到临床发作48例,分别为额叶发作18例,颞叶发作17例,枕叶发作7例,顶叶发作6例。VEEG监测到痫样放电98例（81.7%）,常规EEG检测到痫样放电32例（26.7%）,两者差异显著（P〈0.01）。22例在监测前诊断为全面性发作的患者在监测后确定为部分性癫痫并明确了起源部位。[结论]VEEG可提高痫样放电的检出率,能确诊癫痫的分类及起源部位。     

Midazolam coma for refractory status epilepticus in children.

OBJECTIVE: To implement and retrospectively evaluate a therapeutic algorithm for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus with midazolam coma. METHODS: Eight consecutive patients with refractory status epilepticus were mechanically ventilated. Their arterial and central venous blood pressures were continuously monitored by indwelling vascular catheters. These patients were also continuously monitored by a 16-channel video electroencephalogram (EEG). A midazolam bolus of 0.15 mg/kg was administered, and a continuous infusion of 1-2 microg/kg/min was started. If seizures continued, the infusion was increased every 15 mins by 1-2 microg/kg/min. If seizures stopped and/or burst suppression was achieved, the patients continued to receive that dose for 48 hrs and were then weaned by decrements of 1-2 microg/kg/min every 15 mins. RESULTS: The patients' ages ranged from 17 days to 16 yrs, and they had various underlying diseases. In five of the eight patients, cessation of seizures occurred before achieving burst suppression on EEG, in two patients, cessation occurred during burst suppression, and in one patient, no response before or during burst suppression was encountered. The maximal midazolam doses required to achieve cessation of seizures and/or burst suppression, whichever came first, ranged from 4-24 microg/kg/min, with a mean of 14 +/- 6 microg/kg/min. The patients maintained stable cardiovascular function while receiving the maximal dose of midazolam and did not require inotropic support. CONCLUSION: Midazolam infusion, as per our described algorithm, is effective in terminating refractory status epilepticus. This treatment is not associated with cardiovascular instability, even at doses resulting in burst suppression. In the majority of cases, cessation of seizures occur before burst suppression is achieved on EEG.     

Seizures and status epilepticus in childhood cerebral malaria

Prolonged, multiple seizures complicate a high proportion of cases of childhood cerebral malaria, and several studies have shown an association between these and neurological sequelae. We prospectively studied 65 patients (38 female) admitted to Kilifi Hospital in 1994. Electroencephalographic recordings (EEGs) were made at 12-hourly intervals, with continuous recordings made on a cerebral function analysing monitor (CFAM). Survivors were seen one month after discharge. Cerebral computerized tomography was performed on children with neurological sequelae. Sixty-two percent of patients had seizures following admission, of whom half had an episode of status epilepticus. Fifty-two percent of seizures were partial motor, 34% generalized tonic-clonic, and 14% partial with secondary generalization. In 22%, coma appeared to be due to a prolonged postictal state. Ten children had subtle motor seizures. Posterior parieto-temporal discharges were the most common EEG finding. Seven children died, eight developed neurological sequelae, and 50 (77%) recovered fully. Status epilepticus was associated with the development of neurological sequelae. Prolonged, multiple seizures may play an important part in the pathogenesis of coma in childhood cerebral malaria, and are likely to contribute to both the morbidity and mortality of this disease.      

Monitorage de lˈélectroencéphalogramme : techniques,indications, intérêt en réanimation

Continuous electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring has only recently begun to be developed in intensive care units. Digital EEG technology and the development of new methods of automatic EEG analysis have allowed this method to become a clinically relevant tool. Analysis of the continuous EEG requires a perfect knowledge of recording conditions, which must be as rigorous as possible. The interpretation made by an expert must remain cautious. The primary current indication of continuous EEG monitoring in intensive care units is status epilepticus. EEG monitoring is very useful to all the phases of the management of status epilepticus when the clinical neurological situation does not improve rapidly. The duration of the monitoring can go from 24 hours to several weeks. It can be useful for the diagnosis of nonconvulsive seizures; it allows a better management of anaesthetic drugs during refractory status epilepticus; and it allows the detection of recurrent seizures after tapering of the treatment. New indications start to emerge: monitoring of severe acute head trauma, early detection of focal cerebral ischemia and monitoring of coma. This technique, which improves the management of neurological patients, promises to develop further in the future.     

癫痫持续状态的临床及脑电图特征

目的探讨癫痫持续状态的脑电图特征及临床特点。方法回顾性分析经抗癫痫药物治疗的5例癫痫持续状态的临床资料,总结发作症状学、头皮脑电图及颅内MRI特点,研究癫痫再发的脑电图特点、诱发因素及其治疗方法。结果5例患者中1例自行停服抗癫痫药物诱发,1例患者无明显诱因自发发作,1例患者由肺部感染后诱发,2例疲劳或睡眠不足、情绪不良诱发。4例MRI发现结构性病变。4例脑电图（EEG）显示多灶性或局灶性癫痫样放电,其中1例癫痫持续状态发作前有与颅内MRI结构性病变一致的尖波节律暴发,1例局灶性慢波活动。结论多数癫痫持续状态患者存在脑的结构性损害,大多有明显的诱发因素,阵发性尖波节律暴发可能是预测癫痫持续状态发作的脑电图特点,长程视频脑电图应成为癫痫持续状态诊疗的必用工具,尤其是对于非惊厥性癫痫持续状态更具有重要的意义,持续静脉泵入咪达唑仑治疗癫痫持续状态安全、有效且不良反应少。     

Recommendations on the use of EEG monitoring in critically ill patients: consensus statement from the neurointensive care section of the ESICM

Objectives

Recommendations for EEG monitoring in the ICU are lacking. The Neurointensive Care Section of the ESICM assembled a multidisciplinary group to establish consensus recommendations on the use of EEG in the ICU.

Methods

A systematic review was performed and 42 studies were included. Data were extracted using the PICO approach, including: (a) population, i.e. ICU patients with at least one of the following: traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, stroke, coma after cardiac arrest, septic and metabolic encephalopathy, encephalitis, and status epilepticus; (b) intervention, i.e. EEG monitoring of at least 30 min duration; (c) control, i.e. intermittent vs. continuous EEG, as no studies compared patients with a specific clinical condition, with and without EEG monitoring; (d) outcome endpoints, i.e. seizure detection, ischemia detection, and prognostication. After selection, evidence was classified and recommendations developed using the GRADE system.

Recommendations

The panel recommends EEG in generalized convulsive status epilepticus and to rule out nonconvulsive seizures in brain-injured patients and in comatose ICU patients without primary brain injury who have unexplained and persistent altered consciousness. We suggest EEG to detect ischemia in comatose patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and to improve prognostication of coma after cardiac arrest. We recommend continuous over intermittent EEG for refractory status epilepticus and suggest it for patients with status epilepticus and suspected ongoing seizures and for comatose patients with unexplained and persistent altered consciousness.

Conclusions

EEG monitoring is an important diagnostic tool for specific indications. Further data are necessary to understand its potential for ischemia assessment and coma prognostication.     

急性中、重型脑外伤后早期癫痫的脑电图监测及预后评价

目的:探讨急性中重型脑伤后早期癫痫发生的高危因素;诊断昏迷状态中非惊厥性癫痫或非惊厥性癫痫持续状态(NCS或NCSE)。方法:选用视频脑电监测系统,对86例急性中重型脑伤患者进行1周的EEG监测。结果:(1)86例脑伤患者中7例(8.14％)有癫痫的临床发作,6例(6.98％)为NCS或NCSE。(2)脑伤越重特别是有颅内出血者,早期癫痫发生的可能性越大,尤其是NCSE,差异有显著性意义;性别、年龄差异无显著性意义。结论:重型、特重型脑伤及颅内出血者是早期癫痫发生的高危因素,特别是NCSE;脑伤后昏迷状态即使没有癫痫的临床发作也应常规进行EEG监测,以便临床及时处理。     

Status epilepticus as an initial manifestation of hepatic encephalopathy: A case report

BACKGROUNDStatus epilepticus in patients with hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a rare but serious condition that is refractory to antiepileptic drugs, and current treatment plans are vague. Diagnosis may be difficult without a clear history of cirrhosis. Liver transplantation (LT) is effective to alleviate symptoms, however, there are few reports about LT in the treatment of status epilepticus with HE. To our knowledge, this is the first report of status epilepticus present as initial manifestation of HE.CASE SUMMARYA 59-year-old woman with a 20-year history of heavy drinking was hospitalized for generalized tonic-clonic seizures. She reported no history of episodes of HE, stroke, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, ascites or gastrointestinal bleeding. Neurological examination revealed a comatose patient, without papilledema. Laboratory examination suggested liver cirrhosis. Plasma ammonia levels upon admission were five times normal. Brain computed tomography (CT) was normal, while abdominal CT and ultrasound revealed mild ascites, liver cirrhosis and splenomegaly. Electroencephalography (EEG)showed diffuse slow waves rhythm, consistent with HE, and sharp waves during ictal EEG corresponding to clinical semiology of focal tonic seizures. The symptoms were reversed by continuous antiepileptic treatment and lactulose. She was given oral levetiracetam, and focal aware seizures occasionally affected her 10 mo after LT.CONCLUSIONStatus epilepticus could be an initial manifestation of HE. Antiepileptic drugs combined with lactulose are essential for treatment of status epilepticus with HE, and LT is effective to prevent the relapse.     

Seizures and status epilepticus in the critically ill

Seizures represent stereotypic electroencephalographic (EEG) and behavioral paroxysms as a consequence of electrical neurologic derangement. Seizures are usually described as focal or generalized motor convulsions; however, nonconvulsive seizures that occur in the absence of motor activity may escape clinical detection. Because of the admission diagnoses and dramatic physiologic and metabolic derangements common to critically ill patients, the entire spectrum of seizure disorders may be encountered in the ICU. Seizures in the ICU are attributable to primary neurologic pathology or secondary to critical illness and clinical management. For optimal treatment, early diagnosis of the seizure type and its cause is important to ensure appropriate therapy. Convulsive status epilepticus requires emergent treatment before irreversible brain injury and severe metabolic disturbances occur.     

Propofol in the treatment of refractory status epilepticus

Objectives To study prospectively the effects of propofol anesthesia on seizure control, hemodynamics and course of intensive care in patients with refractory status epilepticus.Design and setting Prospective observational study in the general intensive care unit in a tertiary university hospital.Patients Ten patients with refractory status epilepticus.Interventions Patients received propofol anesthesia aiming to burst suppression EEG pattern for 12 h.Measurements and results Dose of propofol, quality of burst suppression EEG, hemodynamics and the course of intensive care were recorded. Clinical and electrophysiological seizures terminated quickly, but maintaining burst suppression EEG pattern required incremental doses of propofol. Despite high doses of propofol, recovery from anesthesia was fast.Conclusions High doses of propofol are needed in the treatment of refractory status epilepticus. The maintenance of continuous-burst suppression is difficult, and vigilant titrating of dosage of propofol is necessary under continuous EEG monitoring.