长程脑电图在癫(癇)诊断与鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨长程脑电图(EEG)在癫疒间诊断与鉴别诊断中的价值。方法对265例癫疒间患者(癫疒间组)和206例非癫疒间患者(非癫疒间组)进行长程EEG记录,并进行分析。结果癫疒间组清醒EEG异常率为54.72%,睡眠EEG异常率为89.81%,两者差异有极显著性(P<0.001);非癫疒间组清醒EEG异常率为7.28%,睡眠EEG异常率为10.68%,两者差异无显著性(P>0.05)。癫疒间组患者睡眠时额叶和颞叶的癫疒间性放电阳性率最高,分别为20.38%和24.15%,与清醒状态阳性率(11.32%和11.70%)相比差异有极显著性(均P<0.01)。结论长程EEG在癫疒间的诊断和鉴别诊断中有重要意义,特别是多个周期的睡眠诱导可明显提高癫疒间性放电的阳性率,并对致癫疒间灶的定位提供重要参考。     

The sleep–wake cycle in adult rats following pilocarpine-induced temporal lobe epilepsy

The relationship between sleep and epilepsy is both complex and clinically significant. Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) influences sleep architecture, while sleep plays an important role in facilitating and/or inhibiting possible epileptic seizures. The pilocarpine experimental model reproduces several features of human temporal lobe epilepsy and is one of the most widely used models in basic research. The aim of the present study was to characterize, behaviorally and electrophysiologically, the phases of sleep–wake cycles (SWC) in male rats with pilocarpine-induced epilepsy. Epileptic rats presented spikes in all phases of the SWC as well as atypical cortical synchronization during attentive wakefulness and paradoxical sleep. The architecture of the sleep–wake phases was altered in epileptic rats, as was the integrity of the SWC. Because our findings reproduce many relevant features observed in patients with epilepsy, this model is suitable to study sleep dysfunction in epilepsy.     

Sleep seizures versus wake seizures: a comparative hospital study on clinical, electroencephalographic and radiological profile

Background: Epileptic seizures, predominantly or exclusively during sleep had been the focus of attention for many electroencephalographers. Though few epileptic syndromes are associated with sleep seizures (SS) its frequencies in Indian patients is still unknown. Aim: To find out the patterns of epilepsies in patients having SS and compare them with patients having wake seizures (WS). Setting and Design : Open label hospital based study. Materials and Methods: One hundred and forty-four (13%) patients having predominantly SS were compared with 976 (87%) patients of WS by various clinical, electrophysiological and radiological factors. Statistical Analysis: Chi square test and student T test, using software SPSS (version 10, 1999) was applied to compare various parameters. Relative risk was calculated by 2 x 2 contingency table. Results: The seizure semiology was better defined in patients with WS and GTCS was more common in SS ( P = 0.001). Wake-electroencephalogram (EEG) was abnormal in significantly ( P = 0.001) higher number of patients with WS. Symptomatic etiologies were found in more than half patients. Left lobe involvement was more common in patients having SS ( P = 0.000). After symptomatic, idiopathic generalized and frontal lobe epilepsy were most frequent with SS. Undetermined epilepsy was found in 37 (25.7%) patients with SS. Conclusion: Epilepsies associated with SS were less frequent and had symptomatic cause in most cases. Left hemispherical and frontal lobe lesion were more commonly associated with SS. Frontal lobe and idiopathic generalized epilepsy was most frequent in patients of SS. Sleep EEG should always be done in patients with sleep seizures.     

A comparative study of the diagnostic value of drug-induced sleep EEGs and sleep EEGs following sleep deprivation in patients with complex partial seizures

Summary The purpose of the study was to investigate whether the sleep EEG after sleep deprivation has a stronger provocative effect than the drug-induced sleep EEG. For this purpose a sleep EEG, induced by 2 mg/kg body weight of promazine hydrochloride, was recorded. On the following day a sleep EEG of the same patient was recorded after sleep deprivation of 24–26 h. If only patients whose wake EEGs were free from epileptic activity are considered, the rate of provocation was 58%. As epileptic activity could be recorded even in the sleep EEG without sleep deprivation in 45%, the advantage gained by recording a sleep EEG after sleep deprivation (52%) is only relatively small. The occurrence of epileptic activity was shown to be significantly more frequent amongst women and those who developed epilepsy at a younger age. For practical purposes it is recommended that for those patients whose wake EEGs are free from epileptic activity, a sleep EEG—possibly drug-induced—should be recorded. Only in instances where epileptic activity can not then be recorded should a wake EEG after sleep deprivation be carried out, and followed immediately, if necessary, by a sleep EEG.Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

录像脑电图监测对发作性疾病的诊断价值

目的研究录像脑电图（VEEG）在癫痫的诊断、鉴别诊断和临床发作分型中的价值,探讨癫痫患者自然睡眠时相与样放电之间的关系。方法使用录像脑电图对93例发作性疾病患者进行长程脑电监测,记录清醒和睡眠时的脑电图,并作诱发试验,明确发作性质,确定癫痫的临床发作类型,并分析发作间期癫痫样放电的睡眠-觉醒时相分布。结果93例发作性疾病患者中有临床发作者51例,样放电者72例,结合病史、临床表现和EEG结果而诊断为癫痫71例,其中69例患者确定了临床发作类型,20例修正了临床发作类型;71例确诊为癫痫患者中有完整睡眠-觉醒周期者65例,觉醒期有样放电者49例,睡眠期有样放电者61例,其中NREMⅠ-Ⅱ期52例（85.2%）,NREMⅠ-Ⅳ期3例（4.9%）,NREWⅢ-Ⅳ期6例（9.9%）,REM期未见。结论VEEG检测有利于癫痫的诊断和确定临床发作分型,睡眠监测有助于样波的检出,睡眠期样放电主要出现于NREMⅠ-Ⅱ期。     

动态脑电图对癫痫诊断和鉴别诊断的探讨

目的：了解动态脑电图对癫痫诊断和鉴别诊断的意义。方法：用MB8000型8导激光动态脑电图记录仪对145例诊断为癫痫,可疑癫痫病人进行24h动态脑电图检查。结果：总异常率为524％,癫痫组异常62．4％,癫痫样放电出现率58．1％。可疑癫痫组异常34．6％,痫样放电出现率25.0%,两级之间有非常显著性差异（P＜0.001）。癫痫组与可疑癫痫组临床发作中所描记到的痫样放电出现率亦有非常显著性差异（P＜0.001）。痫样放电时间以睡眠期为主,占83、3%。结论：本文着重分析讨论了动态脑电图睡眠期的意义及对伪迹鉴别的体会,24h脑电图对癫痫的诊断和鉴别诊断明显优于常规脑电图,有着重要的临床意义。     

额叶癫痫的长程视频脑电特征及其在额叶癫痫诊断和外科定位中的应用

目的探讨长程视频脑电（VEEG）在额叶癫痫诊断及手术定位中应用的意义。方法回顾性分析47例诊断为额叶性癫痫并进行手术治疗患者的长程视频脑电特征及临床资料。结果癫痫临床发作有以下特点：①持续时间短;②睡眠中较多见;③继发难治全身性发作多见;④强直性或运动性姿势症状突出;⑤常伴发声。癫痫发作间期VEEG存在以下形式：①脑电无异常;②一侧额部或一侧前头部异常波形波幅优势;③额部或前头部异常波形波幅优势且双侧对称;发作期VEEG存在以下形式：①多见去同步化低电压;②一侧或双侧额叶低幅快活动;③一侧或双侧额叶的高幅优势放电;④全导联同步对称异常放电。38例患者的癫痫灶术前被精确定位,9例患者癫痫灶术前不能确定侧别。结论应用长程视频脑电监测能够较全面了解额叶癫痫临床发作表现及脑电图特点,有助于准确诊断及术前定位。     

一组特殊的良性儿童部分性癫(癎)的临床和脑电图特征

目的 分析一组特殊的良性儿童部分性癫(癎)的临床特征,探讨其病理生理机制.方法 对在我院癫(癎)中心门诊就诊的儿童部分性癫(癎)进行随访观察,纳入符合良性部分性癫(癎)诊断者,排除能够分类的其他类型,分析患者的临床和脑电图特征.结果 入组的44例患者中,38.6%(17/44)的患儿每天均有发作,额叶失神、偏转是最常见的发作症状,觉醒脑电图有局灶、多灶、全面性棘慢波爆发3种表现,且以额部为著;睡眠时双侧同步化.截止随访日,88.6%(39/44)完全无发作,22.7%(10/44)脑电图完全恢复正常.结论 有一组特殊的良性儿童部分性癫(癎),可能是起源于额叶.     

300例癫痫及可疑癫痫患者AEEG分析

目的：对３００例癫痫及可疑癫痫患者的动态脑电图的应用价值进行了初步探讨。方法;使用北京明思公司ＳＷ－ＪＨ系列智能化脑电监护仪描记,并与常规脑电图比较。结果：３００例中ＥＥＧ异常５４例,ＡＥＥＧ异常１７８例ＡＥＥＧ痫样放电检出率明显高天ＥＥＧ。１４４例继发性癫痫患者中,ＥＥＧ异常８例,ＡＥＥＧ异常１０例,二者无显著性差异。     

Long-term EEG monitoring in epilepsy diagnosis

EEG long-term monitorings were carried out in 149 patients using a portable 4-channel miniature recorder system. In most cases EEG was recorded for 48 hours. In addition to preceding routine EEG controls, long-term EEG monitoring disclosed epileptic phenomena in 32.7% of patients suspected for epileptic seizures from their history. This gain of information was based mainly on the detection of abnormal potentials or epileptic seizures appearing during sleep. Using EEG long-term recording numerous EEG routine controls could be replaced which otherwise are often necessary for ensuring the diagnosis of epilepsy. If the patient's history, however, gives only poor reason to believe epileptic seizures, positive findings in EEG long-term monitorings are unlikely. Consequently, careful evaluation of the patient's history is crucial for the indication of this laborious examination. As the limited number of recorder channels may cause false negative results, normal findings should be utilized with caution. Only the sum of all clinical and neurophysiological data should be used for exclusion of suspected epilepsy. The second, even more important application of EEG long-term recordings is the special examination of patients with known epilepsy, such as studies of the circadian profiles of epileptic excitability, documentation of seizure frequency, and electrographic analysis of the course of seizure. Therapy control of epileptic patients can be improved by such informations. In view of the large amount of data which results from long-term recordings, computer assisted methods supporting the visual analysis are necessary. In this regard the continuous spectral analysis of the EEG long-term recordings proved to be highly useful.     

视频脑电图监测对癫痫的诊断价值

目的探讨视频脑电图(Video-EEG)对癫痫的诊断价值.方法对252例发作性疾病患者进行连续12～24小时监测,其中包括清醒、睡眠及诱发试验,分析临床发作和异常放电的关系,异常放电出现的时相,癫痫分型与异常放电的关系,临床发作前脑电图的改变以及临床发作间期和发作期异常脑电图的不同表现.结果252例监测到临床发作142例,其中同时伴异常放电者为111例;252例检出异常放电187例,其中出现于睡眠期者146例;确诊的111例中103例确定了发作类型,其中25例修正了发作类型;确诊的111例监测到发作前脑电图的异常改变,表现为背景脑电波频率和波幅的改变,或者出现痫样放电;111例不同发作类型癫痫患者发作间期和发作期有不同的异常脑电图表现.结论视频脑电图可提高痫样放电的检出率,有助于癫痫的诊断及分型,有利于观察癫痫患者发作间期及发作期脑电图的表现.     

Dreams and Epilepsy

The relationship between dreams and epilepsy is illustrated by two patients whose awake epileptic seizures and recurrent dreams during night sleep had similar content. In both of our cases the EEG showed right anterior temporal spike discharge, suggesting a role for the temporal lobe in the association between dreams and seizures.     

颞叶癫痫手术时的皮质脑电描记

报告1980年10月至1992年6月间,在皮质脑电描记下手术治疗颞叶癫痫55例,前颞叶切除50例.杏仁核海马切除5例。皮质脑电描记结果说明颞叶癫痫的痫灶绝大多数来源于颞叶外侧皮质和颞叶内侧结构。术中皮质脑电描记可提供痫灶的精确部位和范围。     

睡眠癲痫发作时血清促肾上腺皮质激素和皮质醇的变化

目的探讨睡眠癫痫患者临床发作时血清促肾上腺皮质激素（adrenoconicotropic hormone,ACTH）和皮质醇的变化及其与脑电波变化之间的联系。方法采用24导video—EEG对睡眠癫痫患者进行脑电监测,并对其发作前瞬时的EEG进行分析,采用化学发光免疫法在清醒时、睡眠时、发作前瞬间、发作时和发作后的5个时间点测定血清中ACTH和皮质醇的浓度。在36例睡眠癫痫患者中,28例为自然发作,8例为贝美格诱发发作。用11例假性心因性癫痫发作患者作为对照组。结果睡眠癫痫发作前、中、后血清ACTH和皮质醇的浓度有显著差异（P〈0．001）,发作前瞬间降低,发作时升高,发作后明显升高;假性癫痫发作对照组的血清ACTH和皮质醇浓度在发作时无明显变化（P〉0．05）;贝美格诱发发作组与自然发作组间ACTH和皮质醇比较无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论睡眠癫痫患者血清ACTH和皮质醇与癫痫发作前和发作时的脑电变化有密切关系。     

动态脑电图对典型与非典型伴有中央-颞区棘波的儿童良性癫痫的诊断

目的探讨动态脑电图(AEEG)对典型与非典型伴中央-颞区棘波的儿童良性癫痫(BECCT)的诊断价值,并进行随访分析。方法收集伴中央-颞区棘波的儿童良性癫痫的患儿资料50例,分典型组31例,非典型组19例。所有患儿均进行AEEG检查,对检查结果进行对比分析及治疗后随访。结果清醒期EEG描记时,典型组异常放电8例(25.8%),非典型组异常放电7例(36.8%),在睡眠期EEG描记时均有异常放电。结论 AEEG对典型与非典型伴中央-颞区棘波的儿童良性癫痫均有重要的诊断价值。     

长期应用抗癫癎药控制的颞叶癫癎患者发作间期SPECT异常灌注灶修复与长程视频脑电图变化的临床研究

目的：探讨抗癫癎药（AEDs）长期控制的颞叶癫癎患者发作期间应用单光子发射电子计算机断层扫描（SPECT）检查异常灌注灶的修复。方法：颞叶癫癎患者经AEDs、步长脑心通胶囊与尼莫地平治疗,并在两次发作间期行SPECT、长程视频脑电图（V-EEG）和CT/MRI检查。结果：44例癫癎患者平均年龄为25岁;平均病程为3.5年;44例患者中病因明确者为19例（家族史2例,围产期损伤1例,热性惊厥3例,颅脑损伤出血1例,颅脑外伤5例,脑膜脑炎3例,脑部手术2例,多病因2例）。癫癎发作控制平均为25个月。治疗前发作间期SPECT异常（颞叶和非颞叶）感兴趣区（ROI）为77.3%,长程V-EEG异常77.3%（其中癎样放电88.2%）,治疗前CT/MRI异常47.7%。治疗后发作间期SPECT正常增加4.5%（P〉0.05）,异常灶减少8.3%（P〉0.05）;长程V-EEG正常增加27.3%（P〈0.05）,癎样放电减少53.3%（P〈0.05）;结论：长期控制的颞叶癫癎患者的异常灌注灶修复明显低于其他类型癫癎,防治重点应放在颞叶癫癎症状出现之前的继发性全身强直阵挛发作。     

颞叶癫痫的痫性放电传导和临床症状的颅内电极脑电图研究

目的 探讨颞叶癫痫患者痫性放电的传导部位、时间和相应的临床症状变化.方法 对2003年6月至2007年5月确诊为颞叶癫痫并行颅内电极埋置检查的48例患者的颅内电极脑电图和发作期症状进行回顾性分析,通过在双侧海马放置的针状电极和颢叶、额叶等放置的条状皮层电极,找出发作起源部位、早期传导部位、传导时间及发作起始症状和传导后症状.结果 共记录126次临床癫痫发作,105次记录到传导部位,其中同侧颢叶内传导22次,额叶39次,顶枕叶18次,对侧海马10次,16次全脑放电.44.8%传导时间小于2.5 s,55.2%传导时间超过2.5 s,且有17.1%超过5 s.101次发作中出现初始症状,其中82.2%为意识水平下降、自动症、恐惧等;99次记录到传导后新症状,其中出现颞叶外传导者82.2%出现抽动或强直表现.结论 颞叶癫痫放电传导部位主要是同侧的额叶与颞叶内部,但也可直接到对侧海马结构,临床症状与传导位置有关,传导速度多较慢.     

Diagnostic Value of EEG Analysis of Epileptic Focus in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (MTLE)

For precise identification of an epileptic focus in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE), various techniques, including neuroimaging, are employed. We performed topographic and spike dipole analyses to investigate the correlation between surface electroencephalogram (EEG) and the location of the lesion in 10 patients with MTLE. Six patients with interictal epileptic spikes on EEG were analyzed by the dipole localization method using CDT 1000 (Central Electronics Company, Tokyo). The location of the spike dipoles were compared with the location of abnormal lesions revealed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In all 10 cases, EEG topography was also performed to determine an abnormal lesion from the EEG background activity. In six cases, spike dipoles were located at the mesial temporal lobe, which corresponded to the MRI lesion. In seven of the 10 cases, EEG topography revealed the deviation of the delta band to one side in the frontal to anterior temporal area. In these seven cases, the laterality of the delta band deviation coincided with the site of the MRI abnormality. In one case, a topographic abnormality was provoked after sleep deprivation. We conclude that EEG analysis combined with MRI is useful for the evaluation of the epileptic focus in MTLE. Topographic analysis of basic EEG was considered to be beneficial especially in MTLE, in which epileptic spikes were rare.     

Approaches to staging sleep in polysomnographic studies with epileptic activity

BACKGROUND: The Standardized Sleep Manual of Rechtschaffen and Kales is well established and reliable in scoring the majority of polysomnograms (PSGs) encountered in clinical practice. In patients with epilepsy, however, abnormal brain activity may confound the interpretation of sleep waveforms. Our goal is to identify features that are problematic in analyzing sleep stages in patients with epilepsy and to offer approaches to score these PSGs. METHODS: Ninety eight PSGs from 43 patients with epilepsy were scored using Rechtschaffen and Kales guidelines. Features interfering with sleep staging were noted. RESULTS: In scoring polysomnograms (PSGs) of patients with epilepsy we noted epileptic seizures, interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) and abnormal EEG background to be features of epilepsy that compromised sleep scoring. Overall, 48% of the studies in our sample contained one or more of these epileptic features to the extent that sleep scoring by standard criteria was compromised. Approaches for staging sleep in the setting of these abnormalities are outlined. CONCLUSIONS: The Rechtschaffen and Kales method of sleep scoring is useful in staging the majority of PSGs of patients with epilepsy. However, we advocate some modifications because the abnormal electrical activity of epilepsy may interfere with accurate scoring of sleep waveforms. These approaches to scoring PSGs of patients with epilepsy will require empirical testing.     

基于颞叶癫痫脑电相位互相关分析法的癫痫超同步放电的初步研究

目的 分析颞叶癫痫患者病灶区和非病灶区脑电相位的同步关系,并与正常对照者比较,为癫痫发作的超同步放电机制提供支持.方法 选择经临床确诊且责任病灶为左颞区的颞叶癫痫患者20例和正常对照者10例,双侧颞区各放置4个记录电极,电极间距为20 mm.应用Hilbert变换提取以上脑电的相位,应用互相关方法分别计算左右两侧颞区每个区内每两导脑电相位间的互相关系数,结果用统计软件SPSS 10.0处理.结果 颞叶癫痫组病灶区与正常组左颞区脑电相位的平均互相关系数比较有显著性差异(P＜0.01);两组右侧脑电相位的平均互相关系数比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05).颞叶癫痫组病灶区与非病灶区脑电相位的平均互相关系数比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05);正常组两侧脑电相位的平均互相关系数比较无显著性差异.正常组脑电相位的最大互相关系数均位于两个相邻导联间,颞叶癫痫组37.5%的位于相隔导联间.结论 颞叶癫痫病灶区存在超同步放电现象,非病灶区也存在不同程度的超同步放电.