肿瘤微环境中IL-10限制SOCS1基因沉默的树突状细胞疫苗的抗肿瘤作用

目的观察SOCS1基因沉默的DC疫苗对荷黑素瘤小鼠的抗肿瘤作用及肿瘤微环境中IL-10对该DC疫苗抗瘤作用的影响。方法从小鼠股骨分离骨髓细胞,GM-CSF和IL-4联合诱导DCs分化,然后感染携带沉默SOCS1基因的Len-SOCS1-shRNA慢病毒;用TRP2抗原肽负载沉默SOCS1的DC细胞制备DC疫苗,LPS诱导成熟,流式细胞仪分析DC细胞表面MHCⅡ和CD86的表达,real-time PCR分析该DC细胞的SOCS1、IL-10和IL-12p40表达。用B16细胞或降低IL-10基因表达的B16(B16-IL-10-/-)制备荷瘤小鼠模型,瘤内注射DC疫苗(3×106/只),观察肿瘤生长和荷瘤小鼠生存期。采用不连续梯度离心法分离肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞,流式细胞仪观察CD8+T细胞的分布;并采用微量细胞毒的方法分析CTL活性。结果 Len-SOCS1-shRNA慢病毒感染DC后,可使SOCS1表达下调80%;下调SOCS1表达的DC细胞MHCⅡ和CD86表达有增加趋势,但与对照组DC相比无明显差异;下调SOCS1表达可降低DC细胞的IL-10表达,提高IL-12p40的表达。沉默SOCS1的DC疫苗对B16荷瘤小鼠的生存率没有明显影响,但可显著提高B16-IL-10-/-荷瘤小鼠的生存率(P<0.05)。下调SOCS1表达的DC疫苗不仅可提高B16-IL-10-/-荷瘤小鼠肿瘤浸润CD8+T淋巴细胞数,还可促进CD8+T细胞IFN-γ的分泌及CTL活性。结论沉默SOCS1可提高DC疫苗的活性,但肿瘤微环境的IL-10依然是限制该DC疫苗有效发挥抗瘤作用的因素。     

CTLA4-Ig基因修饰的树突状细胞体外对Th1/Th2平衡的影响

目的:探讨细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4免疫球蛋白(CTLA4 Ig)基因修饰的树突状细胞(CTLA4 Ig-DCs)体外对Th1/Th2平衡的影响。方法:通过腺病毒载体将目的基因(CTLA4 Ig)转染至小鼠骨髓来源的树突状细胞(DC)。采用流式细胞术(FCM)检测DC表面分子和胞内CTLA4 Ig的表达;采用混合淋巴细胞反应检测DC刺激同种异体T细胞的能力,ELISA法检测DC抗原提呈反应中Th1和Th2类细胞因子IFN-γ和IL-4分泌水平。结果:CTLA4 Ig基因成功转染至DC,转染率约为80%,制备的CTLA4 Ig-DCs稳定表达CTLA4Ig,表面分子CD86呈现低表达;CTLA4 Ig-DCs可有效抑制T细胞增殖,降低抗原提呈反应上清中IFN-γ和IL-4的分泌,并增加IFN-γ/IL-4比值。结论:通过腺病毒将CTLA4 Ig转染DC并且高效表达,可有效降低DC表面CD86分子,抑制同种异体T细胞反应,并能影响体外Th1/Th2水平。     

EB病毒LMP2A特异性CTL的体外诱导及分析

用EBV LMP2A重组痘苗病毒 (rVV LMP2A )转染人树突状细胞 (DC ) ,转染后的DC分别在第 1、 7、 14天刺激相同MHC背景的T细胞 ,在IL 2作用下诱导LMP2A特异性CTL。用LDH释放法检测CTL杀伤活性 ;流式细胞术 (FACS )检测CTL诱导分化过程中CD3+ 、CD4 + 、CD8+ 、CD5 6 + 等细胞的分群变化 ;RT PCR检测细胞分化过程中FasLmRNA表达 ;生物活性法检测功能性细胞因子IFN γ的分泌。结果显示本法诱导的CTL对靶细胞有特异性杀伤活性 ,第 2次和第 3次DC刺激后杀伤活性有所上升 ;在CTL诱导分化的第 7、 14、 2 1天细胞分群以CD4 + 、CD8+ 细胞为主 ;RT PCR证实所诱导的细胞内有FasLmRNA的表达 ;随细胞培养天数的增加IFN γ分泌增加 ,在第 14天达到较高水平。研究表明重组痘苗病毒载体rVV LMP2A转染的DC刺激T细胞可诱导出EBV LMP2A特异性CTL。     

转染自体胃癌细胞总RNA的树突状细胞诱导个体化免疫治疗的体外实验

目的探讨转染自体胃癌细胞总RNA的树突状细胞(DC)体外介导抗胃癌的免疫效应。方法制备短期培养的原代胃癌细胞。用rhGM-CSF、rhIL-4和TNF-α体外诱导胃癌患者外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中DC的发育和成熟,并转染自体肿瘤细胞总RNA,激活自体T细胞产生CTL,用CCK-8试剂盒检测CTL的杀伤活性。应用流式细胞术及混合淋巴细胞培养技术检测DC的免疫功能状态。用ELISA法测定IL-12和INF-γ的水平。结果转染自体肿瘤细胞总RNA的成熟DC,不仅可高表达MHC-I、II类分子及CD80、CD83和CD86协同刺激分子,并可获得高效刺激自体或异体T细胞增殖的能力。转染RNA的成熟DC,分泌IL-12的水平及其刺激产生的CTL培养上清液中INF-γ的水平显著高于单纯成熟DC及未成熟DC;且CTL对自体胃癌细胞的杀伤率显著高于异体组。结论转染自体胃癌细胞总RNA的成熟DC能够体外诱导产生对自体肿瘤细胞具有高度抗原特异性杀伤活性的CTL。     

EBV-LMP2A重组腺病毒体外转染树突状细胞激发特异性CTL的研究

目的：用EBV潜伏膜蛋白2A(EBV-LMP2A)重组腺病毒转染树突状细胞(DC)激发特异性细胞毒性T细胞(CTL)，分析CTL的特性。方法：用AdS-LaMP2A重组腺病毒转染EBV健康携带者及鼻咽癌患者的DC，与自体来源的外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)混合培养，激发LMP2A特异性CIL。用LDH释放法检测CIL杀伤活性；流式细胞术(FACS)检测培养细胞群体中CD3^ 、CD4^ 、CD8^ 、CD56^ 细胞的组成；生物活性法检测细胞培养上清中IFN-γ含量；RT-PCR分析CTL的FasL mRNA表达。结果：EBV健康携带者及鼻咽癌患者的PBMC，经AdS-LMP2A转染的自体DC两次刺激后，都能诱导出显著的EBV-LMP2A特异的CIL。EBV健康携带者CTL的杀伤活性，随DC刺激次数的增加而逐渐增强，诱导的CTL细胞群体以CD^4 和CD8^ 细胞组成为主，且CD4^ 细胞比例高于CD8^ 细胞，另含少量CD56^ 细胞；在不同时段所诱导的CTL上清中，均含一定量的IFN-γ并随刺激次数和诱导时间的延长呈上升趋势；RT-PCR研究表明，所诱导的CTL有FasL mRNA的表达。结论：以腺病毒载体介导EBV-LMP2A基因转染的成熟DC，在体外能激发较强的LMP2A特异的功能性CTL，可用于EBV相关NPC的免疫治疗。     

慢性乙肝患者树突状细胞对Th1/Th2分化的影响

探讨慢性乙肝患者树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DC)对CD4+Th细胞亚群分化的影响。分离慢性乙肝患者外周血单个核细胞(PBMC),以rhIL-4(50 ng/ml)、rhGM-CSF(10 ng/ml)和rhTNF-α(100 u/ml)诱导培养DC。以流式细胞仪检测DC表面CD1a、CD83、CD80、CD86、HLA-DR分子表达情况。MTT法检测DC刺激同种异体淋巴细胞增殖能力。免疫磁珠分离外周血CD4+T细胞亚群,PMA+Ionomycin刺激后胞内荧光染色,流式细胞仪检测辅助性T细胞(helper T cell,Th)内特征性细胞因子IFN-γ/IL-4以判断Th1/Th2分化。ELISA法检测DC或Th细胞培养上清中IL-6、IL-12、IFN-γ和IL-4的含量。结果:慢性乙肝患者的DC表达CD1a、CD83、CD80、CD86、HLA-DR分子水平明显低于正常人(P<0.01);培养至第7天,慢性乙肝患者DC分泌的IL-12水平低于正常人(P<0.01),而分泌的IL-6水平增高(P<0.05)。与正常人相比,慢性乙肝患者外周血中Th1细胞占CD4+T细胞的百分比较低(P<0.01),其Th细胞培养上清中IFN-γ的量也较低(P<0.01)。患者DC与同种异体的健康人Th细胞共培养,刺激Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ产生的能力低于正常人(P<0.01)。慢性乙肝患者体内DC功能的异常可能导致了外周血Th1细胞分化不足。     

SOCS1沉默增强树突状细胞抗喉癌免疫效应

目的研究SOCS1沉默的树突状细胞特异性抗肿瘤作用机制,并探讨RNAi技术在喉癌基因治疗中的应用前景,为树突状细胞的临床应用提供新思路和理论依据。方法以细胞因子GM-CSF、IL-4和TNF-α体外诱导扩增外周血单核细胞来源的DC,倒置显微镜下观察DC形态特征;构建RNAi载体转染DC,Western blot检测SOCS1的表达情况,筛选抑制SOCS1表达的有效靶序列;流式细胞术检测DC表面分子CD83、CD86和HLA-DR的表达;ELISA法分析上清中IFN-γ的含量;MTT法评估DC刺激T细胞增殖的能力及诱导细胞毒性T细胞的杀伤活性。结果 DC体外诱导培养成功;设计的RNAi载体经测序验证无误。干扰序列5可显著下调SOCS1表达水平;SOCS1沉默联合喉癌Hep-2抗原致敏的DC可显著上调表面分子标志CD83(85.61±0.96)%、CD86(96.86±1.20)%和HLA-DR(98.02±0.94)%的表达;该组DC能有效刺激T细胞增殖,增加IFN-γ的分泌量,最终增强CTL的特异性杀伤作用,效靶比为50:1时其杀伤活性显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论 SOCS1沉默并负载喉癌Hep-2抗原的DC可以产生高效而特异性的抗喉癌免疫应答。     

ΔNp73α基因转染树突状细胞抗乳腺癌细胞的免疫效应

目的:研究ΔNp73α基因转染树突状细胞(DC)诱导的特异性抗乳腺癌免疫效应。方法:人脐带血细胞经GM-CSF、IL-4、TNF-α等细胞因子诱导培养DC,流式细胞仪(FCM)检测DC成熟前后CD1a、CD83的表达变化情况。脂质体法将pc DNA-HA/ΔNp73α转染至DC,经Western blot检测转染情况。转染DC与自体T细胞共培养诱导特异性CTL。MTT法测定T细胞增殖能力;ELISA法检测IFN-γ的分泌水平;LDH释放法检测T细胞对乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231的杀伤作用。结果:DC诱导成熟后,CD1a表达约占56%,CD83约占74%,与未成熟DC(CD1a 19%,CD83 13%)比较,差异有显著统计学意义(P0.01)。Western blot检测到DC-ΔNp73α组有一特异条带表达。DC-ΔNp73α组诱导的特异性CTL对MDA-MB-231杀伤作用高于DC组(P0.05),而且刺激T细胞增殖能力增强,分泌IFN-γ的水平升高,与空载体DC-pc DNA组及DC组比较有显著统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:以ΔNp73α转染DC制备的DC疫苗,具有显著诱导CTL杀伤乳腺癌细胞的作用。     

肿瘤特异性TCRαβ基因转染诱导记忆性T细胞分化及其免疫功能的研究

目的研究特异性TCR基因转染T细胞被肿瘤抗原激活后,记忆性T细胞的分化情况,并明确其表型特征和免疫功能。方法密度梯度离心法分离PBMC,重组TCR腺病毒感染T细胞,流式细胞术检测外源TCR表达效率。AFP表位肽刺激T细胞,流式细胞术检测TCR基因转染T细胞经抗原刺激后,记忆性T细胞标志分子表达。MTT法检测T细胞对不同肿瘤细胞株的杀伤活性。Annexin V-PI双染法检测靶细胞凋亡比例。ELISA法检测T细胞作用于靶细胞后IFN-γ与IL-2分泌水平。结果重组腺病毒载体感染3 d后,外源TCR表达比例接近30%。特异性TCR基因转染可有效促进T细胞识别肿瘤抗原后活化,CD45RO+细胞比例逐渐上升至接近50%。CD45RO+细胞以CD62L–CD44+表型为主。此后CD62L+细胞比例逐渐上升。最终出现分群明显的CD62L+CD44+TCM表型细胞。特异性TCR基因转染能够促进T细胞杀伤AFP+靶细胞,诱导靶细胞凋亡,并促进IFN-γ分泌。抗原预先刺激能够进一步增强TCR基因转染T细胞抗肿瘤免疫效应。结论 TCR基因转染能够有效促进T细胞识别肿瘤抗原后活化。经肿瘤抗原预先刺激的TCR基因转染T细胞将启动记忆性T细胞分化,在再次遭遇表达相同抗原的肿瘤细胞时发挥更为强烈的免疫效应。     

腺病毒介导MOMP基因转染对树突状细胞免疫功能的影响

目的 探讨腺病毒(Ad)介导E型沙眼衣原体(Ct)主要外膜蛋白(MOMP)基因转染对树突状细胞(DC)的表型及体内免疫功能的影响.方法 用小鼠重组粒细胞一巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)及白细胞介素4(IL-4)从小鼠骨髓干细胞中诱导培养DC,并用大肠杆菌脂多糖(LPS)促进DC的成熟,流式细胞仪检测DC表型.用不同感染滴度(MOI)的含增强绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)基因的重组Ad转染DC,荧光显微镜下观察EGFP的表达细胞百分率,选择最佳MOI;用最佳MOI的含MOMP基因的重组腺病毒(Ad-MOMP)转染DC,流式细胞术检测转染前后DC表型变化,并用活细胞计数试剂盒8(CCK-8)检测转染前后DC刺激同种淋巴细胞增殖的能力;ELISA检测转染前后DC分泌细胞因子及DC、T细胞共同培养上清中细胞因子的水平.Ad-MOMP转染DC经尾静脉免疫小鼠,ELISA检测其脾脏淋巴细胞分泌的细胞因子.结果 诱导的DC形态典型,表面高表达CD11c、MHCⅡ类分子,中度表达CD80分子.MOI=1000为重组Ad转染DC最佳滴度,此时90%以上的DC表达荧光,Ad-MOMP转染DC后能检测到MOMP的表达.Ad-MOMP转染对DC表面的特征性表型CD11c无影响,而CD80及MHCⅡ表达上调;转染后的DC分泌大量IL-12,具有较强的刺激同种异体淋巴细胞增殖的能力,并刺激T细胞分泌大量IFN-γ.Ad-MOMP转染DC后尾静脉免疫小鼠,其脾细胞产生高水平的IFN-γ.结论 Ad载体能介导外源MOMP基因在DC中的表达,Ad-MOMP转染DC后MOMP基因的表达能增强DC抗原提呈功能,促进DC活化,转染后的DC与T细胞共孵育能诱导T细胞向TH1细胞分化,体内实验表明Ad-MOMP转染DC能诱导衣原体特异性TH1反应.这为Ad-MOMP转染的DC疫苗用于免疫治疗提供了理论依据和技术基础.     

Uptake of apoptotic DC converts immature DC into tolerogenic DC that induce differentiation of Foxp3+ Treg

DC apoptosis has been observed in patients with cancer and sepsis, and defects in DC apoptosis have been implicated in the development of autoimmune diseases. However, the mechanisms of how DC apoptosis affects immune responses, are unclear. In this study, we showed that immature viable DC have the ability to uptake apoptotic DC as well as necrotic DC without it being recognized as an inflammatory event by immature viable DC. However, the specific uptake of apoptotic DC converted immature viable DC into tolerogenic DC, which were resistant to LPS‐induced maturation. These tolerogenic DC secreted increased levels of TGF‐β1, which induced differentiation of naïve T cells into Foxp3⁺ Treg. Furthermore, induction of Treg differentiation only occurred upon uptake of apoptotic DC and not apoptotic splenocytes by viable DC, indicating that it is specifically the uptake of apoptotic DC that gives viable immature DC the potential to induce Foxp3⁺ Treg. Taken together, these findings identify uptake of apoptotic DC by viable immature DC as an immunologically tolerogenic event.     

Immunobiology of DC in NOD mice.

NOD mice spontaneously develop diabetes between 15 and 20 weeks of age, which is preceded by insulitis characterized by the infiltration of lymphocytes. Dendritic cells (DC) are among the first cells to infiltrate the islet and they have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. Our work has been concerned with the detailed characterization of four distinct DC populations in NOD mice: two derived from bone marrow (BM) cells cultured in either granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) plus interleukin-4 (IL-4) or GM-CSF alone and two from the spleen of Flt3 ligand (Flt3L) -treated mice, isolated on the basis of CD8alpha expression. Phenotypic and functional differences between these DC subsets in NOD mice have been identified. In addition, we obtained a lower yield of NOD BM-derived DC and they expressed higher levels of cell-surface CD40 and IL-12 p40 mRNA than BM-derived DC from the diabetes-resistant strain, B10.BR. We have also investigated the ability of these DC populations to modulate the development and progression of diabetes in NOD mice.     

Tolerogenic plasmacytoid DC

Plasmacytoid DC (pDC) are type‐I IFN‐producing cells known for their capacity to promote anti‐viral innate and adaptive immune responses. Despite their potent anti‐viral function, when compared with conventional DC, pDC exhibit poor immunostimulatory ability and their interaction with T cells often favors the generation of Treg. pDC are activated primarily in response to ssRNA and ssDNA through TLR7 and TLR9, respectively, but also through TLR‐independent mechanisms. Non‐lymphoid tissue pDC, such as those residing in the airways, gut, and liver, play a significant role in regulating mucosal immunity and are critical for the development of tolerance to inhaled or ingested antigens. Herein we discuss properties that define tolerogenic pDC and how their unique characteristics translate into an ability to regulate immunity and promote the development of tolerance. We cover the importance of pDC during intrathymic Treg development and the maintenance of peripheral tolerance, as well as their regulatory role in transplantation, autoimmunity, and cancer. We highlight recent findings regarding danger‐associated molecular pattern and PAMP signaling in the regulation of pDC function, and how the ability of pDC to promote tolerance translates into the potential clinical applications of these cells as therapeutic targets to regulate immune reactivity.     

三相无刷直流电机在便携式连续性血液净化机中的应用

主要介绍了三相无刷直流电机在便携式连续性血液净化机中的应用.三项无刷直流电机实现了血液透析机中血液在试验中的平稳循环.在实际样机测试中,血液循环运行非常平稳、精确.三相无刷直流电机非常适合在连续性血液净化机中使用.     

Candida albicans-induced DC activation partially restricts HIV amplification in DCs and increases DC to T-cell spread of HIV

Dendritic cells (DCs) are central to the innate and adaptive responses needed to control pathogens, yet HIV exploits DCs to promote infection. The influence of other pathogens on DC-HIV interplay has not been extensively studied. We used Candida albicans (Candida) as a model pathogen which elicits innate DC responses that are likely important in controlling Candida by healthy immune systems. HIV did not impede Candida-specific DC activation. Candida-induced CD80 and CD83 upregulation was greater in DCs that had captured HIV, coinciding with increased amplification in presence of T cells and reduced but persistent low-level DC infection. In contrast, HIV-infected DCs matured normally in response to Candida, but this did not shut down HIV replication in DCs, and again Candida augmented HIV amplification in DC-T-cell mixtures. HIV-infected DCs secreted more IL-10 and IL-1beta earlier than uninfected DCs and initially induced a higher frequency of CD4CD25FoxP3 T-regulatory cells in response to Candida. Elevated early IL-10 production in cocultures was evident only when azidothymidine (AZT) was included to limit T-regulatory cell infection and destruction. Therefore, HIV manipulates the DC's innate and adaptive responses to Candida to further augment HIV spread, ultimately destroying the cells needed to limit candidiasis.     

Corticosteroids inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators in immature monocyte-derived DC and induce the development of tolerogenic DC3.

Corticosteroids (CS) are potent immunosuppressive agents that are known to affect T cell-mediated inflammation by the inhibition of proliferation and cytokine production, as well as the immunostimulatory function of monocytes and macrophages. Not much is known of the effect of corticosteroids on dendritic cells (DC), the professional T cell stimulatory antigen-presenting cells. We report that the endogenous CS hydrocortisone and the synthetic CS clobetasol-17-propionate strongly inhibited the production of the inflammatory mediators interleukin (IL)-12 p70, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and IL-6 by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated monocyte-derived immature DC (iDC) in vitro. In contrast, the stimulatory capacity, antigen uptake, and the expression of costimulatory molecules were not affected. In accordance with the decreased production of IL-12 p70, CS-treated iDC induced less production of the inflammatory Th1 cytokine interferon-y and enhanced levels of the Th2 cytokines IL-10 and IL-5 in staphylococcal enterotoxin B-stimulated CD4+ Th cells. Furthermore, CS inhibited the maturation of iDC as assessed by the lack of expression of CD83 as well as by the prevention of the loss of antigen uptake capacities. These type 3 DC (DC3) matured in the presence of CS produce less IL-12 p70 and have a decreased T cell stimulatory capacity. Moreover, uncommitted T cells that encounter the CS-induced DC3 develop into Th2-biased cells, which may additionally decrease the Th1-mediated tissue damage but, on the other hand, Th2 cytokines may promote undesirable elevation of IgE and eosinophilia. These findings indicate that suppression of T cell-mediated inflammation by CS not only relies on direct effects on T cells, but also on various effects on DC, their professional antigen-presenting cells.     

Human dendritic cell line models for DC differentiation and clinical DC vaccination studies

Dendritic cells (DC) are increasingly applied in the immunotherapy of cancer. As the development of a standardized DC vaccine product is often hampered by the limited availability of DC precursors and inter- and intra-donor variability, and the preparation of individual vaccines is labor-intensive, it would be preferable to use DC from a readily available and unlimited source, such as cell lines can provide. It has been described that leukemia-derived cell lines are able to differentiate into functional DC, creating possibilities for the development of highly reproducible DC vaccines and providing in vitro model systems for in-depth studies about DC physiology. This review discusses the different human DC cell line differentiation models described so far. Based on the available data, characteristics that determine the ability of leukemia cells to differentiate along the different precursor stages into functional DC will be formulated. In addition, evidence will be provided that the human CD34+ acute myeloid leukemia cell line MUTZ-3 provides DC that exhibit the functional properties that are crucial for the in vivo generation of CTL-mediated immunity and thus, currently, represents the most valuable, sustainable model system for myeloid DC differentiation and clinical DC vaccination studies.