Splenic injuries secondary to colonoscopy:Rare but serious complication

BACKGROUND Colonoscopy is a safe and routine diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for evaluation of large bowel diseases.Most common procedure related complications include bleeding and perforation but rarely a splenic Injury.AIM To investigate the reason for colonoscopy,presentation of patient with spleen injury,types of injury,diagnosis,management and outcomes of patients METHODS A structured search on four databases was done and 45 articles with 68 patients were selected.The reason for colonoscopy,presentation of patient with spleen injury,types of injury,diagnosis,management and outcomes of patients were identified and analyzed using SPSS.RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 62.7 years with 64% females.Twenty two percent had a complete splenic rupture with colonoscopy while 63% had subcapsular hematoma,spleen laceration and spleen avulsion.The most common reason for colonoscopy was screening(46%) followed by diagnostic colonoscopy(28%).Eighty seven percent of patients presented with abdominal pain.Patients with spleen rupture mostly required splenectomy(47%),while minor spleen hematomas and lacerations were managed conservatively(38%).Six percent of the patients were managed with proximal splenic artery splenic embolization and4% were managed with laparoscopic repair.The overall mortality was 10% while77% had complete recovery.The reason of colonoscopy against presentation specifically,abdominal pain showed no statistical significance P = 0.69.The indication of colonoscopy had no significant impact on incidence of splenic injury(P = 0.89).Majority of the patients(47%) were managed with splenectomy while the rest were managed conservatively(P = 0.04).This association was moderately strong at a cramer's V test(0.34).The Fisher exact test showed a higher mortality with spleen rupture(P = 0.028).CONCLUSION Spleen rupture due to colonoscopy is a significant concern and is associated with high mortality.The management of the patients can be individualized based on clinical presentation.     

Splenic rupture after colonoscopy.

Colonoscopy is a familiar and well-tolerated procedure and is widely used as a diagnostic and therapeutic modality by both gastroenterologists and surgeons. Although perforation and hemorrhage are the most common complications, splenic injury or rupture is a rare but potentially lethal complication. We report a case of splenic rupture diagnosed 18 hours after colonoscopy, which required emergent splenectomy. We also reviewed over 39 other cases of splenic rupture or injury after colonoscopy reported in the English literature. Despite being an infrequent complication, splenic rupture warrants a high degree of clinical suspicion critical to prompt diagnosis. Most patients present with symptoms within 24 hours after colonoscopy, although delayed presentation days later has been described. CT scan of the abdomen is the radiological study of choice to evaluate colonoscopic complications. Splenic injury can be managed conservatively or with arterial embolization depending on the extent of trauma, but splenectomy remains definitive management. Clinical criteria are the primary determinants in choosing operative therapy over observation. Herein, possible risk factors for splenic trauma during colonoscopy are identified, and clinical outcomes are evaluated.     

Massive left hemothorax following left diaphragmatic and splenic rupture with visceral herniation: A case report

BackgroundMassive left hemothorax following left diaphragmatic and splenic rupture with visceral herniation is quite an uncommon life-threatening condition usually associated with blunt thoracoabdominal trauma. Mortality is generally associated with coexistent vascular and visceral injuries that could be rapidly fatal. Timely, and proper diagnosis is mandatory as survival depends on prompt diagnosis and treatment.Presentation of caseWe describe a case of massive left hemothorax secondary to blunt thoracoabdominal injury with left diaphragmatic and splenic rupture, gastric, greater omentum and splenic herniation into the left thoracic cavity in a 32 years old male car driver after sustaining a road traffic accident and presented with shortness of breath of 4 h’ duration. He also had zone 3 retroperitoneal hematoma and left acetabular fracture. He was treated surgically and discharged home improved.DiscussionDiaphragmatic ruptures following blunt injuries are larger leading to herniation of visceral organs into the thoracic cavity and the most common organ to herniate on the left side is the stomach followed by omentum and small intestine. Splenic rupture is a very rare cause of hemothorax and is often missed in the differential diagnosis.ConclusionMassive hemothorax following splenic and diaphragmatic rupture with visceral herniation following either blunt or penetrating trauma is rare. Delayed or missed diagnosis is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. A high index of suspicion and proper use of diagnostic studies are crucial for early and correct diagnosis.     

Post-colonoscopy appendicitis: A case report and systematic review

Colonoscopy is a widely used diagnostic and therapeutic modality with a relatively low morbidity.However,given the large volume of procedures performed,awareness of the infrequent complications is essential.Perforation is an established complication of colonoscopy,and can range from 0.2%-3%depending on the series,population and modality of colonoscopy.Acute appendicitis after colonoscopy is an extremely rare event,and a cause-effect relationship between the colonoscopy and the appendicitis is not well documented.In addition,awareness of this condition can aid in prompt diagnosis.Relatively mild symptoms and exclusion of bowel perforation by contrast studies do not exclude appendicitis from the differential diagnosis for post-colonoscopy pain.In addition to the difficult diagnosis inherent to postcolonoscopy appendicitis,treatment strategies have varied greatly.This paper reviews these approaches.We also expand upon prior articles by giving guidance for the role of nonoperative management in these patients.This case and review of the literature will help to create awareness about this complication,and guide optimal treatment of pericolonoscopy appendicitis.     

Niemann-Pick disease resulting in spontaneous splenic rupture in an adult: Report of a case

Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) is an inherited metabolic disorder, which has been classified into types A, B, C, and D. Niemann-Pick disease rarely causes spontaneous splenic rupture: to our knowledge, only four such cases have ever been reported. We report the case of a 53-year-old man with NPD manifesting as spontaneous splenic rupture. Ultrasound showed a ruptured large spleen with hemoperitoneum, and he underwent emergency splenectomy. Histopathological examination confirmed that there were numerous accumulated “Pick cells,” defined as foamy histiocytes, in the spleen.     

Intra-abdominal hemorrhage due to rupture of a splenic vein aneurysm: A case report

Splenic vein aneurysm (SVA) is extremely rare. Most patients with an SVA have portal hypertension. In this report we describe the first recorded case of intra-abdominal hemorrhage due to rupture of an SVA in a patient without evidence of portal hypertension. A 72-year-old man was admitted to our medical center in a state of shock, with complaints of acute abdominal pain and abdominal distention. Preoperatively, abdominal ultrasonography demonstrated an echo-free space in the abdomen, suggesting the presence of a fluid collection. In addition, computed tomography revealed an enhanced lesion with contrast material in the pancreatic tail. An emergency operation showed bleeding from the SVA near the pancreatic tail. Consequently, a distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy was performed. Histologically the lesion was diagnosed as an SVA surrounded by pancreatic tissue with chronic inflammatory changes. The patient’s postoperative course was uneventful.     

Acute pancreatitis complicated with splenic rupture: A case report

Atraumatic splenic rupture is an uncommon complication of acute pancreatitis. This report describes the case of a 30-year-old man with acute pancreatitis and splenic vein thrombosis complicated by splenic rupture. The patient was admitted to the emergency department with pain in the upper abdomen that had been present for six hours and was associated with vomiting and sweating. He was diagnosed with acute pancreatitis of alcoholic etiology. Upon computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen, the pancreatitis was scored as Balthazar C grade, and a suspicious area of necrosis affecting 30% of the pancreas with splenic vein thrombosis was revealed. Seventy-two hours after admission, the patient had significant improvement in symptoms. However, he showed clinical worsening on the sixth day of hospitalization, with increasing abdominal distension and reduced hemoglobin levels. A CT angiography showed a large amount of free fluid in the abdominal cavity, along with a large splenic hematoma and contrast extravasation along the spleen artery. The patient subsequently underwent laparotomy, which showed hemoperitoneum due to rupture of the splenic parenchyma. A splenectomy was then performed, followed by ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage.     

脾动脉灌注栓塞治疗外伤性脾破裂的临床研究

目的；研究脾动脉抑肽酶灌注、明胶海绵栓塞对外伤性脾破裂的止血效果，及灌注栓塞后病人血液流变学和免疫功能的变化。方法：采用Seldinger技术，先进行脾动脉造影以明确诊断并进行Gall分级，然后用抑肽酶50万U行脾动脉灌注及明胶海绵栓塞脾动脉主干或出血区脾动脉分支。术后1、3、6、12个月分别测定病人血液流变学，RBC、PLT、淋巴细胞计数，C3、C4、免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM,T淋巴细胞亚群CD3、CD4、CD8。结果：36例脾破裂病人35例止血效果确切，保脾成功。1例因脾动脉扭曲插管失败而行开腹手术治疗。35例病人术后1、3、6、12个月测定血RBC、PLT、淋巴细胞计数，血液流变学，C3、C4，IgG、IgM，CD3、CD4、CD8，结果与正常人相比差异无显著性意义（P＞0．05）。结论：用抑肽酶行脾动脉灌注、明胶海绵栓塞是治疗脾破裂Gall 分级I－Ⅲ级可靠而有效的方法；术后病人血液流变学及免疫功能正常。     

腹腔镜脾切除术在外伤性脾破裂的应用

目的探讨采用腹腔镜脾切除术在外伤性脾破裂的应用的可行性。方法2006年6月-2007年2月我院采用腹腔镜脾切除术治疗在外伤性脾破裂6例。结果6例顺利完成腹腔镜脾切除术,无中转开腹,手术时间150～220min,平均170min,术后恢复佳,无并发症或手术死亡。结论腹腔镜脾切除术治疗外伤性脾破裂安全,可行。     

Splenic rupture from colonoscopy

Splenic injury after colonoscopy is rare. Only 15 cases previously have been reported in the English literature. Partial capsular avulsion is the proposed mechanism of injury. Any condition causing increased splenocolic adhesions may be a predisposing factor to splenic injury. Two cases of splenic injury following colonoscopy are reported in addition to a complete review of the literature. Received: 21 September 1995/Accepted: 11 November 1995     

手助腹腔镜技术在外伤性脾破裂中的应用

目的:探讨手助腹腔镜技术治疗外伤性脾破裂的临床价值。方法:19例外伤性脾破裂患者用手助腹腔镜技术行脾切除术。结果:18例手术均顺利完成,1例中转开腹,手术时间40～130min,平均60min,术后恢复良好,全组术后均无并发症发生及手术死亡病例。结论:手助腹腔镜技术治疗外伤性脾破裂患者创伤小,术后康复快,并发症少,是一种安全可行的术式。     

64例脾破裂非手术治疗体会

目的探讨脾破裂的非手术治疗。方法对64例非手术治疗病例进行回顾性分析。结果64例脾破裂全部采用非手术治疗,62例治愈,治愈率96.9%;2例死亡,死亡3.1%。结论脾破裂在严格掌握适应证的原则下,可以采用非手术治疗,积极治疗的同时,密切观察病人的生命体征,病情变化、有手术指征时,应果断手术治疗。     

Splenic rupture in infectious mononucleosis: A systematic review of published case reports

IntroductionInfectious mononucleosis (IM) is a common viral illness that predominantly causes sore throat, fever and cervical lymphadenopathy in adolescents and young adults. Although usually a benign, self-limiting disease, it is associated with a small risk of splenic rupture, which can be life-threatening. It is common practice therefore to advise avoiding vigorous physical activity for at least 4–6 weeks, however this is not based on controlled trials or national guidelines. We reviewed published case reports of splenic rupture occurring in the context of IM in an attempt to ascertain common factors that may predict who is at risk.MethodA search of MEDLINE and EMBASE databases was performed for case reports or series published between 1984 and 2014. In total, 52 articles or abstracts reported 85 cases. Data was extracted and compiled into a Microsoft Excel^® spreadsheet.ResultsThe average patient age was 22 years, the majority (70%) being male. The average time between onset of IM symptoms and splenic rupture was 14 days, with a range up to 8 weeks. There was a preceding history of trauma reported in only 14%. Abdominal pain was the commonest presenting complaint of splenic rupture, being present in 88%. 32% were successfully managed non-operatively, whereas 67% underwent splenectomy. Overall mortality was 9%.Conclusions and recommendationsFrom our data, it appears that men under 30 within 4 weeks of symptom onset are at highest risk of splenic rupture, therefore particular vigilance in this group is required. As cases have occurred up to 8 weeks after the onset of illness, we would recommend avoidance of sports, heavy lifting and vigorous activity for 8 weeks. Should the patient wish to return to high risk activities prior to this, an USS should be performed to ensure resolution of splenomegaly. The majority of cases reviewed had no preceding trauma, although previous studies have suggested this may be so minor as to go unnoticed by the patient. It is therefore prudent to warn patients about the symptoms of splenic rupture to ensure prompt presentation and minimise treatment delay rather than focusing purely on activity limitation.     

腹腔镜脾切除术治疗外伤性脾破裂的体会

目的:探讨腹腔镜脾切除术治疗外伤性脾破裂的技术要点。方法:用完全腹腔镜脾切除术治疗6例外伤性脾破裂患者,其中Ⅱ级损伤3例,Ⅲ级损伤3例,3例合并其他脏器损伤。结果:6例均顺利完成手术,无中转开腹。手术时间80～150min,平均110min。术中出血200～500ml,平均350ml。术后3例单纯性脾破裂者平均住院7d,3例伴合并伤者平均住院15.6d,术后患者顺利康复,无并发症发生。结论:腹腔镜脾切除术治疗外伤性脾破裂安全、可行,但有一定的技术难度。     

外伤性脾破裂的保脾治疗

目的：比较选择性睥动脉栓塞术与非手术治疗外伤性脾破裂的临床应用。方法：回顾性分析1992～2006年我院进行的23例选择性脾动脉栓塞和32例非手术治疗睥破裂的患者。结果：选择性脾动脉栓塞组无输血，非手术组1例输血。选择性脾动脉栓塞组2例并发左侧胸腔积液，1例并发左下肺感染；非手术组1例出现并发脾周脓肿（P=0．298）。非手术组保脾成功率为81．3％（26／32）。选择性脾动脉栓塞组成功率为100％（23／23，P=0．035）。两组患者均无死亡病例。选择性脾动脉栓塞组平均住院（7．9±2．1）d，非手术组平均住院（11．9±4．6）d，P=0．045。结论：脾Ⅰ、Ⅱ级损伤适宜保脾治疗，选择性脾动脉栓塞术比非手术治疗更为安全有效。     

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目的 探讨部分脾动脉栓塞(PSAE)治疗脾外伤的临床意义。方法 分析2001～2002年间经PSAE治疗闭合性脾破裂共36例。依据AAST分级标准，其中Ⅱ级脾破裂15例，Ⅲ级18例，Ⅳ级3例。结果 36例均一期治愈。所有病例术后均出现不同程度的左上腹疼痛，12例并发左侧胸腔积液。经3～6个月CT复查显示脾动脉栓塞区域血供恢复正常。结论 PSAE对于治疗脾外伤具有独特优越性。     

脾破裂手助腹腔镜切除术的应用

目的:探讨手助腹腔镜技术在脾破裂切除术中的应用。方法:用手助腹腔镜技术为15例外伤性脾破裂患者行脾切除术。结果:14例顺利完成手术,1例术中大出血中转开腹,平均手术时间105min,术中平均失血110ml,平均住院6.5d。结论:手助腹腔镜技术治疗外伤性脾破裂是安全可行的,适用于无脑、胸损伤,血液动力学稳定的患者。     

外伤性脾破裂保脾手术32例体会

目的　总结外伤性脾破裂 32例保脾手术的经验。方法　对我院 1990年～ 2 0 0 0年外伤性脾破裂 32例的资料进行回顾性分析。结果　单纯脾修补术 12例 ,不规则脾部分切除术 16例 ,规则性脾部分切除术 4例 ,均获得成功。结论　保脾应遵循“抢救生命第一 ,保留脾脏第二”的原则 ,对无合并伤的Ⅲ级以内的脾破裂行选择性保脾手术是可以达到临床治愈的。     

选择性脾动脉栓塞与脾修补术治疗外伤性脾破裂的比较

目的比较选择性脾动脉栓塞术与脾修补术的临床应用。方法回顾性分析1992-2004年我院进行的16例选择性脾动脉栓塞和23例脾修补术。结果2组病人均无死亡病例。选择性脾动脉栓塞组2例有术后并发症,脾修补术组10例有术后并发症(P<0.05)。选择性脾动脉栓塞组病人无输血,脾修补术组16例输血,平均输血(682.6±377.3)ml(P<0.05)。选择性脾动脉栓塞组平均住院日(7.3±1.1)d,脾修术组平均住院日(10.4±4.4)d(P<0.05)。选择性脾动脉栓塞组平均手术时间(1.9±0.6)h,脾修补术组平均手术时间(3.0±0.6)h(P<0.05)。结论选择性脾动脉栓塞与脾修补术的治疗效果相同。选择性脾动脉栓塞比脾修补术输血少,术后并发症少,住院时间短,手术时间短。