应用广角数码儿童视网膜成像系统联合局部治疗早期视网膜母细胞瘤

目的分析早期视网膜母细胞瘤(Rb)患儿局部治疗疗效。方法对2009年至2012年收治的12例(12只眼)早期Rb患儿(均为低风险的A/B期)采用激光光凝、冷冻相结合的局部治疗,对其疗效进行临床分析。结果患儿总的生存率和保眼率为100%(12/12),所有患儿的肿瘤全部萎缩钙化,未见新发肿瘤灶,治疗后患儿无严重眼部或全身并发症。患儿采取的相应治疗措施由肿瘤的具体位置和大小决定。结论 A、B期Rb患儿的治疗预后好,早期诊断是关键,吸入麻醉下的RetCam成像联合局部光凝或冷凝干预是早期Rb患儿有效的治疗手段。     

视网膜母细胞瘤D期化疗联合激光光凝的效果

目的:观察静脉化疗、经眼动脉灌注化疗联合激光光凝治疗D期视网膜母细胞瘤所有患者的效果。方法:回顾性病例研究。分析郑州大学附属儿童医院2015年12月至2018年12月单眼视网膜母细胞瘤D期13例的临床资料,采取静脉化疗、经眼动脉灌注化疗和激光光凝治疗。随访6～60个月。观察治疗效果、视力及并发症。结果:随访期内,10例...     

视网膜母细胞瘤的激光治疗

激光治疗是视网膜母细胞瘤（RB）的一种重要的局部治疗方法，包括激光光凝、经瞳孔温热疗法及光动力疗法。各种激光的作用机制、使用方法及适应证各不相同。本文就如何更好地使用激光治疗RB，避免并发症作一综述。     

孤立性脉络膜血管瘤11例随访报告

报告孤立性脉络膜血管瘤11例的治疗及随访观察结果。其中男8例，女3例.肿瘤位于黄斑及周围8例，视乳头附近3例；直径1.5PD~3.0PD者7例，4.0PD~6.0PD者4例；多呈淡桔红色外观．眼底荧光血管造影(fudus fluorescein angiography,FFA)视网膜动脉显彤前期或早期肿瘤区呈网状荧光，静脉期后瘤体有明显渗漏．>4.0PD者中3例进行氩离子激光光凝。通过平均3年7个月随访，<3.0PD者均来见瘤体增大，光凝治疗者瘤体缩小0.5PD，FFA检查荧光素渗漏减少；>4.0PD末光凝者瘤体扩大，周围有视网膜脱离。 （中华眼底病杂志，1997，13：106-107）     

眼科手术或联合系统化学疗法治疗视网膜母细胞瘤的短期观察

观察视网膜母细胞瘤（RB）患者全身化学药物治疗联合局部治疗的临床效果。方法回顾分析2006年8月至2007年9月本院收治的68例84只眼行全身化疗联合局部治疗并随访3个月以上的RB患儿的临床资料。所有患儿均进行眼部超声（B型超声或彩色多普勒超声）、影像学（CT/MRI）以及眼底照相检查（RetCam婴幼儿眼底照相机）,确诊为RB的患儿共66例82只眼,双眼16例,单眼50例;男性36例,女性30例。按照国际眼内视网膜母细胞瘤分期（IIRC）系统分期,A期选择局部治疗（包括激光光凝和冷冻疗法）,B、C、D、E期在系统化疗（CCTV方案,环孢霉素、卡铂、替尼泊苷、长春新碱）的基础上,联合手术（包括局部治疗、眼球摘除和眶内容剜出）治疗。随访时间6~13个月,平均8.6个月。结果 按IIRC分期,A期5只眼,B期6只眼,C期5只眼,D期15只眼,E期51只眼（包括球外转移的）;治疗结束后22只眼得以保存,其中,A~E期分别为5、6、5、4、2只眼,分别占同期治疗眼的100%、100%、100%、26.7%、3.9%;死亡5例,均为E期患者,占总人数的7.6%。结论 眼科手术或联合系统化学治疗RB是有效的,其疗效与患者肿瘤的临床分期有关,A、B、C期患者治疗效果较好,D、E期次之。     

双眼异时性视网膜母细胞瘤21例临床分析

目的　通过分析双眼异时性视网膜母细胞瘤（RB）患儿的临床资料,确定高危因素,制订合理的随访计划,从而使肿瘤得以早期发现、早期治疗。方法　回顾性病例分析。收集2014年12月至2019年3月北京儿童医院收治的第一眼确诊为RB后,第二眼发现新发RB的病例共21例,分析双眼确诊间隔时间、发病年龄、首发症状,以及第二眼的确诊方法与肿瘤分期（IIRC）关系等。眼底检查以全身麻醉下间接眼底镜联合RetCam作为常规检查。结果　第一眼发病时患儿的年龄为1~36个月,平均12.2个月,13例年龄≤12个月;第二眼发病年龄为3~84个月,平均25.7个月,19例年龄≤36个月;双眼发病间隔时间为1~48个月,平均13.7个月。第二眼有首发症状者4例,17例（81.0%）在随诊例行检查时发现,无临床症状。第二眼肿瘤分期:A期8例,B期4例,C期1例,D期6例,E期2例。第二眼肿瘤以全身麻醉下间接眼底镜联合RetCam检查发现为主,患者多为早期。结论　第一眼RB发病年龄≤12个月是第二眼发生RB的高危因素,双眼确诊的间隔时间多≤ 36个月;定期、规律随诊和全身麻醉下间接眼底镜联合RetCam检查是早期发现第二眼RB的有效方法。     

视网膜母细胞瘤化学减容加局部治疗的临床疗效分析

目的 总结、探讨视网膜母细胞瘤化学减容加局部治疗的初步疗效.方法 回顾性系列病例研究.分析2005年1月至2007年12月间29例(40只眼)视网膜母细胞瘤(RB)接受化学减容加局部治疗患者的临床资料,化学减容加局部治疗以VEC方案化学缩瘤,辅以冷冻、TTT等局部巩固治疗.随访时间为12～50个月,平均38个月.结果 其中4例单眼发病,25例双眼发病.40只眼参照眼内型RB国际分期,A期14只眼(35%)、B期9只眼(22.5%)、c期4只眼(10%)、D期10只眼(25%)、E期3只眼(7.5%).17只眼存在玻璃体、视网膜下种植.总体眼球保存率为75%(30/40).瘤体呈现退缩模式并稳定的治愈率依分期不同呈现递减趋势,A期100%(14/14)、B期100%(9/9)、C期75%(3/4)、D期40%(4/10)、E期0%(0/3).4只眼肿瘤复发,从化疗结束至复发眼球摘除的平均时间为5.7个月.10只眼最终行眼球摘除,其中C期1只眼、D期6只眼、E期3只眼.随访中无1例死亡或产生白血病等严重并发症.结论 化学减容加局部治疗可以有效保存部分RB患儿的眼球,乃至有用视功能.眼内型RB的国际分期对临床工作具有指导意义.     

532nm激光光凝治疗视网膜前出血的临床观察

目的　探讨５３２ｎｍ激光光凝治疗视网膜前出血的临床疗效。方法　收集我院２０１０年１月至２０１３年１０月确诊为视网膜前出血的患者１３例（１３眼）,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。８眼行激光爆破模式引流失败,改行激光光凝模式治疗;５眼视网膜前出血病程超过２周者直接行激光光凝模式治疗。所有患者均接受视网膜激光光凝模式治疗１～２次,术后随访１个月,观察视力、眼底彩照及并发症情况。结果　接受激光治疗的１３眼患者,６眼（４６．２％）行１次视网膜激光光凝术、７眼（５３８％）行２次视网膜激光光凝术。所有病例经治疗后出血均明显吸收,平均吸收时间１８．９２ｄ;视力都有不同程度提高,１个月后随访视力平均提高６．０行。视网膜前出血吸收后激光光凝处未遗留激光斑痕迹,亦无色素增生,所有病例无其他激光并发症发生。结论　５３２ｎｍ激光光凝模式治疗视网膜前出血简单实用、安全有效,且可重复实施,在激光引流视网膜前出血失败后或对于病程较长者可作为有效治疗手段。     

视网膜母细胞瘤综合治疗的预后及其相关因素

目的：研究视网膜母细胞瘤（RB）患儿综合治疗的预后并探讨其相关临床因素。 方法：回顾性系列病例研究。分析在深圳市眼科医院进行综合治疗的65例（92眼）RB患儿的临床资料。综合治疗的方法为以化疗为主联合局部治疗（光凝或冷冻）+眼球摘除治疗。不同结局相关临床因素的比较采用独立样本t检验,其余指标采用Fisher's精准检验。 结果：所有RB患儿的总生存率为92%,不同分期生存率差异无统计学意义。所有患儿总的保眼率为51%,E期和其他4期之问保眼率差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。高风险D、E期RB患儿共60例,采用化疗联合局部治疗保眼的共42例,D期18例中11例保眼成功,E期24例中4例保眼成功。治疗成功与失败患儿的初诊时间和随访时间差异无统计学意义。根据眼内肿瘤的位置将42例患儿分为3组,分析显示即周边部（包括中周部）与后极部、后极部+周边部保眼率差异有统计学意义(P=0.009、0.021)。42例患儿中4例死亡,均为肿瘤位置处于后极部的患儿,后极部与后极部+周边部2组之间病死率差异有统计学意义( P=0.045)。 结论：综合治疗提高了RB患儿的生存率,但患儿的生存率和保眼率与其临床分期及肿瘤所处的位置高度相关。     

急进性后部型早产儿视网膜病变激光光凝治疗疗效观察

目的 观察急进性后部型早产儿视网膜病变(AP-ROP)视网膜激光光凝的治疗效果。方法 2008年5月至2010年12月检查确诊的AP-ROP患儿14例28只眼纳入研究。所有患儿均采用间接检眼镜及二代广角数码视网膜成像系统(RetCam Ⅱ)行眼底检查并记录AP-ROP病变。其中,1区病变24只眼,2区病变4只眼。确诊后24 h内采用氩离子激光机经双目间接检眼镜输出系统,在巩膜顶压器顶压下使用黄绿光对分界嵴边无血管区至锯齿缘行视网膜激光光凝治疗。起始能量200 mW,使用能量为200～500 mW,曝光时间为200ms,每2个光凝斑相连,但无重叠。治疗后随访3～24个月,平均随访时间11.5个月。观察视网膜血管扩张纡曲是否好转,虹膜表面血管扩张或新生血管是否消退,后极部视网膜有无纤维增生、脱离或皱褶形成等。结果 28只眼中,病变治愈或控制25只眼,占89.3％;治疗后1个月发生视网膜脱离1只眼,占3.6%,行玻璃体切割手术,视网膜解剖复位;病变加重家长放弃治疗2只眼,占7.1%,视力无光感。随访中未观察到与治疗相关的角膜,虹膜及晶状体损伤等并发症。结论视网膜激光光凝治疗能控制大部分AP-ROP患儿视网膜病变的发展,安全有效。     

66例视网膜母细胞瘤患儿临床资料分析

目的观察西南地区视网膜母细胞瘤(RB)患眼的临床特点。方法回顾性临床研究。2010年1月至2017年12月在四川大学华西医院眼科检查确诊的RB患儿66例82只眼纳入研究。患儿均行眼部B型超声、眼眶CT或MRI检查,行广角数码视网膜成像系统检查10例。组织病理学检查确诊29例,临床症状结合影像学检查确诊37例。根据肿瘤是否侵及眼眶和视神经分为眼外期和眼内期;后者根据国际眼内期RB分期标准分为A^E期。根据不同分期行相应治疗。回顾分析患儿基本情况、就诊年龄、病程、就诊原因、分期、治疗方案和保眼率。结果66例患儿来自四川、云南、贵州省分别为56、2、2例,西藏自治区6例。可明确常住地43例,其中来自农村27例(62.8%)。男性38例(57.6%);单、双眼分别为50(75.8%)、16(24.2%)例。初诊51例(77.3%),复诊15例(22.7%)。初诊51例中,平均就诊年龄(20.9±14.4)个月;单、双眼患儿平均就诊年龄分别为(23.2±14.7)、(11.2±7.6)个月。可明确病程及就诊原因41例,患儿平均病程(90.6±115.2)d。瞳孔区发白32例(62.7%),眼部红肿4例(9.8%),其他原因5例(12.2%)。复诊15例中,平均就诊年龄为(63.6±46.8)个月;平均病程(32.8±45.5)个月。复发、手术后并发症分别为5(33.3%)、3(20.0%)例;瞳孔区发白4例(26.7%);眼球突出、眼部红肿分别为2(13.3%)、1(6.7%)例。82只眼中,入院治疗50只眼;其中,初诊37只眼,复诊13只眼。初诊37只眼中,眼内期31只眼(83.8%),包括A^C期5只眼(13.5%)、D^E期26只眼(70.3%);眼外期6只眼(16.2%)。A^C期5只眼均行激光光凝和(或)冷冻联合全身化学药物治疗(化疗);D期4只眼行眼动脉介入化疗;其余D^E期22只眼、眼外期6只眼中,行眼球摘除、眶内容物剜除手术分别为19(51.3%)、2(5.4%)只眼,放弃治疗7只眼(18.9%)。复诊13只眼中,既往已行眼球摘除6只眼(46.2%),其中手术后复发5只眼;眼外期4只眼(30.8%);D^E期3只眼(23.1%)。行眶内容物剜除、眼球摘除手术分别为5(38.5%)、4(30.8%)只眼;行眼整形手术1只眼(7.7%);放弃治疗3只眼(23.1%)。入院治疗患儿保眼率为18.0%,眼内期保眼率29.0%,眼外期保眼率0.0%。结论西南地区RB患儿就诊时病程长、分期晚、保眼率低。     

经瞳孔温热疗法治疗眼内肿瘤疗效观察

目的 观察经瞳孔温热疗法(transpupillary thermotherapy, TTT)治疗眼内肿瘤的临床效果。 方法 对50例临床诊断为眼内肿瘤的患者(脉络膜血管瘤37例，视网膜血管瘤2例，脉络膜骨瘤5例，脉络膜黑色素瘤4例，视网膜母细胞瘤2例)行TTT治疗及1～20个月随访观察。 结果 脉络膜血管瘤30例复诊，平均随访5.1个月。其中29例瘤体萎缩，色素沉着，视网膜脱离及视网膜下液部分或全部复位、吸收，占复诊患者的96.7%；1例无效，占3.3%。视力不变者24例，占80.0%；增进者4例，占13.3%；下降者2例，占6.7%。视网膜血管瘤2例均无效。脉络膜 骨瘤4例5只眼复诊，平均随访6个月。1只眼瘤体无变化，其余4只眼瘤体均萎缩，视力不变者3只眼；增进及下降各1只眼。脉络膜黑色素瘤4例复诊，平均随访8个月。瘤体缩小1例，不变2例，增大1例。视力不变及下降各2例。视网膜母细胞瘤2例瘤体均有不同程度萎缩，1例小儿随访20个月，无法行视力检查，另1例随访3个月视力不变。所有患者治疗及随访期间未发现严重并发症。 结论 除视网膜血管瘤外，TTT对部分眼内肿瘤临床疗效肯定，副作用少，是一种很有潜力的眼内肿瘤治疗方法。 （中华眼底病杂志，2003，19：144-148）     

A 12-year epidemiological review of retinoblastoma in Omani children

aim?To describe the epidemiology of retinoblastoma (RB) in Omani children. method?The National Cancer Registry, hospital records, and treatment abroad registers were reviewed to identify the characteristics of Omani children diagnosed with RB between 1990 and 2002. results?Twenty-nine children (12 male and 17 female) were diagnosed with RB. The age-adjusted incidence was 4.04/million/year in children <15 years and 8.33/million/year in children <5 years. The mean age at diagnosis was 32.2 months (33.8 months for unilateral RB and 13.2 months for bilateral RB). 75% had unilateral tumors and 25% had bilateral tumors. The five-year survival rate for RB was 89%. None of the patients had a family history of RB. conclusion?The incidence of RB in Oman is at par with other countries. A definite female preponderance exists in the Omani population. The proportion of unilateral RB cases is unusually high among Omani children. The five-year survival rate is almost at par with that reported in the West. Genetic studies and further longitudinal studies of surviving RB cases could further enhance the knowledge of the epidemiology of RB in Oman.     

A 12-year epidemiological review of retinoblastoma in Omani children

AIM: To describe the epidemiology of retinoblastoma (RB) in Omani children. METHOD: The National Cancer Registry, hospital records, and treatment abroad registers were reviewed to identify the characteristics of Omani children diagnosed with RB between 1990 and 2002. RESULTS: Twenty-nine children (12 male and 17 female) were diagnosed with RB. The age-adjusted incidence was 4.04/million/year in children < 15 years and 8.33/million/year in children < 5 years. The mean age at diagnosis was 32.2 months (33.8 months for unilateral RB and 13.2 months for bilateral RB). 75% had unilateral tumors and 25% had bilateral tumors. The five-year survival rate for RB was 89%. None of the patients had a family history of RB. CONCLUSION: The incidence of RB in Oman is at par with other countries. A definite female preponderance exists in the Omani population. The proportion of unilateral RB cases is unusually high among Omani children. The five-year survival rate is almost at par with that reported in the West. Genetic studies and further longitudinal studies of surviving RB cases could further enhance the knowledge of the epidemiology of RB in Oman.     

A multicentre report from the Mexican Retinoblastoma Group

BACKGROUND: Retinoblastoma (RB) is a relatively uncommon tumour in childhood. The incidence of retinoblastoma in Mexico is probably higher than the incidence reported worldwide, however there is not enough information about the characteristics of this illness in Mexico. This report aims to present the results of a multicentre clinical survey of RB in Mexico. METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out on all RB cases treated in 16 institutions during the last six years. The variables analysed were age at diagnosis, sex, affected eyes, treatment modalities, and pathological staging. Overall survival was obtained. RESULTS: The authors analysed 500 cases; age range was 0-182 months. There were 364 unilateral cases (72.8%). Enucleation was performed in 84.9% of the patients. The St Jude's staging was: 7.4% stage I, 52.8% stage II, 18.0% stage III, 11.4% stage IV, 7.2% not evaluated, and 3.2% missing data. Chemotherapy was used in 74.4% of the patients. Disease free survival was 89% at 73 months follow up. CONCLUSIONS: The paper presents a great number of cases and pioneers multicentre studies in paediatric ophthalmology and oncology in this country. Given the great number of patients in advanced stages and the variability on treatment schemes, it is evident that it is mandatory to work in a cooperative group and develop a national early detection programme as well as a treatment protocol which include all specialists involved in the care of patients with RB.     

Corneal shape changes after temporal and superolateral 3.0 mm clear corneal incisions.

PURPOSE: To compare the corneal topographic changes after temporal and superolateral 3.0 mm clear corneal incisions (CCIs) and implantation of foldable silicone intraocular lenses (IOLs). SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Vienna, Austria, and a private clinic, Winterthur, Switzerland. METHODS: This prospective study comprised 54 eyes of 54 patients scheduled for cataract surgery. After a 0.3 mm deep precut, a temporal 3.0 mm CCI was made in 26 eyes and a superolateral (at 10:30) 3.0 mm CCI in 28 eyes. Corneal topography was recorded preoperatively and 1 week and 1 and 3 months postoperatively using the TMS-1 computer-assisted videokeratoscope (Computed Anatomy, Inc.). Surgically induced corneal shape changes were evaluated by batch-by-batch analyses of the paired differences between the records. The significance of topographic changes was calculated by the paired Wilcoxon test; group comparisons were made using the Wilcoxon group comparison test. RESULTS: Both groups had incision-related corneal flattening at 1 week and 1 and 3 months postoperatively. The extent of this flattening at 1 week and 1 and 3 months postoperatively was up to 1.0, 0.9, and 0.7 diopter (D), respectively, in the temporal group and up to 1.2 D at each observation time in the superolateral group. There was statistically significantly more incision-related corneal flattening in the superolateral incision group than in the temporal incision group; the difference was up to 0.3 D after 1 month and 0.5 D after 3 months. CONCLUSION: The superolateral incision induced statistically significantly more incision-related corneal flattening than the temporal incision.     

Human papillomavirus in retinoblastoma: A tertiary eye care center study from South India

Purpose:This study is aimed to investigate the presence of Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in tumors obtained from sporadic retinoblastoma patients.Methods:One hundred six tumor tissues obtained from sporadic RB patients were analyzed for HPV infection by use of both seminested PCR and real-time quantitative PCR.Results:Of 106 RB patients, 55 were male and 51 were female. The mean age at diagnosis was 26.77 ± 15.36 (mean ± Std. dev) months. Almost all patients presented with leukocoria. Molecular investigation by different methods revealed no HPV positivity in any tumor genome.Conclusion:Our study demonstrates no association between HPV and RB, postulating HPV may not be a major risk factor in the etiology of RB.     

Laser-assisted deep sclerectomy

PURPOSE: To study the clinical effectiveness of deep sclerectomy using the erbium:YAG (Er:YAG) laser in patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG). SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Institut Universitari Dexeus, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. METHODS: This nonrandomized prospective clinical study was performed in 46 consecutive eyes with OAG. Seventeen patients had not received any treatment for glaucoma. Eight had received 1 medication; 14, 2 medications; and 7, 3 medications. The mean duration of treatment was 18.3 months +/- 9.4 (SD). After mitomycin-C 0.02% was administered for 2 minutes, a superficial 4.0 mm x 4.0 mm scleral flap was created and a deep 3.0 mm x 3.0 mm scleral ablation was performed with the Er:YAG laser. Schlemm's canal was removed, and the cornea was dissected to Descemet's membrane until aqueous humor percolated. The scleral flap and conjunctiva were closed. Postoperative follow-up examinations were done at 1, 3, and 7 days, 2, 3, and 4 weeks, and then every 3 months up to 15 months. RESULTS: The mean preoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) was 28.3 +/- 6.1 mm Hg. The mean postoperative IOP was 14.1 +/- 3.5 mm Hg at 24 hours, 16.3 +/- 4.2 mm Hg at 3 months, and 15.3 +/- 2.7 mm Hg at 15 months (P <.001). There were no statistically significant differences in IOP by sex or age. There was a statistically significant difference between patients receiving no medication and those who received more than 2 medications and a treatment period longer than 1 year preoperatively (P <.006). The presence of a filtering bleb was associated with a longer period of decreased IOP (P <.007). The success rate (IOP < or =18 mm Hg without medication) was 93.47% at 1 month and 84.78% at 15 months. The number of complications was significantly lower than in previous reports of trabeculectomy. One patient lost 2 lines of visual acuity because of cystoid macular edema. CONCLUSIONS: Deep sclerectomy using the Er:YAG laser was safe and effective in eyes with OAG. More studies are needed to analyze the mechanism of lowering IOP.     

两种角膜缘切口白内障超声乳化吸除联合人工晶状体植入术后角膜前后表面高阶像差的影响

目的：探讨2．2 mm、3．0 mm两种角膜缘切口白内障超声乳化吸出术联合人工晶状体植入术后角膜前后高阶像差的变化情况。方法回顾性分析我院72例（130只眼）白内障患者根据治疗方法不同分为A组（2．2 mm切口）和B组（3．0 mm切口）各36例患者,分别于术前、术后3个月测量两组患者的角膜前后表面的高阶像差[总的高阶像差（ tHOAs）、慧差（ Coma）、初级球差（ SA）]的变化情况。结果 A组、B组患者手术前、手术后3个月组内、组间角膜前表面的tHOAs、Coma、SA测定值差异均无统计学意义（ P ＞0．05）;A组患者术后3个月的角膜后表面SA值较术前显著的提高（ P ＜0．05）,B组患者术后3个月的角膜后表面tHOAs值较术前显著提高（ P ＜0.05）;A组患者术后3个月角膜后表面的SA值大于B组（ P ＜0．05）,B组患者术后3个月的角膜后表面tHOAs值显著高于A组（ P ＜0．05）。结论2．2 mm、3．0 mm两种角膜缘切口白内障超声乳化吸出术联合人工晶状体植入术后角膜前表面高阶像差变化不显著,角膜后表面的高阶像差指标会受到一定程度的影响,这可能与手术质量具有一定的关系。