Effects of seasonal changes on peritoneal dialysis associated peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients

Objectives To investigate the effects of seasonal changes on peritoneal dialysis associated peritonitis (PDAP) in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD), and to provide evidence for clinical prevention and treatment of PDAP. Methods All episodes of PD-related peritonitis during clinic follow-up in maintenance PD patients from Jan 1st, 2007 to Dec 31st, 2015 in Peking University People's Hospital were reviewed. The incidence of peritonitis, laboratory indexes, pathogens and clinical outcomes in different seasons were recorded and analyzed. One-way ANOVA and chi square test were employed to compare the incidence of PDAP and related data in different seasons, and Pearson correlation was used to analyze correlations between PDAP rate and monthly mean temperature and mean humidity. Results During nine years, a total of 119 PD patients occurred 190 times of peritonitis during home PD. The PDAP rate in summer was the highest, 0.21 episodes/year, followed by spring (0.16 episodes/year) and autumn (0.16 episodes/risk year), but there was no significant difference among peritonitis rates in four seasons. There were significant positive correlation between monthly mean temperature, monthly mean humidity and the peritonitis rate (mean temperature: r=0.828, P＜0.01; mean humidity r=0.657, P＜0.05). (2) As for bacteria, in Summer the PDAP rate caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase negative staphylococcus (CoNS), and Gram-negative bacteria was higher than that in other seasons, but there was no statistical difference. There were significant positive correlation between monthly mean temperature, mean humidity and the rate of CoNS peritonitis (mean temperature: r=0.704, P＜0.05; mean humidity: r=0.607, P＜0.05). (3) There were no statistical difference among results of PD related peritonitis in different seasons about general situation, clinical manifestation, causes of peritonitis and laboratory index before peritonitis episodes. PD procedure-related problems were the main cause of peritonitis in summer and autumn. (4) The cure rate of all peritonitis was 90%. The highest cure rate was in autumn and winter, while the lowest cure rate was in summer, but no statistical difference. Among the peritonitis episodes with treatment failure, 52.6% occurred in summer. Conclusions There is some correlation between the rate of PDAP and seasons. Higher temperature and higher humidity were significantly correlated with higher peritonitis rate, especially the rate of CoNS peritonitis. The prognosis of PDAP in summer was relatively poor, with higher proportion of hospitalization and lower cure rate.     

Risk factors for mortality in diabetic peritoneal dialysis patients

Objective To investigate the risk factors of all-cause mortality in diabetic patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Methods As a single-center retrospective cohort study, all incident PD patients who were catheterized at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University between November 1, 2005 and February 28, 2017 were included. Patients were divided into diabetes mellitus group (DM group) and non-diabetes mellitus group (NDM group). Outcomes were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were utilized to assess the risk factors of all-cause mortality. Results A total of 977 patients were enrolled. Compared with NDM group, patients in DM group were older (47.5±14.4 vs 59.3±11.3, P＜0.01), had more cardiovascular disease (CVD) (7.5% vs 20.3%, P＜0.01), higher levels of serum hemoglobin (78.2±17.2 vs 82.3±14.6 g/L, P＜0.01) , and lower levels of serum albumin (36.1±5.0 vs 32.7±5.6 g/L, P＜0.01). The one-, three- and five-year patient survival rates of DM and NDM group were 89.7%, 56.0%, 31.9% and 94.7%, 81.3%, 67.4%, respectively.Survival rate was significantly lower in DM group than in NDM group ( χ2=63.51, P＜0.01). Stratified analysis showed that DM group had significant lower survival rate than NDM group in patients younger than 70 years old ( χ2= 73.35, P＜0.01), while survival rate was similar between the two groups patients older than 70 years old ( χ2= 0.003, P=0.96). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model analysis showed that DM (HR: 1.74, 95%CI: 1.27-2.38, P＜0.01), age (HR: 1.05, 95%CI: 1.04-1.06, P＜0.01), leukocyte (HR: 1.06, 95%CI: 1.00-1.12, P=0.04) and triglyceride (HR: 1.19, 95%CI: 1.07-1.32, P＜0.01) were all independent risk factors for all-cause mortality of PD patients. However, age (HR: 1.05, 95%CI: 1.04-1.07, P＜0.01) and alkaline phosphatase (HR: 1.01, 95%CI: 1.00-1.01, P=0.02) were independent risk factors for all-cause mortality of diabetic patients. Conclusions Long-term survival rate was lower in diabetic PD patients than in non-diabetic PD patients. DM, age, leukocyte and triglyceride were independent risk factors of mortality in PD patients. Age and alkaline phosphatase were independent risk factors of mortality in diabetic patients.     

腹腔镜在腹膜透析管复位中的临床应用

目的：评价应用腹腔镜手术方法行腹膜透析管复位的治疗效果,并总结相关治疗经验。方法收集2010年3月至2014年5月我院腹透中心收治的33例经常规保守治疗后,腹透液进出仍然不通畅,并确诊为导管持续性移位,须行手术复位腹膜透析导管患者的临床资料,进行回顾性分析,评价腹腔镜下腹透导管复位术的效果。结果33例导管持续性移位的患者均采用全麻下腹腔镜手术复位。术中所见多为单纯导管移位（21/33,63.6%）,腹腔镜直视下将腹膜透析管直接放至膀胱直肠陷窝或子宫直肠陷窝,并加用不可吸收线将导管固定于邻近腹壁,以减少再次移位的可能性;其次为大网膜包裹（12/33,36.4%）,腹腔镜直视下钝性分离包裹于导管上的大网膜,后续操作步骤同单纯导管移位者。全部33例患者均用上述技术成功复位,手术时间维持在30~45 min,平均出血量约5~10 ml;术中患者生命体征平稳,未见明显并发症;术后行腹膜透析,伤口处无渗液、漏液,伤口愈合良好;术后随访3~50个月,33例患者均可正常进行腹膜透析,未再出现导管移位。结论腹腔镜下腹膜透析管复位定位准确,切口小,易于愈合,合理运用可显著提高腹膜透析技术成功率。     

Association between metabolic syndrome and prognosis in patients with peritoneal dialysis

Objective To investigate the incidence situation of metabolic syndrome (MS) in patients with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), and analyze the correlation between MS and prognosis of patients. Methods The patients who received peritoneal dialysis from June 1, 2002 to April 30, 2018 and followed up regularly were divided into MS group and non-MS group according to the diagnostic criteria of MS. Follow-up was until July 31, 2018. The differences of clinical data, metabolic indexes and clinical outcomes between the two groups were compared. The survival rates of the two groups were compared by Kaplan-Meier survival curve, and the risk factors of all-cause death and cardiovascular disease (CVD) death were analyzed by Cox regression analysis. Results A total of 516 patients with CAPD were enrolled in this study, including 340 males (65.9%) and 176 females (34.1%). Their age was (47.29±12.20) years. The median follow-up time was 20 (9, 39) months. According to the diagnostic criteria of MS, the patients were divided into MS group (210 cases, 40.7%) and non-MS group (306 cases, 59.3%). At baseline, there was no significant difference in age, educational background, duration of peritoneal dialysis, smoking history and drinking history between the two groups (P＞0.05), but the patients in MS group were more exposed to high glucose peritoneal dialysate (P＜0.05). The body mass index (BMI), blood phosphorus, blood glucose, blood potassium, triglyceride, cholesterol and systolic blood pressure in MS group were significantly higher than those in non-MS group (all P＜0.05), and HDL-C level was significantly lower in MS group than in non-MS group (P＜0.05). There were no significant differences in other indicators between the two groups (P＞0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that the cumulative survival rate in MS group was significantly lower than that in non-MS group, and the difference was statistically significant (Log-rank χ2=14.87, P＜0.001). If CVD death was taken as the end event, the cumulative survival rate in the non-MS group was significantly higher than that in the MS group (Log-rank χ2=14.49, P＜0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that MS and high 4 h dialysate creatinine/serum creatinine ratio (4hD/Pcr) were independent risk factor for all-cause death (HR=1.982, 95%CI 1.240-3.168, P=0.004; HR=3.855, 95%CI 1.306-11.381, P=0.015) and CVD death (HR=2.499, 95%CI 1.444-4.324, P=0.001; HR=5.799, 95%CI 1.658-20.278, P=0.006) in patients with CAPD. Conclusion The prevalence of MS in patients with CAPD is high, and MS and high 4hD/Pcr are independent risk factor for all-cause and CVD death in CAPD patients. They can be used as valuable indicators to predict the treatment outcomes and long-term prognosis of patients with CAPD.     

Prevalence and influencing factors of peritoneal calcification in patients with long peritoneal dialysis duration

Objective To investigate the prevalence and related factors of peritoneal calcification in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients with long dialysis duration, and to explore the relationship between peritoneal calcification and vascular calcification. Methods This cross-section study enrolled PD patients who had received PD for more than 4 years in Peking University People's Hospital. Peritoneal calcification and abdominal aortic calcification were reviewed by CT scan. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, laboratory data including calcium phosphorus metabolism indexes (Ca, P, ALP and iPTH) and PD adequacy were collected. The influencing factors of peritoneal calcification were analyzed by Logistic regression analysis. The correlation between peritoneal calcification and abdominal aortic calcification were tested by Spearman correlation analysis. SPSS 19.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results (1) Seventy-nine PD patients were enrolled: 32 males (40.5%); mean age was (58.7±13.1) years and average PD duration was 77.25(58.00, 88.00) months. The major primary diseases were glomerulonephritis (46.8%) and diabetic nephropathy (30.4%). (2) 6 patients (7.6%) had CT-detectable peritoneal calcification. 77(97.5%) patients were found with various degrees of peritoneal thickening. The prevalence of peritoneal calcification was 7.6% in patients with PD duration more than 4 years, 10.3% in patients with PD duration more than 6 years, 18.8% in patients with PD duration more than 8 years and 40.0% in patients with PD duration more than 10 years, showing an increasing trend. Compared with non-peritoneal calcification group, the patients in peritoneal calcification group received higher doses of Vitamin D (P＜0.001) and lower triglyceride levels (P=0.041). The patients were divided into two groups according to whether dialysis duration was longer than 9 years, and the proportion of patients with long PD duration in peritoneal calcification group was higher (P=0.013). Logistic regression analysis showed that PD duration, calcium and phosphorus metabolism indexes were not independent risk factors of peritoneal calcification. High vitamin D dose was an independent risk factor for peritoneal calcification (B=2.667, OR=14.394, 95%CI 1.655 - 125.165, P=0.016). (3) 74 patients were found with abdominal aortic calcification in different degrees, and the prevalence rate of abdominal aortic calcification was 93.7%. Spearman correlation analysis showed that there was no correlation between peritoneal calcification and vascular calcification (r=0.70, P=0.542). Conclusions The prevalence of peritoneal calcification in long PD duration patients is low. Peritoneal calcification may be associated with high Vitamin D dose and long PD duration.     

Measurement of peritoneal dialysis delivery in children

We measured urea [weekly urea clearance/total body water (KT/V_urea)] and creatinine (C _Cr) clearances on 35 occasions in 15 stable chronic peritoneal dialysis patients to determine the feasibility and reproducibility of such measurements in children. In addition, we performed peritoneal equilibration tests (PETs) to characterize our patients' peritoneal membranes and to estimate weekly clearances. We demonstrated that dialysis delivery can be quantified by these standard measurements in children of widely varying size. Further, we found that clearances predicted from PET data were similar to measured values in all patients. However, predicted and measured values were most significantly correlated in patients with high and high-average peritoneal membrane permeability. KT/V_urea andC _Cr were correlated overall, but differences in scaling affected the validity of the relationship. When both clearances were scaled to weight, the correlation was closer, but still differed between PET-determined peritoneal membrane types.     

Fatigue in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients

Fatigue is a common complaint in long termdialysis patients that may influence theirquality of life. The present study was carriedout in order to evaluate the prevalence andcourse of fatigue in a group of chronic PDpatients and to find the possible factor(s)related to its development. We retrospectivelyreviewed 100 charts of the patients previouslyon PD. The presence or absence of fatigue inthe 1st and last clinic visits and the 1st and2nd changes in fatigue state were studiedaccording to the monthly clinical records ofthe primary nurses. Data regarding dialysatevolume, urine volume, weekly erythropoietin(EPO) dose, hemoglobin, hematocrit, blood urea,serum creatinine, residual renal creatinine andurea clearances, dialysate to peritonealcreatinine ratio (D/P Cr), total weekly Kt/Vand total creatinine clearance/l.73 m² bodysurface area (TCrCl) were collected. Fifty-fivepatients were male and 45 female. The mean ageat the 1st clinic visit was 61.3 ± 16 years.At the 1st visit 55 patients had fatigue and 45did not. In 32 of the 55 patients fatiguedisappeared after a mean duration of 7.9 ± 8.4months and in 31 of the 45 patients fatigueappeared after a mean duration of 8 ± 6.8months. So at the last visit the frequency offatigue increased significantly from 55% to67% (p < 0.001). In patients with fatigue themean age and female percentage were higher(64.2 ± 14.1 vs 57.8 ± 17.6, p = 0.05 and 1.2vs 0.5, p < 0.05 respectively), mean hemoglobinconcentration was lower (104.4 ± 14.7 vs110.6 ± 14.2 g/L, p < 0.04) and mean EPO dosewas higher (6379.6 ± 7142 vs 3395.4 ± 4337.8units/week, p < 0.02) at the 1st clinic visit.EPO dose was also higher in patients withfatigue at the last visit (8253.7 ± 10317.3units/wk vs 4736.4 ± 5432.5, p < 0.03). Nocorrelation was found between dialysis adequacyaccording to either weekly Kt/V or TCrCl andnutritional state according to nPCR andfrequency of fatigue. We conclude that fatigueis a common symptom in PD patients and it'sprevalence increases over time. Anemia seemsto be the most important factor associated withfatigue. Dialysis adequacy and nutritionalstate did not show any correlation with thefrequency of fatigue in our study.     

黄芪改善腹透患者腹腔巨噬细胞功能的临床研究

目的：研究黄芪对尿毒症患腹腔巨噬细胞功能的影响。方法：对43例尿毒症初始行腹膜透析的患在腹透液中不加（对照组）和加入黄芪注射液（用药组）治疗1周,用ELISA法检测观察前后腹腔巨噬细胞分泌TNF－a能力和吞噬功能的变化。结果：黄芪用药组腹腔巨噬细胞吞菌率、吞噬指数、杀菌率和巨噬细胞分泌TNF－a水平和对照组相比均明显上升（P＜0．01）,巨噬细胞分泌TNF－a水平与用药前自身对比也显提高（P＜0．05）。结论：腹透液中加入黄芪注射液可提高腹透患腹腔巨噬细胞功能。     

血液透析和腹膜透析患者生存比较

目的 比较血液透析和腹膜透析患者的生存情况,探讨影响透析患者生存的主要危险因素。 方法 研究对象为2005年1月1日至2008年12月31日期间新进入透析且年龄≥18岁患者,随访至2009年3月31日。应用Kaplan-Meier法、log-rank检验及Cox回归模型分析患者的生存资料。 结果 共460例透析患者入选,其中247例起始采用血透治疗,213例起始采用腹透治疗。两组患者的基线资料,包括开始透析年龄、体质量指数（BMI）、估算肾小球滤过率（eGFR）、平均动脉压、进入透析治疗前心脑血管事件、Charlson并发症指数（CCI）等的差异均无统计学意义。中位随访时间为17.9（0.25,51）个月。意向治疗分析结果中,Kaplan-Meier生存曲线显示血透总体生存率优于腹透（P ＜ 0.05,log-rank检验）;透析1年内两组生存率差异无统计学意义（P = 0.14）,而透析1年后腹透患者的生存率显著低于血透患者（P ＜ 0.05）。亚组分析结果显示,≥65岁的非糖尿病肾病血透组生存率显著高于腹透组（P ＜ 0.05）。Cox回归分析显示,经混杂因素调整后,两种透析方式本身对透析生存无明显影响（HR,HD：PD = 0.778,95%CI 0.483~1.254,P = 0.303）;而年龄（HR = 1.051,95%CI 1.030~1.073,P ＜ 0.01）、透前有脑血管意外史（HR = 2.032,95%CI 1.125~3.670,P ＜ 0.05）、透前CCI≥5（HR=2.592,95%CI 1.230~5.465,P ＜ 0.05）、前白蛋白（HR = 0.022,95%CI 0.001~0.768,P ＜ 0.05）为透析患者生存率的主要影响因素。 结论 透析龄≤1年的血透和腹透生存率无显著差异;透析龄>1年的血透患者生存率可能逐渐高于腹透患者。老年非糖尿病患者血透生存率可能高于腹透。年龄、透前脑血管意外史、透前CCI≥5为影响透析生存率的主要危险因素。     

持续性非卧床腹膜透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进相关因素分析

目的 探讨持续性非卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(SHPT)的患病率及相关因素.方法 分析2011年7月至2012年1月在本院腹膜透析中心规律随访的CAPD患者数据库资料.所有患者根据全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)分为甲状旁腺功能亢进组及甲状旁腺功能非亢进组.通过Logistic回归分析SHPT的相关影响因素.结果 共纳入639例患者,SHPT的患病率为46.95％.Logistic多因素回归分析结果显示,低血红蛋白、低血钙、高血磷、高碱性磷酸酶、高血肌酐、高标准化蛋白分解代谢率(nPCR)及低钙透析液是SHPT的独立影响因素.结论 CAPD患者中SHPT患病率较高,钙磷代谢异常、高蛋白饮食、肾性贫血及低钙透析液是影响SHPT发生的独立因素.     

Pan-immune-inflammation value is associated with poor prognosis in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis

BackgroundImmune-inflammatory biomarkers (IIBs) have been shown to be correlated with prognosis in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between a novel comprehensive biomarker, the pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV), and the prognosis of patients undergoing PD.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed data from a multicenter, large-sample PD database. PIV was calculated as (neutrophil count × platelet count × monocyte count)/lymphocyte count. The prognostic endpoints in this study were all-cause death all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and infection-related death. The Kaplan–Meier method, a Cox proportional hazards regression, Fine–Gray competing risk model, smooth curve, and subgroup analysis were used to analyze the independent relationship between PIV and the prognosis of patients undergoing PD.ResultsA total of 2796 cases of PD were included, and the study population was divided into Tertiles 1, 2, and 3, according to the tertiles of baseline PIVs. After adjusting for multiple model factors, patients in the Tertile 3 group had a significantly higher risk of all-cause death, CVD death and infection-related death compared with patients with PIV in the Tertile 1 group. Interaction tests showed no positive correlations for subgroup parameters. Regarding all-cause death, compared with the lowest tertile, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of the highest and middle tertiles were 1.55 (1.25–1.94) and 1.77 (1.43–2.19), respectively; PIV (log2 processing) was associated with 17% excess of mortality in the continuous model.ConclusionsA high PIV at baseline was significantly associated with an increased risk of deaths due to all-causes, CVD and infection in patients undergoing PD.     

长腹膜透析龄患者首次腹膜炎的临床特征分析

目的 探讨长腹膜透析龄患者首次腹膜炎的临床特征。 方法 回顾性分析2000年至2009年发生首次腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎患者315例,按发生首次腹膜炎时腹膜透析龄分为两组：A组（<36个月）261例,B组（≥36个月）54例。对两组相关临床资料进行比较。 结果 入组患者平均年龄（55.7±15.9）岁,男性占61.0%,基础肾脏病主要为慢性肾小球肾炎（54.6%）,其次为糖尿病肾病（20.6%）。发病时A组中位腹膜透析龄8.4个月;B组中位腹膜透析龄49.4个月。发生腹膜炎时,两组间血红蛋白、血清白蛋白和血钾水平差异无统计学意义,但两组血清白蛋白和血钾水平均低于正常值范围。两组腹膜炎最常见诱因均为换液操作接触污染（48.2%比45.2%）。剔除未做透出液细菌培养患者,两组革兰阳性菌分布情况差异无统计学意义,但B组革兰阳性菌对甲氧西林的耐药率显著高于A组（46.2%比19.1%,P = 0.035）。两组革兰阴性菌分布情况及超广谱耐药菌比例差异无统计学意义。B组真菌感染比例显著高于A组（17.8%比6.4%,P = 0.011）。B组初始治疗有效率及临床结局显著差于A组（均P < 0.05）。两组间革兰阴性菌及真菌腹膜炎治疗失败率差异无统计学意义,但B组革兰阳性菌、无菌生长及未作培养腹膜炎治疗失败率显著高于A组（23.1%比1.5%、46.2%比6.7%、22.2%比0%,均P < 0.05）。Logistic回归分析整体资料显示,真菌感染、发病时较长腹膜透析龄、较低血清白蛋白水平为首次腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎治疗失败的独立影响因素（P = 0.000、0.002、0.025）。 结论 长腹膜透析龄患者首次腹膜炎的临床结局较短腹膜透析龄患者差。较高真菌和其他耐药菌感染率以及营养不良是影响其疗效的主要因素。     

Hyperkalemia in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients

Background. Chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients often develop hypokalemia but less commonly hyperkalemia.Methods. We explored incidence and mechanisms of hyperkalemia in 779 serum samples from 33 patients on PD for 1 − 59 months. Normal serum potassium concentration was defined as 3.5 − 5.1 meq/l.Results. Mean monthly serum potassium concentrations were normal (except for 1 month), but we observed hypokalemia (<3.5 meq/l) in 5% and hyperkalemia (>5.1 meq/l) in 14% of 779 serum samples. Incidence of hyperkalemia did not change over time on PD: Year 1 (15%), Year 2 (11%), Year 3 (19%), Years 4–5 (22%). Hyperkalemia was mostly modest but occasionally extreme [5.2–5.4 meq/l (55%), 5.5–5.7 meq/l (21%), 5.8–6.0 meq/l (10%), >6.0 meq/l (14%)]. Of 31 patients (2 excluded due to brief PD time), 39% displayed hyperkalemia only, 23% displayed hypokalemia only, and the remainder (38%) displayed both or neither. Comparing hypokalemia-only with hyperkalemia-only patients, we found no difference in potassium chloride therapy, medications interrupting the renin-angiotensin system, small-molecule transport status, and renal urea clearance. We compared biochemical parameters from the hypokalemic and hyperkalemic serum samples and observed lower bicarbonate concentrations, higher creatinine concentrations, and higher urea nitrogen concentrations in the hyperkalemic samples (p < 0.001 for each), without difference in glucose concentrations.Conclusion. We observed hyperkalemia 3 times as frequently as hypokalemia in our PD population. High-potassium diet, PD noncompliance, increased muscle mass, potassium shifts, and/or the daytime period without PD might contribute to hyperkalemia.     

改良腹膜平衡试验在腹膜透析患者中的应用

目的 观察改良腹膜平衡试验(改良PET)在腹膜透析(腹透)患者中的应用,初 步建立改良PET转运参数的参考值,探讨其评估腹膜溶质转运特性的准确性及临床意义。方法 97例腹透患者用高渗腹透液(4．25％葡萄糖)进行改良PET,分别测定4 h透析液肌酐与血肌酐 比值(4h D／Pcr)、计算物质转运面积系数(MTAC)、1 h透析液钠与血钠比值(1h D／PNa+)及记录 净超率量(nUF)。其中有14例患者在1个月内曾行标准腹膜平衡试验(标准PET),其结果与改 良PET进行自身比较。所有患者在研究时及研究前1个月内均无腹膜炎。结果 97例腹透患 者中有90例nUF大于400 ml,这些患者的转运参数经正态分布校正后建立了改良PET的参考 值。改良PET的4 hD／Pcr为0．70±0．15,标准PET4 hD／Pcr为0．68±0．13,两者非常接近,差异 无统计学意义。两种PET对患者腹膜转运特性分型结果相似。7例nUF小于400 ml的患者中有 5例有效腹膜表面积增大;2例存在水通道介导的水转运障碍,其中1例同时存在有效腹膜表面 积增大,还有1例患者改良PET转运参数在正常范围内。结论 与标准PET相比,用高渗腹透 液进行改良PET能够准确地评估腹膜小分子溶质转运特性,此外还能提供更多更敏感的液体转 运信息,为临床诊断超滤衰竭,以及进一步鉴别其原因提供了有力的手段。     

腹膜透析患者β 2微球蛋白水平变化及其影响因素

目的:分析持续不卧床腹膜透析患者血清β 2微球蛋白水平与临床指标的关系,探讨β 2微球蛋白升高的相关危险因素。 方法:本研究为回顾性研究,选取2015年1月至2019年8月于东莞东华医院血液净化科接受腹膜透析的患者,根据β 2微球蛋白三分位数水平分为3组,比较其临床和实验室...     

Expression of miR-200a in peritoneal fibrosis associated with peritoneal dialysis

Objective To find the key miRNA that relative to peritoneal fibrosis associated with peritoneal dialysis (PD) by microarray technology, and verify its expression in vitro and in vivo. Methods The peritoneal fibrosis mouse model associated with PD were established by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) + 4.25% peritoneal dialysate. The expression of miRNA was detected by microarray in peritoneal tissues. The expression of miRNA profiles between fibrotic and normal peritoneal tissues was compared. The differentially expressed miRNA (miR-200a) was validated by real-time PCR in lager sample size cohorts. The expressions of miR-200a were also detected in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process of human peritoneal mesothelium cells. Results In mice model of PD, peritoneal tissue was markedly thickened and with a massive extracellular matrix accumulation. In contrast with control, the expression level of epithelial marker E - cadherin was significantly decreased, α - SMA, Col - I and FN were remarkably increased (P ﹤ 0.05). By miRNA microarray analysis, miR - 200a was significantly down - regulated (3.31 folds change, P ﹤ 0.05) in fibrotic peritoneal tissues. The down-regulated expression level of miR-200a was also validated by real- time PCR in larger cohorts (P ﹤ 0.05). Then, the expression level of miR-200a was detected in the EMT process of human peritoneal mesothelium cells. During the process of TGF-β1 induced EMT, miR -200a was significantly down-regulated compared with the control (P﹤0.05). Conclusions Down- regulated expression of miR-200a was observed both during peritoneal fibrosis and TGF-β1 induced EMT in vivo and in vitro, suggesting that miR - 200a may be involved in the peritoneum fibrosis by regulating the target genes of EMT.     

Prevalence and risk factors of sarcopenia in peritoneal dialysis patients

Objective To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of sarcopenia in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Methods The patients who underwent regular peritoneal dialysis at Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine between November 2016 and March 2018 were enrolled. Handgrip strength (HGS) was measured to assess muscle strength. Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) was applied to measure the lean tissue index (LTI). Reduced LTI plus decreased HGS was defined as sarcopenia. The prevalence of sarcopenia in PD patients was evaluated. According to the presence or absence of sarcopenia, they were divided into the sarcopenia group and the non-sarcopenia group, and the differences in clinical indicators between the two groups were compared. Multivariate logistic regression was used to explore the risk factors of sarcopenia in PD patients. Results A total of 207 patients were enrolled in the study with age of (55.3±13.7) years and a median PD duration of 22.9(7.3, 60.9) months. Of them, 122 patients (58.9%) were male, 45 patients (21.7%) had diabetics and 32 patients (15.5%) suffered from cardiovascular diseases. There were 27 patients (13.0%) diagnosed with sarcopenia. These patients presented with longer PD duration, more prevalent diabetics, lower residual renal function (RRF) and serum pre-albumin, greater ratio of extracellular water to intracellular water (ECW/ICW) and high sensitive C-reactive protein in contrast with those in the non-sarcopenia group (all P＜0.05). Multivariate logistic analysis showed that male (OR=3.94，95%CI 1.35-11.50，P=0.012), longer PD duration (OR=1.01, 95%CI 1.00-1.02，P=0.029) and higher ECW/ICW (OR=1.09, 95%CI 1.05-1.14，P＜0.001) were independent risk factors of sarcopenia in PD patients. Conclusions Sarcopenia is common in PD patients. Male, longer PD duration and higher ECW/ICW were independent risk factors of sarcopenia in PD patients.     

重新评价腹膜平衡试验以确定腹膜透析患者的溶质转运类型

目的 确定由Twardowski提出的腹膜平衡试验（PET）的转运类型评判值是否适合本中心患者。方法 选取我院自1995年来首次进行PET测试的患者158例。首先依据Twardowski的评判标准（值）判断患者的转运类型,再根据本组患者实际4hD/Pcr的χ±s来确定患者的溶质转运类型,然后将患者重新分组:按两种数值均符合高转运为H1组,均符合平均转运为A组,均符合低转运为L1组,部分高转运患者经重新评价后符合平均转运为H2组,部分平均转运患者经重新评价后符合低转运为L2组。通过与临床情况（溶质和水的清除）进行对照,以进一步评价更适合本中心患者的评判标准。结果 按照Twardowski的标准,高转运、高平均转运、低平均转运及低转运患者的比例分别为21.5％、44.9％。27.8％及5.7％。本研究患者群中4hD/Pcr的均值和标准差为0.70和0.14,据此重新评判后,各组的比例分别为14.6％、33.5％、33.5％及18.4％。经与临床结果相对比,L2组对水份的清除能力明显高于A组（P<0.005）,与L1组差别无显著性意义。结论4hD/Pcr在不同的地区和人群中表现出不同的均数和标准差值,因而产生了不同的腹膜转运类型。根据本中心患者人群确定的值更适合本中心患者的临床情况。     

178例腹膜透析患者超滤量的相关因素分析

目的腹膜透析(peritoneal dialysis,PD)患者超滤量可受到腹膜功能、尿量、营养状态、透析方式等诸多因素的影响,而且有无残肾功能患者的超滤量显然会受到不同因素的影响,故分析这些因素在超滤中发挥的作用可为控制PD患者体液平衡和改善其生存状况提供参考。方法选择武汉市第一医院符合纳入标准的PD患者178例,以UF的四位数将入选患者分成四组(UF1、UF2、UF3、UF4),再将所有患者按有无残肾功能(residual renal function,RRF)分为2组,有RRF组和无RRF组。收集各项临床资料,并计算残肾Kt/V、残肾肌酐清除率(Ccr)等值。最后将具有统计意义的相关因素与总UF、有RRF组UF、无RRF组UF做多重线性回归,评估各因素在UF中发挥的作用。结果无RRF患者组与UF相关的因素有体质量指数(body/mass index,BMI)(P0.01)和留腹时间(P0.05);有RRF患者组与UF呈正相关的因素有2.5%葡萄糖透析液(P0.01)、腹膜运转功能(D/P值)(P0.05),呈负相关的因素为残肾Kt/V(P0.01)和SGA评分(P0.05)。D/P值随腹膜炎发生次数的增多而逐渐增加。多重线性回归分析发现D/P和2.5%葡萄糖透析液是影响总UF的因素,D/P的影响更大;残肾Kt/V、D/P和2.5%葡萄糖透析液是有RRF者UF的影响因素,残肾Kt/V的影响最大;BMI是无RRF患者UF的独立影响因素。结论 D/P是影响PD患者'UF的主要因素,RRF是有RRF者UF的主要影响因素,BMI是无RRF者UF的独立影响因素。因而保护PD患者的腹膜功能和RRF,监测无RRF患者的体质量,避免其增长或减少过快是合理控制PD患者UF的重要方式。     

The risk factors of mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients in different periods

Objective To explore the risk factors and characteristics in patients with peritoneal dialysis who died in different periods. Methods The clinical data of new peritoneal dialysis patients in the Department of Nephrology and Peritoneal Dialysis Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from November 1, 2005 to February 28, 2017 was retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups according to the time of death: those who died within one year and died after one year. The risk factors of mortality between the two groups were analyzed by Cox regression model. Results A total of 997 patients were enrolled and 244 patients died. There were 69 patients (28.3%) died within one year and 175 patients (71.7%) died after one year. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease was the dominating reason of death in both groups, accounting for 59.4% (died within one year group) and 51.4% (died after one year group) respectively. Cox regression analysis showed that for died within one year group, old age (HR=1.035, 95%CI: 1.016-1.055, P＜0.001), low blood total calcium (HR=0.167, 95%CI: 0.053-0.529, P=0.002), low albumin (HR=0.899, 95%CI: 0.856-0.943, P＜0.001) and low apolipoprotein A1 (HR=0.274, 95%CI: 0.095-0.789, P=0.016) were risk factors associated with mortality. However, for died after one year group, old age (HR=1.053, 95%CI: 1.038-1.069, P＜0.001), combined with diabetes (HR=2.181, 95%CI: 1.445-3.291, P＜0.001) and hypertriglyceride (HR=1.204, 95%CI: 1.065-1.362, P=0.003) were risk factors associated with mortality. Conclusions The risk factors of mortality for peritoneal dialysis patients of different periods were not exactly the same. For died within one year patients, old age, low blood total calcium, low albumin and low apolipoprotein A1 were independent risk factors for mortality.However, for died after one year patients, old age, combined with diabetes, and high triglycerides were independent risk factors for mortality.