X 染色体连续缺失致慢性肉芽肿病和 Mcleod 综合征 2 例报告并文献复习

目的探讨X染色体连续缺失所致的与X连锁慢性肉芽肿病(X-CGD)相关的Mcleod综合征的临床特征。方法回顾分析2例经基因分析诊断为Mcleod综合征和X连锁慢性肉芽肿病患儿的临床资料。结果两例男性患儿分别为4岁1个月及1岁9个月,均以迁延性肺内感染入院,既往有反复重症感染史,均有卡介苗相关淋巴结炎,因呼吸爆发缺陷和CYBB基因全外显子缺失明确诊断为X连锁慢性肉芽肿病。患儿同时有运动落后,用MLPA方法分别检测到DMD基因外显子1-44及肌肉特异性启动子区及外显子1-2缺失,诊断为Duchenne型肌营养不良(DMD)。例1外周血涂片有明显棘状红细胞,例2 XK基因突变分析为全外显子缺失,诊断为Mcleod综合征。结论 X染色体连续缺失可导致Mcleod综合征及DMD和X-CGD的组合,使病情复杂化。由于缺乏Kx抗原,反复输普通血会产生相关抗体,出现急骤的输血危象。     

儿童洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染16例临床分析

目的 探讨儿童洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染的分布特点及临床特征。方法 回顾性分析2012年6月至2017年9月分离到洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的16例住院患儿的临床资料。结果 16例感染洋葱伯克霍尔德菌患儿均为散发病例，送检标本中共分离到16株洋葱伯克霍尔德菌，其中痰培养检出8株、血培养检出5株、气管插管尖端培养检出2株、肺穿刺活检物培养检出1株。16例患儿中，男性患儿11例，女性患儿5例；年龄分布在5 d至6岁之间，1岁以下的患儿占69%；科室分布上有10例在PICU/NICU，6例在普通病房；临床表现方面，除1例主要表现为弥漫性血管内凝血外，其他15例均存在有肺部感染，其中重症肺炎11例，有8例在治疗过程中行机械通气；基础疾病方面，存在严重先天性心脏病2例，明确存在原发性免疫缺陷病4例，高度怀疑存在免疫缺陷或遗传代谢病3例，气管狭窄1例，川崎病1例，早产儿并支气管肺发育不良1例，严重唇腭裂1例，无确切基础疾病3例；合并腺病毒、支原体等其他病原体感染有7例。16例患儿的平均住院天数为20.3 d，经治疗后，12例好转，4例死亡。分离到的16株洋葱伯克霍尔德菌对阿米卡星、庆大霉素耐药率为100%，对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、替卡西林/克拉维酸耐药率 ≥ 80%，对左氧氟沙星耐药率最低。结论 洋葱伯克霍尔德菌为条件致病菌，发生在免疫功能低下的患儿，且易产生耐药；在抗感染治疗的同时，应注意是否存在基础疾病；洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染患儿常预后较差，了解容易出现该菌感染的疾病谱有助于临床诊疗。     

慢性肉芽肿病8例临床分析

目的　探讨慢性肉芽肿病的临床特征及基因突变特点。方法　回顾性分析2015年1月至2018年6月在郑州大学附属儿童医院确诊的8例慢性肉芽肿病患儿的临床资料,包括临床表现、 中性粒细胞呼吸爆发试验、基因测序、 治疗及预后。结果　男性7例,女性1例,中位起病年龄和中位诊断年龄分别为17 d和44 d。全部病例病初均有发热症状。肺炎8例,卡介苗接种后异常反应3例; 反复腹泻、 血便合并肛瘘者1例; 肛周脓肿1例; 化脓性淋巴结炎2例; 皮肤脓疱疹2例。病原学结果： 分枝杆菌4例（50%）,其中包括3例卡介苗感染,1例结核分枝杆菌感染; 金黄色葡萄球菌1例（12.5%）; 烟曲霉菌1例（12.5%）; 烟曲霉菌合并白色念珠菌1例（12.5%）; 洋葱伯克霍尔德菌1例（12.5%）。全部病例中性粒细胞呼吸爆发试验活化率均＜20%。7例患儿明确基因突变类型,其中6例男性患儿CYBB基因突变,1例女性患儿NCF2基因突变。3例死亡,5例存活。结论　慢性肉芽肿病起病早,病死率高,肺部感染最常见,卡介苗接种后异常反应对慢性肉芽肿病诊断具有重要提示意义。中性粒细胞呼吸爆发试验及基因测序有助于早期诊断。     

儿童X连锁慢性肉芽肿病临床特点和CYBB基因突变分析

目的了解X连锁慢性肉芽肿病患儿的临床特点及基因突变类型。方法观察X连锁慢性肉芽肿病(X-CGD)患儿起病方式、感染部位、病原谱和炎症并发症等临床特点,总结基因突变类型。结果 22例男童被诊断为X连锁慢性肉芽肿病,平均起病年龄为0.7岁,平均诊断年龄为2.7岁,6例有家族史。首发症状发热18例,咳嗽9例,皮肤/黏膜/淋巴结炎症6例,腹泻4例。首次诊断前3位依次为肺炎14例,败血症4例,脓疱疹及腹泻病各3例。感染前3位依次为至少1次肺部感染22例,败血症12例,肛周脓肿6例。肺组织及血培养曲霉菌2例、伤寒杆菌1例。BCG接种同侧腋下淋巴结钙化12例、肿大1例,远距离淋巴结钙化4例,播散性卡介苗病(BCG-osis)1例,高度怀疑肺结核4例,骨结核1例。CYBB基因突变分析示缺失/插入2例,拼接区突变6例,无义突变6例,错义突变8例。新发现的突变为8例。结论对于反复肺炎的患儿,尤其伴有败血症、皮肤过度疤痕/肛周脓肿者,若常规体液和细胞免疫功能正常,应考虑慢性肉芽肿病可能,曲霉菌肺炎需尤其关注。重症BCG淋巴结炎具有提示诊断的意义。CYBB基因突变分布广泛,异质性明显。基因突变分析是开展遗传咨询和产前诊断的重要工具。     

X连锁慢性肉芽肿病12例临床分析

目的探讨X连锁慢性肉芽肿病(X-CGD)患儿的临床表现及实验室检查特点。方法总结12例经CYBB基因序列分析诊断为X-CGD患儿的临床资料,检测X-CGD患儿及家系成员中性粒细胞氧化功能。结果 12例患儿均为男性,平均起病年龄4.08个月,平均诊断年龄2岁。12例患儿均有反复肺炎,结核感染7例,淋巴结炎6例,反复腹泻6例,溃疡性口腔炎5例,肛周脓肿3例。均有生长发育延迟。血清IgG、IgA及IgM均升高9例。四唑氮蓝试验(NBT)和中性粒细胞氧化功能均显著下降。6例(50%)患儿死亡。大多患儿影像学检查提示有肺部、肝内肉芽肿形成;3例患儿有家族史。结论 X-CGD起病早,诊断较晚,病死率高;以肺部感染为主要表现,结核感染率高。中性粒细胞呼吸暴发试验有助于X-CGD临床诊断,CYBB基因序列分析可提高诊断准确性。     

新生儿慢性肉芽肿一例报道并文献复习

目的 了解慢性肉芽肿病的临床特点及早期诊断要点.方法 回顾性分析1例新生儿期诊断的慢性肉芽肿患儿资料,并结合相关文献进行总结.结果 患儿系足月产男婴,生后18d即出现反复发热,肺部有感染灶,多种抗生素治疗无效.患儿母亲有两兄长在新生儿期夭折.对患儿及其父母行中性粒细胞呼吸爆发试验,患儿确诊为慢性肉芽肿,患儿母亲为致病基因携带者.结论 对早期反复出现感染的男性患儿,特别是母系有阳性家族史者,应警惕慢性肉芽肿病,中性粒细胞呼吸爆发试验可早期明确诊断.     

慢性肉芽肿病基因型与感染病原体的相关性

目的探讨19例慢性肉芽肿病(CGD)患儿临床特点,了解其发病特点、影像学改变、常见感染病原体及基因突变类型。方法对2012年12月至2018年12月在香港大学深圳医院诊断的19例CGD患儿临床表现、实验室检查、治疗及预后资料进行总结分析。结果通过呼吸爆发检查及基因分析明确诊断19例CGD,均为男童。发病年龄≤1个月13例,诊断年龄为2个月~10岁,母亲为携带者16例。临床主要表现为肺部真菌感染(19/19例)、卡介苗病(14/19例)、淋巴结炎(14/19例)、肛周脓肿(9/19例)、皮肤脓肿(5/19例)和溃疡性结肠炎(2/19例)。微生物培养阳性共59例次,其中真菌9例次,肺炎克雷伯杆菌8例次,分枝杆菌7例次,草绿色链球菌5例次,大肠埃希菌3例次,革兰阳性细菌3例次,金黄色葡萄球菌3例次,洋葱伯克霍尔德菌2例次。19例明确基因诊断,其中CYBB 17例、CYBA 1例、NCF21例。无义突变6例,缺失突变5例(大片段缺失2例),剪接突变3例,错义突变5例。其中5种突变类型目前未见报道。本研究中3例剪接突变患儿皮肤、肛周脓肿及淋巴结炎常见,2例大片缺失突变患儿感染较其他患儿严重。结论在国内,CGD主要表现为肺部感染与播散性卡介苗病。感染谱中,分枝杆菌感染较常见;真菌感染占主要部分,呼吸道是最常感染部位;肛周脓肿以肺炎克雷伯杆菌及大肠埃希菌为主,基因突变类型与临床表型关系有待大数据进一步验证。     

慢性肉芽肿病患儿侵袭性曲霉菌病4例分析

目的观察慢性肉芽肿病患儿患侵袭性曲霉菌病的临床特点。方法收集4例经基因检测明确诊断慢性肉芽肿病伴侵袭性曲霉菌病患儿的临床资料并总结其起病时间、症状、体征、组织病理、影像学表现、治疗、转归情况。结果 4例患儿均为烟曲霉菌感染。3例经肺组织或脓液培养确诊为侵袭性肺曲霉菌病。起病年龄17 d～3月,入院前病程为17～40 d。有发热、咳嗽等不典型症状,无感染中毒貌;肺内体征为呼吸音减弱,肺部影像学异常出现时间10～13 d,肺CT表现为结节、不规则、球形或类圆形高密度灶,不伴有晕轮征、新月征及空洞;肺组织病理均示肉芽肿性化脓性炎症,无菌丝血管侵蚀或凝固坏死。1例伊曲康唑治疗治愈,1例切除受累肺叶后治愈,1例卡泊芬净治疗死亡,另1例曲霉菌关节炎伊曲康唑治疗控制。结论对慢性肉芽肿病患儿,在新生儿期或婴儿早期,呼吸道症状及体征不典型,但影像学异常明显,肺CT表现为结节或团块影,肺组织病理表现为化脓性肉芽肿性炎症者,应注意侵袭性肺曲霉菌病可能。     

X- 连锁慢性肉芽肿病CYBB 基因突变分析及产前诊断

目的分析X连锁慢性肉芽肿病(X-CGD)的临床特征及CYBB基因突变。方法回顾分析1例X-CGD患儿的临床资料及其家系的CYBB基因检测结果。结果男性患儿,新生儿期起病,以反复严重的肺部感染为主要表现。患儿无刺激组及脂多糖(LPS)刺激组四唑氮蓝试验(NBT)均为0%,中性粒细胞氧化指数(NOI)为1.15。基因分析显示,患儿CYBB基因第6外显子出现缺失突变(579-582del ATTA),由此引起编码序列从189位异亮氨酸(I)发生移码突变,于212位氨基酸提前出现终止密码子(I 189 fs X 212)。患儿母亲及外祖母均为突变基因携带者。患儿母亲下一胎羊水细胞的CYBB基因未发现相同缺失突变。结论基因诊断1例CYBB基因突变X-CGD患者及其家系,产前基因检测可避免X-CGD患儿出生。     

CYBA突变所致儿童常染色体隐性遗传性慢性肉芽肿病二例临床特点和突变分析

目的 报道2例由细胞色素b,α亚单位(CYBA)突变所致常染色体隐性遗传性慢性肉芽肿病(A22CGD)患儿的临床表现及基因突变特点.方法 针对经DHR123流式细胞分析和CYBA基因突变分析明确诊断的2例A22CGD患儿,回顾其临床资料,总结与感染及炎症并发症相关的临床特点.结果 例1,女,2岁11个月,以肝脾脓肿入院,既往有新生儿脓疱疹,反复化脓性淋巴结炎病史.有2例同胞兄长生后早期高热夭折病史.DHR123流式细胞分析结果示佛波酯(PMA)刺激后阳性吞噬细胞为84.61％.CYBA基因突变分析为杂合的35T＞C,Q3X及IVS-2A＞G.例2,男,4岁1个月,以败血症(沙门菌D)入院,既往有肺炎,败血症,肛周脓肿和皮肤感染病史.有1例同胞姐姐婴儿早期不明原因夭折病史.DHR123流式细胞分析结果示PMA刺激后阳性吞噬细胞数为96.13％.CYBA基因突变分析为纯合的35T＞C,Q3X,父母均为携带者.2例患儿均有卡介苗接种相关的腋下淋巴结钙化.结论 A22CGD患儿具有反复化脓性感染(肝脾,皮肤,淋巴结,血流,肺,肛周)病史,DHR123流式细胞分析结果显示PMA刺激后阳性吞噬细胞数百分比可减低,CYBA突变分析结果分别显示杂合的外显子1的无义突变同时伴内含子1的致病性拼接区突变及外显子1的纯合突变.     

Burkholderia gladioli osteomyelitis in association with chronic granulomatous disease: case report and review

We describe a case of insidious small bone osteomyelitis and soft tissue abscess with Burkholderia gladioli in a 6-year-old Caucasian boy with chronic granulomatous disease. DNA sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene confirmed the bacterial identification. Clinical cure was achieved with a combination of antimicrobial therapy and surgical debridement. A review of infections caused by Burkholderia spp., other than Burkholderia cepacia complex, in pediatric patients with chronic granulomatous disease is provided.     

Advances in Burkholderia cepacia complex

Burkholderia cepacia is an important opportunistic pathogen in certain compromised hosts, particularly those with either cystic fibrosis (CF) or chronic granulomatous disease. The "family" of bacteria known as B. cepacia is highly heterogeneous and is composed of at least nine discrete species or genomovars, constituting the B. cepacia complex. Bacteria from the B. cepacia complex are particularly virulent in susceptible hosts, often causing necrotising invasive infection and death. Whereas the microbial determinants of virulence in B. cepacia complex are currently not defined, the bacteria appear to have features facilitating survival within host cells. Burkholderia cepacia is highly resistant to antibiotics and to neutrophil-mediated non-oxidative killing; infection should be treated with combination antimicrobial therapy. Burkholderia cepacia can spread from one CF patient to another. Transmission appears to be facilitated by close personal contact and by certain bacterial factors.     

Hemophagocytic syndrome and Burkholderia cepacia splenic microabscesses in a child with chronic granulomatous disease

Hemophagocytic syndrome, splenic microabscesses and pulmonary cavitary lesions were presented in a 17-month-old boy with prolonged fever, hepatosplenomegaly and a history of tuberculous lymphadenitis. Clinical course mimicked tuberculosis. Blood cultures were negative. Ultrasound-guided, percutaneous aspiration from splenic microabscesses grew Burkholderia cepacia. He was treated successfully with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. This child with chronic granulomatous disease had an unusual clinical manifestation of B. cepacia infection.     

Clinical presentation of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin infections in patients with immunodeficiency syndromes

Nine children with immunodeficiency syndromes who developed persistent or disseminated Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infections after BCG vaccination at birth were observed in Santiago, Chile, over a period of 10 years. This represents a risk for persistent or disseminated BCG infections of 3.4/1,000,000 vaccinated newborns. This may closely reflect the incidence of severe combined immunodeficiency syndromes, cellular immunodeficiency syndromes and chronic granulomatous disease in the study area. The clinical presentation and course of the infection varied considerably depending on the underlying immunodeficiency syndrome. Two patients with severe combined immunodeficiency presented with cutaneous nodules in the absence of any local reaction at the site of BCG vaccination. Both patients died of disseminated BCG infection within the first year of life. Four patients with cellular immunodeficiency syndromes presented with regional lymphadenitis resistant to treatment after the fifth month of life. Three of these patients had specific unresponsiveness to tuberculin and survived from 5 to 6 years of age. Two boys with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease presented with regional lymphadenitis in the first 3 months of life. A girl with autosomal recessive chronic granulomatous disease presented at 18 months of age with regional lymphadenitis. All three patients with chronic granulomatous disease had positive tuberculin reactions and died from infections other than BCG.     

Treatment of seven cases of chronic granulomatous disease with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMX-TMP)

Seven male Japanese children with chronic granulomatous disease were given sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMX-TMP) for recurrent pyogenic infections, most of which had proved difficult to control with other antibiotics. With continuous treatment the children remained free of infections severe enough to necessitate hospitalization, except on one occasion. Serious complications, including hematological disorders, never occurred during therapy and there were no changes in leukocyte function during therapy. These results indicate that SMX-TMP should be considered in the treatment of bacterial infections associated with chronic granulomatous disease.     

儿童原发性免疫缺陷病35例临床分析

目的：了解儿童原发性免疫缺陷病（PID）的临床特点。方法：对2005年9月至2008年12月收治的35例PID患儿的临床资料进行分析,包括现病史,个人史,家族史,临床表现,实验室检查,诊断情况,住院期间治疗和转归等情况。结果：35例PID中,T、B细胞联合免疫缺陷病6例,X连锁无丙种球蛋白血症4例,选择性IgG亚类缺陷22例,常见变异性免疫缺陷病1例,慢性肉芽肿病2例。全部病例均有发热,并伴反复感染,感染部位主要是呼吸道和消化道,其中部分患儿生长发育落后于正常同龄儿。采用人血丙种球蛋白输注、抗感染等综合治疗,除2例放弃治疗,1例转外院治疗外,其余均好转出院。结论：对反复感染或伴发自身免疫性疾病,长期使用抗生素无效的患儿,应详细询问病史、家族史,注意PID的可能,及早进行免疫功能测定,以利于早期识别和诊断。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（8）：625-629］     

PSEUDOMONAS CEPACIA PNEUMONIA IN A CHILD WITH CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE AND SELECTIVE IgA DEFICIENCY

Abstract. A 6 1/2 year-old boy with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and selective IgA deficiency developed a chronic progressive pneumonia which failed to respond to several conventional combinations of antimicrobial therapy. On lung biopsy, Pseudomonas cepacia was obtained in pure culture, sensitive to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, kanamycin and nalidixic acid. With specific therapy, he slowly recovered. P. cepacia has not been previously described as a cause of persistent pneumonia in immunodeficient children. The occurrence of CGD and selective IgA deficiency together is a very rare combination of immunodeficiencies.     

Steroid Therapy for Bronchopneumonia in Chronic Granulomatous Disease

In general, immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids are considered to be a contraindication for immunocompromised hosts with an active infection. Recently, however, a few cases have been reported where the obstructive lesions caused by the excessive inflammation in chronic granulomatous disease were successfully resolved with corticosteroids, resulting in a remission of the infection. As we have also experienced a case in which oral corticosteroid used in combination with antibiotics had a beneficial effect on an intractable respiratory tract infection which occurred in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease, we present the case report. Although it may be very difficult to determine the candidates, we consider that in selected cases a corticosteroid therapy with concomitant use of antibiotics will be a choice for the treatment of intractable infections in chronic granulomatous disease.