不同腹膜溶质转运特性腹膜透析患者营养状况的比较

目的 探讨腹膜转运特性对腹膜透析患者营养状态的影响。方法 按照腹膜平衡试验(PET)计算结果,将82例稳定的CAPD患者分为高转运组和低转运组。检测患者血浆和腹透透出液总蛋白、白蛋白及氨基酸量,同步计算蛋白质摄入量(DPI)和蛋白质分解率(nPCR)。比较两组营养状态及分析相关因素。结果两组的残余肾功能、腹透治疗时间、每日透析液剂量、超滤量、葡萄糖吸收量、血糖、BUN、Scr和Kt／V均无显著性差异。高转运组每日经腹透透出液丢失的总蛋白质和多种氨基酸量明显高于低转运组;各项营养指标均低于低转运组,且体重及血清白蛋白有显著性差异。血中及经腹透透出液丢失的白蛋白和氨基酸量均与转运类型相关。结论 腹膜透析高转运患者营养状态较低转运者差。单纯提高透析充分性并不能明显改善营养状态。要加强对高转运患者的营养管理和指导。     

护理管理者应具备的管理技能调查分析

目的 探讨腹膜溶质转运特性对腹膜透析患者营养指标的影响。方法 按照腹膜平衡试验（PET）计算结果。将68例稳定的连续性不卧床性腹膜透析（CAPD）患者分为高转运组（37例）和低转运组（31例）。检测患者血浆和腹透选出液中的总蛋白、白蛋白及氨基酸量，同步计算蛋白质摄入量（DPI）和蛋白质分解率（nPCR）。比较两组营养状态及进行相关因素分析。结果 两组的残余肾功能、CAPD治疗时间、每日透析液剂量、超滤量、葡萄糖吸收量、血糖、尿素氯（BUN）、血清肌酐（Scr）和尿素清除指数（K1／V）比较，差异无显著性意义（均P〉0．05）。高转运组每日经腹透透出液丢失的总蛋白质和多种氨基酸量显著高于低转运组（均P＜0．05）；各项营养指标均低于低转运组；两组体重及血清白蛋白比较．差异有显著性意义（均P〈0．05）。每日经腹透波丢失的Alb量和TAA与D／PIScr呈正相关关系（均P〈0．05）。结论 腹膜透析高转运患者营养指标较低转运者差，应加强对高转运惠者的营养护理和指导；每日透析液量及超滤量能达到TCcr与DPI平衡即可．不宜盲目增加腹透液的剂量、浓度和存留时间．导致过度透析．引起蛋白质和氨基酸经腹透液大量丢失及吸收大量的葡萄糖．加重患者蛋白质缺乏性营养不良。     

含黄芪腹透液对高腹膜转运CAPD患者超滤功能的影响

目的:观察含黄芪腹透液对高腹膜转运CAPD患者腹膜超滤功能的影响。方法:高腹膜转运CAPD患者34例,治疗组(含黄芪腹透液)与对照组(市售腹透液)各17例,观察治疗后透析超滤量(UF)、腹膜溶质转运性能(D/P Cr、D/P urea、MTAC urea、MTAC Cr)及葡萄糖吸收率的变化。结果:治疗组治疗后第1透析周期超滤量和24h总超滤量明显增加,治疗观察期高糖透析液使用量减少,葡萄糖吸收率有降低趋势,并能一定程度地提高腹膜对溶质的转运,总有效率76.5%,优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:腹透液中加入黄芪注射液可有效地提高透析超滤量,对高腹膜转运CAPD患者腹膜的超滤功能具有较好的保护作用。     

腹膜透析导致的蛋白质丢失及其影响因素分析

目的分析中山大学附属东华医院腹膜透析患者经腹透液丢失的蛋白质的总量及各种主要蛋白的浓度、成分,并进一步分析造成蛋白质丢失过多的危险因素。方法选择2015年3月至2016年2月于中山大学附属东华医院行腹膜透析的尿毒症患者122例(男79例,女43例),用免疫比浊法测定腹透液蛋白质总量,用电泳法分析各种蛋白的成分;根据24 h腹透液蛋白的中位数将患者分为高蛋白丢失组及低蛋白丢失组,比较2组患者一般资料、腹膜转运类型、营养指标及其他临床特征的差别,使用多因素Logistic回归分析造成腹透液蛋白丢失过多的因素。结果 24 h腹透液蛋白中位数为4.18 g,以白蛋白为主(透出液浓度均数:0.36 g/L),其他主要包括转铁蛋白、IgG及Ig A;高蛋白丢失组腹透液各种蛋白成分均较低蛋白丢失组高,高蛋白丢失组血清白蛋白水平更低[(37.33±3.85)g/L vs(39.05±3.88)g/L,P0.001];且高蛋白丢失组患者高平均转运及高转运患者比例更高(59.0%vs 34.4%,P0.05),多因素Logistic回归分析发现腹膜高转运状态(包括高转运及高平均转运)是腹透患者腹透液过多丢失蛋白独立危险因素(OR 3.08,95%CI 1.41~6.75)。结论经腹膜透析丢失的蛋白质以白蛋白为主,腹膜高转运状态是腹透患者经腹透液丢失过多蛋白的独立危险因素。对于腹膜高转运的腹膜透析患者,应加强营养支持。     

腹膜转运特性明显影响艾考糊精腹透液的超滤量

目的 观察不同腹膜转运特性的患者使用7.5%艾考糊精腹透液长时间留腹后的超滤量。 方法 采用前瞻性、多中心、随机、双盲和平行对照临床研究的亚组分析。连续非卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）患者根据腹透液肌酐与血肌酐比值（D/Pcr）和Twardoski的评判标准,分为高转运、高平均转运、低平均转运和低转运4组。患者分别使用7.5%艾考糊精透析液或2.5%葡萄糖 Dianeal?誖 PD-2、PD-4透析液,疗程4周。比较各组超滤量。 结果 共201例CAPD患者入选,其中艾考糊精组98例,葡萄糖组103例;男96例,女105例;年龄（56.1±13.7）岁（18～81岁）。198例进行了腹膜平衡试验,其中高转运患者24例（12.1%）,高平均转运72例（36.2%）,低平均转运81例（40.7%）,低转运21例（11.0%）。治疗第4周,高转运、高平均转运和低平均转运患者中,艾考糊精组超滤量显著升高,无论与基线值还是与葡萄糖组比较,差异都有统计学意义;而低转运患者中,艾考糊精组超滤量高于葡萄糖组,但差异无统计学意义。相关分析显示,艾考糊精腹透液产生的超滤量与D/Pcr呈正相关（R2 = 0.1681,P < 0.01）,而葡萄糖透析液产生的超滤量与D/Pcr呈负相关（R2 = 0.0949,P < 0.01）。 结论 7.5%艾考糊精腹透液可显著改善CAPD患者的超滤量和腹膜肌酐清除率,尤其在腹膜高转运、高平均转运和低平均转运患者,其作用显著优于葡萄糖腹透液。     

川芎嗪对不卧床连续性腹透的透析效能的影响

目的将川芎嗪注射液(Lignstrazin,Lig)加至腹膜透析液中,观察其对腹透效能影响。方法将10例不卧床连续性腹膜透析(CAPD)患分成两组,每组5例病人,各观察不同处理的10个透析周期．其中5例病人腹透液中加入Lig,每2升40mg,另一组5例病人使用单纯腹透液透析,观察两组病人腹透时肌酐(Scr)尿素氮(BUN)尿酸(UA)的清除率。结果川芎嗪能显提高腹膜对BUN、Scr、UA清除率和超滤量。     

腹膜溶质转运特性与蛋白质和氨基酸经透析液丢失

目的　探讨腹膜透析（ＰＤ）时腹膜溶质转运特性与蛋白质和氨基酸经ＰＤ液丢失的关系。方法　比较了２５ 名腹膜溶质转运特性为高转运或低转运的ＰＤ 患者每日经ＰＤ 液丢失总蛋白质、白蛋白和２１ 种氨基酸量的差别。结果　高转运组患者每日经透析液丢失的总蛋白、白蛋白和总氨基酸量均明显高于低转运组［分别为（６－９±２－４０） 比（４－９６±１－５０）ｇ／２４ｈ、（４－９±２－０） 比（３－２±１－４）ｇ／２４ ｈ 和（１５－２４±３－７０）比（９－８９±３－７０）ｍｍｏｌ／２４ ｈ,Ｐ值均＜０－０５］;高转运组患者血浆白蛋白水平明显低于低转运组（３４－９±１－０）比（３８－８±１－９）ｇ／Ｌ,两组有显著性差异（ Ｐ＜０－０５）。根据腹膜平衡试验确定的Ｄ／Ｐ４Ｃｒ 值与透析液中白蛋白和总氨基酸的丢失量呈显著正相关,与血浆白蛋白水平呈显著负相关。结论　高转运ＰＤ患者较低转运者丢失更大量的蛋白质和氨基酸,导致血浆白蛋白水平下降,营养不良。应高度重视慢性ＰＤ的高转运患者的营养管理问题。     

静脉滴注PGEl对腹膜透析溶质转运的影响

目的 探讨前列腺素El(PGE1)对腹膜透析患者腹膜溶质转的影响。方法 对正在进行CAPD的尿毒症患者,静脉滴注PGEl治疗;通过腹膜平衡试验观察肌酐D／P值,腹透液中葡萄糖、蛋白质的变化,并测定尿素清除指数(KT／V值)。结果 PGEl治疗后,患者肌酐D／P值明显提高,透析液的葡萄糖浓度明显降低而蛋白质丢失无明显差异;同时,患者透析KT／V和残余肾KT／V也明显改善。结论 静脉滴注PGE1有助于改善腹膜透析患者腹膜溶质转运功能,同时对残余肾功能增加有一定的作用。     

腹膜透析中超滤衰竭的治疗体会

目的:探讨腹膜透析中并发超滤衰竭的防治对策.方法:回顾性总结3例腹膜透析中超滤衰竭患者使用7.5%葡聚糖(Icodextrin)腹透液进行连续性不卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)治疗,并配合使用1.5%(或4.25%)葡萄糖腹透液,使病人恢复超滤,保持每天超滤1 000～1 500 ml.结果:病人水肿都消失,症状好转,观察1～15个月,病情稳定,复查各项生化参数稳定.结论:腹膜透析中超滤衰竭的防治对策:(1)腹膜透析中并发超滤衰竭的原因还不清楚,多于长期透析后出现,提示长时间是一个主要原因.(2)腹膜透析中并发超滤衰竭时,暂停腹膜透析,临时转为血液透析,多数病人腹膜功能能够恢复,是有效治疗方法之一.(3)使用生物相容性好、超滤效果佳的新类型7.5%葡聚糖腹透液进行CAPD治疗,葡聚糖分子量大(20 000 d),葡聚糖腹透液可保持有效渗透压达16 h,超滤效果好,可以改变超滤衰竭病人的治疗效果.(4)在传统的葡萄糖腹透液中添加药物,以期保护腹膜,增加净超滤量.(5)研制生物相容性更好的腹透液是预防腹膜超滤衰竭的关键因素.     

腹膜炎对CAPD患者腹膜小分子物质转运与超滤功能的影响

目的观察了腹透时间、腹膜炎对连续非卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)患者腹膜转运与超滤功能的影响.方法观察对象为1998年～2001年在我透析中心行CAPD患者101例,其中发生腹膜炎者12例,为观察组;无腹膜炎发作史者89例,为对照组.于开始腹透后第1、6、12、18、24月分别进行腹膜平衡实验(PET),用于评价腹膜的小分子溶质转运(D/Pcreat)及超滤能力(UF).结果在无腹膜炎发作史的89例患者中,其D/Pcreat比值随腹透的进行而逐渐缓慢上升,至12个月时达到最大值(0.65±0.05),与透析第1个月相比无显著性差异(0.61±0.06,P=0.065);在伴有腹膜炎发作史者,其D/Pcreat比值上升幅度较大,并于腹透的第12个月也达到高峰值(0.74±0.056),与对照组相比有显著性差异(P＜0.05);在开始CAPD后,所有患者超滤量(UF)随透析时间延长,呈快速下降过程,特别是在伴有腹膜炎发作史的患者更为明显.无腹膜炎发作史的患者于透析第18个月达到最低水平(351±48 ml),与透析第1个月相比有显著性差异(382±42 ml,P＜0.05),而伴有腹膜炎发作史的患者则于开始透析后的第12个月达最低水平(326±57 ml),两组的差别具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).经线性回归分析,累积腹膜炎发作时间与腹膜肌酐转运水平(D/Pcreat)呈明显正相关(r=0.83),与腹膜超滤量(UF)呈负相关(r=-0.75).结论以糖为基质的常规CAPD对腹膜转运功能与超滤功能具有一定的负面影响,而腹膜炎则明显加剧或恶化常规CAPD对腹膜功能的负面作用.因此,进一步提高CAPD技术与方法,降低腹膜炎发生率仍是肾科工作者所面临的主要问题之一.     

Peritoneal elimination of homocysteine moieties in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients

BACKGROUND: The amount of total homocysteine eliminated by peritoneal dialysis and its relationship to peritoneal transport characteristics in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients are unknown. METHODS: The influence of total homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B12 plasma concentrations, serum albumin levels, age, sex, dialysate to plasma ratio (D/P) creatinine, D/D0 glucose, D/P albumin, dialysate effluent volume, and effluent albumin on the daily peritoneal excretion of total homocysteine was investigated in 39 CAPD patients. The relationship of D/P creatinine to D/P total homocysteine, D/P free homocysteine, and D/P protein-bound homocysteine was analyzed additionally in a subgroup of 25 patients. RESULTS: We observed a significant influence of plasma total homocysteine concentrations (P = 0.0001) of the daily dialysate effluent volume (P = 0.0221) and of the D/P creatinine (P = 0.0132) on peritoneal elimination of total homocysteine. The daily peritoneal excretion of total homocysteine was 38.94 +/- 20.82 mumol (5.27 +/- 2.81 mg). There was a positive linear association of the daily total homocysteine elimination with plasma total homocysteine concentrations (P = 0.0001). A significant linear correlation was observed between D/P creatinine and D/P total homocysteine (P = 0.0001), D/P free homocysteine (P = 0.0001), as well as D/P protein-bound homocysteine (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The peritoneal elimination of total homocysteine primarily depends on the plasma total homocysteine concentration. Elevated total homocysteine plasma levels cannot be reduced efficiently by peritoneal dialysis.     

Relationship of peritoneal membrane transport characteristics to the nutritional status in CAPD patients.

BACKGROUND: The study was carried out to evaluate the role of individual peritoneal membrane transport characteristics in the nutritional status expressed as the composite nutritional index (CNI) METHODS: Cross-sectional analyses of the overall nutritional status of 147 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients were performed using the CNI. CNIs based on a scoring system of 10 nutritional indices including subjective global assessment, biochemical parameters and anthropometry were compared according to the results of a standard peritoneal equilibration test (PET) RESULTS: Patients were classified as low (n = 16, 10.9%), low average (n=59, 40.2%), high average (n=54, 36.7%) and high (n=18, 12.2%) transporters based on the D/P(Cr) after 4 h dwells. The mean 4 h D/P(Cr) was 0.65 +/- 0.12 (0.34-0.95), and there was no significant correlation between D/P(Cr) and other demographic parameters such as age, duration of peritoneal dialysis and body surface area. D/P(Cr) was correlated with dialytic albumin loss (r=0.47, P<0.001), serum albumin (r=-0.46, P<0.001), serum creatinine (r= -0.38, P<0.001), serum TGF-1 (r=-0.37, P<0.01) and LBM(Cr) (r= -0.26, P<0.05). In high transporters, the serum albumin was significantly lower while dialysate protein and albumin losses were significantly greater compared with low transporters. Serum creatinine and IGF-1 concentrations as well as LBM(Cr) were also decreased in higher transporters. The mean CNI score was 8.1 +/- 4.9, with a range of 0-24. CNI was positively correlated with age, duration of peritoneal dialysis, incidence of peritonitis, CRP and dialytic protein loss, whereas it was inversely correlated with ultrafiltration volume, haemoglobin and NPNA. The CNI score was significantly higher in high transporters compared with low transporters (11.7 +/- 4.3 vs. 5.9 +/- 1.6, P < 0.01). There was also a significant correlation between D/P(Cr) and CNI (r = 0.29, P < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the incidence of peritonitis, duration of CAPD, CRP and D/P(Cr) were the independent factors affecting the CNI. CONCLUSION: Peritoneal membrane transport characteristics correlate with the overall nutritional status of peritoneal dialysis patients assessed by the scoring system of the CNI, although it is associated with a different impact on the individual nutritional indices. The results of this cross-sectional study also suggest that a high permeability state is a risk factor for malnutrition in CAPD patients. Prospective studies evaluating the changes in nutritional parameters among patients with different membrane transport rates are needed to understand better the relationship of peritoneal membrane characteristics to the nutritional status of CAPD patients.     

Peritoneal transport in CAPD patients with permanent loss of ultrafiltration capacity

During a 10 year period, 14 out of 227 patients (6.2%) undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) developed permanent loss of ultrafiltration capacity (UFC). The risk of UFC loss increased from 2.6% after one year to 30.9% after six years of treatment. A six hour, single dwell study with glucose 3.86% dialysis fluid was carried out in nine of the UFC loss patients and in 18 CAPD patients with normal UFC. Intraperitoneal dialysate volumes were calculated using 131I-tagged albumin (RISA) as volume marker with a correction applied for its elimination from the peritoneal cavity. The RISA elimination coefficient (KE), which can serve as an estimation of the upper limit of the lymphatic flow, was also calculated. Diffusive mass transport coefficients (KBD) for investigated solutes (glucose, creatinine, urea, potassium, total protein, albumin and beta 2-microglobulin) were calculated during a period of dialysate isovolemia. Two patterns of UFC loss were observed: (a) seven patients had high KBD values for small solutes resulting in rapid uptake of glucose, whereas KBD values for proteins were normal; (b) two patients had normal KBD values but a threefold increase both in the fluid reabsorption rate and KE. We conclude that loss of the osmotic driving force (due to increased diffusive mass transport for small solutes) and increased fluid reabsorption (possibly due to increased lymphatic reabsorption) are the two major causes of permanent loss of UFC in CAPD patients.     

腹膜透析患者血压控制不佳的相关因素分析

目的:探讨维持性腹膜透析患者血压控制不佳的相关因素.方法:对39例持续不卧床腹膜透析患者(CAPD)进行回顾分析,对血压控制良好(正常血压组)和血压控制不佳(高血压组)患者的临床指标、腹膜转运特性、容量状态进行比较;利用单因素及多因素分析探讨CAPD患者血压控制不佳的危险因素.结果:两组患者的主要临床指标仅血清白蛋白在两组之间存在有统计学差异,两组间在腹膜转运特性方面存在统计学差异.单因素分析结果显示,腹膜转运特性为高转运、容量超负荷、每日残余尿量少于400 ml、低血清白蛋白、未能定期回透析中心随访等与腹膜透析患者血压控制欠佳有关;多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,容量超负荷、腹膜转运特性为高转运、低血清白蛋白、未能定期回透析中心随访为腹膜透析患者血压控制欠佳的独立危险因素.结论:容量超负荷、腹膜高转运、低血清白蛋白、未定期随访是CAPD患者血压控制不佳的危险因素.     

Evaluation of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

This study was undertaken to ascertain whether 19 patients maintained on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) for at least 1 year experienced any deterioration in peritoneal membrane function. Selected serum chemistries and skinfold measurements were also evaluated to determine whether patients dialyzed by CAPD could maintain a normal nutritional status. This study demonstrates that patients maintained on CAPD had stable dialysate protein losses, glucose absorption from the dialysate, and constant urea, creatinine, and sodium removal. When these patients were subdivided by incidence of peritonitis, the group with a lower incidence of peritonitis (one episode every 349 +/- 155 SEM days) showed stable serum protein concentration and improvement in upper arm area whereas the group with a high incidence of peritonitis (one episode every 95 +/- 7 SEM days) showed a reduction in upper arm muscle area. Thus, our data suggest that over a 1-year period, there is no deterioration in peritoneal membrane characteristics and CAPD is effective in maintaining the nutritional status of the patient. However, both membrane function and nutritional status may be impaired by frequent episodes of infection.     

小剂量日间非卧床腹膜透析对残肾功能较好的糖尿病终末期肾病患者的疗效

目的　研究小剂量日间非卧床腹膜透析（DAPD）和小剂量持续非卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）对残肾功能较好的糖尿病终末期肾病（ESRD）患者的疗效。 方法 病情稳定、残肾功能较好（rGFR≥5 ml/min,且尿量≥750 ml/d）的40例糖尿病ESRD患者入选。按数字随机法分为小剂量DAPD组20例和小剂量CAPD组20例。DAPD组透析处方为1.5 L或2 L,3次/d,每次留腹3～4 h,夜间干腹。CAPD组透析处方为1.5～2 Ｌ,3次/d,或1.5 L,4次/d,夜间留腹。在研究开始及6个月后,分别计算两组腹膜尿素氮清除率（Kt/V）、残肾Kt/V、每周总Ｋt/V、Ccr、rGFR等指标;测定24 h尿蛋白量、24 h腹透液蛋白、血清白蛋白、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白及胰岛素剂量;用改良主观综合性营养评估法（SGA）评估患者营养状况。 结果 共35例患者完成研究。两组患者年龄、性别、体质量指数、透析龄、透析液肌酐/血肌酐（D/Pcr）等基线值差异无统计学意义。6个月后,CAPD组胰岛素剂量和24 h腹透液丢失蛋白明显高于DAPD组,分别为（33.6±10.9） U/d 比（20.6±6.2） U/d（P < 0.05）和（11.13±4.95） g比（5.66±2.88） g（P < 0.01）,而血清白蛋白明显低于DAPD组[（29.7±4.2） 比（36.5±3.9） g/L,P < 0.05]。DAPD组与CAPD组相比,24 h净超滤量为（554±187） ml比（309±177） ml,24 h尿量为（1090±361） ml比（750±258） ml,rGFR为（8.21±2.40） ml/min比（4.88±2.11） ml/min,DAPD组均显著高于CAPD组（均P < 0.05）。 结论 对于残肾功能较好的糖尿病ESRD患者,小剂量DAPD较小剂量CAPD能更好地控制血糖,改善营养状态及保护残肾功能。     

Peritoneal transport status influence on atherosclerosis/inflammation in CAPD patients.

OBJECTIVE: Peritoneal transport status is one of the main determinants of dialysis adequacy and dialysis-related complications in end-stage renal disease patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). In this study we aimed to investigate the relationship between peritoneal transport characteristics and known promoters of atherosclerosis in a group of patients receiving CAPD for a minimum of 36 months. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: We performed a cross-sectional study of a cohort of 84 patients with end-stage renal disease (37 men, 47 women; age, 44.0 +/- 15.7 years; dialysis duration, 40.3 +/- 8.1 months) who were receiving CAPD for minimum 36 months. Peritoneal transport characteristics were identified after a peritoneal equilibration test (PET) determined at the third month of CAPD using Dialysate/Plasma (D/P) reference values. Patients were classified according to one of four peritoneal transport types: high (H), high-average (HA), low-average (LA), and low (L). After PET, patients were grouped as high (H/HA group, n = 51) or low (L/LA group, n = 33) transporters. The patient groups' clinical and laboratory data before dialysis and after initiation of the CAPD were collected retrospectively. The patients' follow-up data were retrieved for the diagnosis of any atherosclerosis-related event after the initiation of CAPD. The following events were collected, including myocardial infarction, having been diagnosed as having coronary artery disease by angiography or myocardium scintigraphy, cerebrovascular accident, and development of clinically evident peripheral arterial disease. RESULTS: A comparison of follow-up data revealed that the H/HA transport characteristic was associated with lower albumin (P < .01), higher C-reactive protein (CRP) (P < .0001) levels, and higher recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) needs (P < .001) when compared with the L/LA type. During follow-up, 28 patients showed an atherosclerosis-related event. Twenty-two of these were in the H/HA group (43.1%), whereas only six were in the L/LA group (18.1%, P < .01). Reanalysis of 18 patients with atherosclerosis-related events and high CRP levels (> 10 mg/L) showed that 15 were in the H/HA and 3 were in the L/LA group. Sixty-eight percent of the H/HA patients with atherosclerosis and 50% of the L/LA patients with an atherosclerotic event also had chronic inflammation (P < .001). A Pearson correlation analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between D/P creatinine levels and 36-month mean CRP levels (r = 0.608, P < .0001), and a negative correlation between D/P creatinine levels and 36-month mean albumin levels (r = -0.299, P < .005). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the high transporter peritoneal membrane characteristic is a risk factor for inflammatory state in patients with end-stage renal disease. High-transporter patients are at an increased risk of atherosclerosis when compared with their low-transporter counterparts through chronic inflammation.     

Peritoneal transport properties and dialysis dose affect growth and nutritional status in children on chronic peritoneal dialysis. Mid-European Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group.

To evaluate a possible effect of peritoneal transport properties and dialysis dose on the physical development of children on chronic peritoneal dialysis, a cohort of 51 children was prospectively followed for 18 mo. Peritoneal transport characteristics were assessed by serial peritoneal equilibration tests (PET), dialysis efficacy by dialysate and residual renal clearance measurements, and growth and nutritional status by the longitudinal changes (delta) of height SD score (SDS), body mass index (BMI) SDS, and serum albumin. delta height SDS was negatively correlated with the creatinine equilibration rate observed in the initial PET (r = -0.31, P < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis confirmed the negative effect of the high transporter state (partial r2 = 0.07), and disclosed an additional positive effect of dialytic C(Cr) (partial r2 = 0.11) and a weak negative effect of daily dialysate volume (partial r2 = 0.04) on delta height SDS. delta BMI SDS was strongly age-dependent (r = -0.48, P < 0.001); while relative body mass gradually increased below 4 yr of age, it remained stable in older children. Positive changes in BMI SDS were associated with rapid PET creatinine equilibration rates (univariate r = 0.35, P < 0.05) and/or large dialysate volumes (multivariate partial r2 = 0.11), suggesting a role of dialytic glucose uptake in the development of obesity. The change in serum albumin concentrations was positively correlated with dialysate volume (partial r2 = 0.14), and negatively affected by dialytic protein losses (partial r2 = 0.06). In conclusion, the peritoneal transporter state is a weak but significant determinant of growth and body mass gain in children on chronic peritoneal dialysis. Rapid small solute equilibration contributes to impaired growth but enhanced acquisition of body mass. Dialytic small solute clearance has a weak positive effect on statural growth independent of the transporter state, but does not affect body mass gain.     

营养不良和慢性炎症对肠炎相关性腹膜炎腹透患者的影响

目的：探讨慢性炎症状态和营养状况对肠道感染相关性腹膜炎的腹膜透析患者的影响。方法：对我院腹膜透析中心2000年～2010年间收治的持续性不卧床腹膜透析并发腹膜炎的患者进行回顾性研究。将肠道感染相关性腹膜炎的患者（1组）,其他原因导致的腹膜炎的患者（2组）作为对照,比较两组临床和实验室数据,分析肠道感染相关性腹膜炎与免疫功能、营养状况等的关系。结果：1组12例,发生感染性腹膜炎23例次,2组31例,发生感染性腹膜炎53例次。与2组相比,1组患者血压和水肿情况明显升高,CRP明显增加,血红蛋白和血浆白蛋白明显降低,SGA评分营养不良的发生率较高（以上所有数据P〈0.05）。结论：与其他原因导致腹膜炎的患者相比,肠道感染相关性腹膜炎的患者的营养不良、慢性炎症和容量负荷较重。加强营养,积极治疗肠炎可能有助于该病的预防和控制。