IL-12对伯氏疟原虫红内期感染小鼠Th1/Th2细胞因子表达水平的影响

目的观察白细胞介素12 (IL-12) 对伯氏疟原虫(P.b)红内期感染小鼠Th1/Th2细胞因子表达水平的影响,探讨IL-12介导Th1/Th2免疫偏移在抗P.b红内期感染中的免疫调节作用.方法 BALB/c小鼠接种5×105个感染P.b的红细胞,同时分别给予0.03 μg/d或0.15 μg/d IL-12处理,用ELISA方法检测P.b感染小鼠血清或脾淋巴细胞体外培养上清中细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-4表达水平的动态变化.结果 0.03 μg/d IL-12处理组小鼠接种感染后第7天取脾淋巴细胞体外经PHA或可溶性抗原sAg刺激培养产生的IFN-γ水平较感染对照组显著升高,IL-4水平显著下降,而0.15 μg/d IL-12处理组脾淋巴细胞产生的IFN-γ及IL-4水平均较感染对照组显著下降.在感染后第3天,0.03 μg/d或0.15 μg/d IL-12处理组小鼠血清中IFN-γ均已出现,第5天达高峰,但感染后第7天 0.15 μg/d IL-12处理组血清中IFN-γ迅速下降,甚至低于感染对照组及0.03 μg/d IL-12处理组,感染对照组直到感染后第7天血清中方可检测到IFN-γ水平.结论适当低剂量IL-12诱导CD4 Th1免疫应答,产生细胞因子IFN-γ,以诱导抗P.b红内期感染的免疫保护作用;而较大剂量IL-12抑制机体抗感染免疫,甚至可致免疫病理损害.     

Graves 病患者血清 Th1／Th2细胞因子水平变化及意义

目的：观察Graves病（ GD）患者血清Th1/Th2细胞因子水平变化,并分析其意义。方法选择52例GD患者（ GD组）及60例同期健康体检者（对照组）,以ELISA法检测血清Th1细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子α（ TNF-α）、γ-干扰素（ IFN-γ）及Th2细胞因子IL-4、IL-10水平,以化学发光法检测甲状腺功能指标游离三碘甲状腺氨酸（ FT3）、游离甲状腺素（ FT4）、促甲状腺素（ TSH）水平,Pearson相关分析法分析上述两类指标间的关系。结果 GD组血清细胞因子水平均高于对照组,TNF-α/IL-4、TNF-α/IL-10、IFN-γ/IL-4和IFN-γ/IL-10均低于对照组（P均＜0．05）;GD组血清IL-4、IL-10与FT3、FT4均呈明显正相关,与TSH呈明显负相关（P均＜0．05）。结论 GD患者存在血清Th1/Th2细胞因子平衡紊乱,Th2细胞因子介导的体液免疫可能在其发病中具有重要作用。     

钥孔戚血蓝蛋白诱导Balb/c小鼠脾细胞Th1/Th2失衡的研究

目的 探讨钥孔戚血蓝蛋白(KLH)诱导Balb/c小鼠脾细胞Th1/Th2失衡的特点,为药物干预Th1/Th2失衡奠定基础.方法 以KLM 完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)免疫Balb/C小鼠并分离其脾细胞,ELISA法检测脾细胞上清中Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-12p40和Th2型细胞因子IL-4、IL-5,以及血清Thl型抗体IgG2a和Th2型抗体IgG1水平.结果 ①免疫小鼠出现脾肿大、脾细胞计数升高.②免疫小鼠脾细胞IL-2于24h明显升高,48h达高峰;IL-4、IFN-γ和IL-5于24h轻度升高,96h达高峰;各时间点IL-12p40均较低.③不同剂量基础或强化免疫均可致细胞因子升高,IL4/IFN-γ升高.④免疫小鼠血清IgG1、IgG2a升高,以IgG1明显.结论 KLH CFA可诱导Balb/c小鼠脾细胞发生Th2型优势反应.     

拉米夫定对慢性乙型肝炎的抗病毒疗效与Th1/Th2变化的关系

目的观察拉米夫定（LAM）治疗前后患者血清Th1/Th2比值的动态变化。方法用酶联免疫吸附（ELISA）方法分别检测60例慢性乙型肝炎患者在拉米夫定治疗前,治疗后第3、6、9、12月时的血清IFN-γ和IL-4水平。选取20名健康献血员作为正常对照。结果LAM治疗前ALT高水平组IFN-γ水平及IFN-γ/IL-4比值较高,完全应答率较高,无应答率较低;治疗后完全应答组IFN-γ/IL-4水平接近或高于对照组,部分应答组和无应答组IFN-γ/IL-4水平低于对照组。结论拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎可增加Th1类细胞因子IFN-γ分泌,抑制Th2类细胞因子IL-4分泌,治疗后Th1/Th2平衡的恢复与抗病毒疗效有关。T细胞免疫功能的恢复是抗病毒治疗的关键之一。     

海珠益肝加味方对免疫性肝损伤小鼠细胞因子的影响

目的:观察海珠益肝加味方对刀豆球蛋白A(Con A)诱导建立的免疫性肝损伤小鼠细胞因子IL-4、IL-6、INF-γ、TNF-a的影响,探讨其作用机制。方法:将40只昆明小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、醋酸强的松组、海珠益肝加味方组,采用尾静脉注射Con A建立免疫性肝损伤小鼠模型,眼球取血,检测小鼠血清IL-4、IL-6、IFN-γ、TNF-α的水平。结果:与正常组比较,模型组小鼠外周血IL-4、IL-6水平明显降低(P<0.01),IFN-γ、TNF-α水平显著升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,醋酸强的松组、海珠益肝加味方组小鼠外周血IL-4、IL-6的水平明显升高(P<0.01),IFN-γ、TNF-α水平显著降低(P<0.05)。结论:海珠益肝加味方能升高免疫性肝损伤小鼠细胞因子IL-6、IL-4的分泌水平,降低IFN-γ、TNF-α的水平,恢复Th1/Th2细胞之间的平衡,具有保护肝细胞的作用,可能是其作用机制之一。     

不同时期应用抗L3T4单抗治疗的自身免疫性心肌病小鼠免疫球蛋白G亚型分析

目的:探讨不同阶段应用抗L3T4单抗治疗自身免疫性心肌病对小鼠血清抗线粒体ADP/ATP载体抗体和免疫球蛋白G(IgG)亚型的影响。方法:将24只小鼠随机分为4组,每组6只。用含有人线粒体ADP/ATP载体肽的免疫液免疫近交系Balb/C小鼠建立类扩张型心肌病(DCM)模型(DCM组);以不含肽免疫液免疫小鼠作为对照组;在同时用含有ADP/ATP载体肽的免疫液的第0、1、2天连续3d以400μg抗L3T4单抗免疫小鼠获得早期治疗组;在给予ADP/ATP载体肽的免疫液第4个月初始连续3d给予抗L3T4单抗治疗获得中期治疗组。以ELISA法检测其血清中抗ADP/ATP载体抗体水平和IgG亚型(IgG1、IgG2a、IgG2b和IgG3)的变化;采用流式细胞术检测小鼠脾脏中CD4 T细胞内γ干扰素(IFN-γ)/白细胞介素(IL)-4的表达。结果:早期治疗组与对照组小鼠抗ADP/ATP载体抗体检测均为阴性,而中期治疗组与DCM组抗体均为阳性。DCM组各亚类水平均较对照组明显升高;早期治疗组IgG1、IgG2b和IgG3的产生均受到抑制,其水平接近对照组;中期治疗组IgG1水平介于DCM组和早期治疗组之间,IgG2b和IgG3的生成与DCM组差异无统计学意义,但显著高于早期治疗组;而治疗组与DCM组IgG2a水平则差异无统计学意义。早期治疗组小鼠IFN-γ/IL-4百分含量与对照组相比差异无统计学意义,但明显低于DCM组;中期治疗组IFN-γ的百分含量较DCM组更高,IL-4的百分含量介于DCM组和早期治疗组之间。结论:抗L3T4单抗治疗能够抑制DCM小鼠血清中的抗ADP/ATP载体抗体及IgG1亚型的生成和Th2相关细胞因子IL-4的百分含量,且以早期治疗的效果更明显。     

拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎患者血清IFN-γ、IL-4的变化

目的 观察拉米夫定(LAM)治疗慢性乙型肝炎(慢乙肝)过程中血清IFN-γ、IL-4等细胞因子的动态变化.方法 用ELISA方法分别检测117例慢乙肝患者在LAM治疗前和治疗后第13、26、39、52周时的血清IFN-γ和IL-4水平.结果 LAM治疗后完全应答组IFN-γ/IL-4水平接近或高于对照组;部分应答组和无应答组IFN-γ/IL-4水平则低于对照组.结论 LAM治疗慢乙肝过程中,随着治疗时间的延长,患者Th1类细胞因子IFN-γ水平逐渐增强;Th2类细胞因子IL-4水平逐渐减弱,提示LAM治疗慢乙肝不但抑制病毒繁殖,而且长时间治疗可增强Th1类细胞优势应答,抑制Th2类细胞功能.     

丙型肝炎病毒慢性感染者血清Th1/Th2相关细胞因子的检测及动态变化

目的了解慢性HCV感染与Th1/Th2相关细胞因子的相互关系及机制。方法使用ELISA方法检测64份慢性HCV感染者血清中IL-2,IFN-γ,TNF-α,IL-4,IL-10。结果肝炎和肝硬化患者中IL-2,IFN-γ无明显差别;肝硬化患者中IL-4,IL-10高于肝炎患者;而TNF-α相反。对6例慢性HCV感染者血清进行动态检测,发现IL-4,IL-10有逐渐增高的趋势;IL-2,TNF-α,IFN-γ有下降趋势。慢性肝炎急性发作时,IL-2,TNF-α,IFN-γ有所增高。结论慢性HCV感染者外周血中存在Th1/Th2细胞失平衡,以Th2型免疫应答为主。Th1/Th2细胞失平衡在慢性HCV感染发展过程中起重要作用。     

甲泼尼龙治疗难治性强直性脊柱炎对Th1／Th2细胞及其细胞因子的影响

目的探讨甲泼尼龙对难治性强直性脊柱炎（ankylosing spondylitis,AS）患者外周血T辅助（Thelper,Th）细胞活化状态及其细胞因子分泌的影响。方法用三色流式细胞分析法对AS患者治疗前后和正常对照组外周血淋巴细胞胞内细胞因子（IFN-γ、TNF-α及IL-4）和Th1、Th2细胞进行分析,同时采用夹心酶联免疫吸附法测定血清IFN-γ、TNF-α及IL-4水平,分析其与临床疗效指标的相关性。结果难治性AS患者外周血Th1细胞百分率及血清IFN-γ,TNF-α水平高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）,与BASDAI、BASFI、BASMI评分、夜间痛、血沉和C反应蛋白呈正相关（P〈0．05）;Th2细胞百分率及血清IL-4低于正常对照组（P〉0．05）,与以上疗效评价指标呈负相关（P〈0．05）。甲泼尼龙治疗后Th1细胞百分率及血清IFN-γ、TNF-α水平较治疗前明显降低,Th2细胞百分率和血清IL-4较治疗前升高。结论难治性AS患者外周血淋巴细胞存在Th1和Th2细胞平衡偏移,Th1细胞占优势。甲泼尼龙治疗可下调Th1细胞功能,抑制促炎因子IFN-γ、TNF-α分泌,并能显著改善AS患者的关节症状和疾病活动性。     

乳腺癌患者外周血CD4^＋CD25^＋ Treg细胞及Th1/Th2类细胞因子水平测定及意义

目的探讨乳腺癌患者外周血CD4＋CD2＋5调节性T细胞（CD4＋CD2＋5Treg）水平变化在肿瘤发生、发展中的作用及机制。方法流式细胞术检测45例健康人（对照组）、44例乳腺良性增生患者（增生组）、61例乳腺癌患者（乳腺癌组）外周血CD4＋CD2＋5Treg水平,ELISA法检测三组Th1类细胞因子IL-2、IFN-γ、TNF-α和Th2类细胞因子IL-6水平;分析CD4＋CD2＋5Treg与肿瘤临床病理特征及细胞因子的关系。结果乳腺癌组TNM分期Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者外周血CD4＋CD2＋5Treg细胞水平显著高于0~Ⅱ期患者、对照组和增生组,且术后水平显著低于术前（P均〈0.05）;乳腺癌组TNM分期Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者血清IL-2、IFN-γ、TNF-α水平明显低于0~Ⅱ期患者、对照组和增生组,IL-6水平则反之（P均〈0.05）;乳腺癌组外周血CD4＋CD2＋5Treg细胞水平与IL-2、IFN-γ、TNF-α水平呈负相关（r=-0.579、-0.607、-0.691）,与IL-6呈正相关（r=0.804）,P均〈0.05。结论外周血CD4＋CD2＋5Treg细胞水平与乳腺癌发生、发展有关,可能机制为通过调节Th1/Th2细胞因子平衡参与机体免疫应答。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.