HPLC法测定双黄连口服液中黄芩苷与连翘苷的含量研究

目的采用高效液相色谱法测定双黄连口服液中黄芩苷与连翘苷的含量。方法黄芩苷:色谱柱为Kromasil ODS柱(4.6mm×150mm,5μm);柱温:40℃;检测波长280nm;流动相:甲醇-水-磷酸(55∶45∶0.2);流速:1.0mL·min-1。连翘苷:色谱柱为Kromasil ODS柱(4.6mm×150mm,5μm);检测波长277nm;流动相:乙腈-水(25∶75);流速:0.8mL·min-1。结果黄芩苷在24.85~198.8mg·L-1间与峰面积有良好的线性关系,连翘苷进样量在0.496~3.472μg范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系;加样回收率黄芩苷为101.1%,RSD=1.83%(n=5),连翘苷为98.71%,RSD=1.61%(n=5)。结论该方法简单迅速,结果准确,精密度好,对黄芩苷和连翘苷的含量测定能更好的控制双黄连口服液的质量。     

HPLC法同时测定舒肝宁注射液中5种成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定舒肝宁注射液中5种成分含量的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Symmetry~? C_(18),流动相为甲醇-0.4%磷酸溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为238 nm(栀子苷、黄芩苷)、327 nm(绿原酸、野黄芩苷、黄芩素),柱温为30℃,进样量为10μL。结果:绿原酸、栀子苷、黄芩苷、黄芩素、野黄芩苷检测质量浓度线性范围分别为0.406 2~26.0μg/mL(r=0.999 9)、2.500 0~160.0μg/mL(r=0.999 9)、6.562 0~420.0μg/mL(r=0.999 9)、0.312 5~20.0μg/mL(r=0.9996)、0.585 9~37.5μg/mL(r=0.999 8);定量限≤31.20 ng,检测限≤15.60 ng;精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<2.0%;加样回收率分别为97.72%~101.10%(RSD=1.21%,n=6)、97.67%~102.40%(RSD=1.87%,n=6)、97.64%~101.10%(RSD=1.31%,n=6)、96.45%~100.10%(RSD=1.47%,n=6)、96.16%~101.10%(RSD=1.69%,n=6)。结论:该方法操作简便,精密度、稳定性、重复性好,可用于舒肝宁注射液中5种成分含量的同时测定。     

RP-HPLC法测定消炎抗菌片中黄芩苷含量

目的:建立消炎抗茵片中黄芩苷反相高效液相(RP-HPLC)含量测定方法.方法:采用Aglient ZORBAXSB-C18(4.6mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相:甲醇-0.2 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钠溶液(45:55)检测波长为278 nm.柱温:26℃,流速:1.0ml·min-1.结果:线性范围0.112～0.560μg,r=0.999 3,平均回收率为103.0%,RSD为1.5%(n=5).结论:测定方法简便快捷、精密度高,可作为消炎抗茵片中黄芩苷的含量控制方法.     

LC-MS/MS法测定荷瘤小鼠血浆和肿瘤组织中拉帕替尼的浓度

目的建立测定荷瘤小鼠血浆和肿瘤组织中拉帕替尼浓度的LC-MS/MS法。方法血浆和肿瘤组织样品采用甲醇沉淀蛋白后进样测定,以吉非替尼为内标。色谱柱:Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18(150 mm×2.1 mm,5 mm),流动相:甲醇-水(含2 nmol·L-1醋酸铵和0.1%甲酸)(90∶10),流速0.4 m L·min-1,柱温40℃,进样量20μL,总分析时间3 min。质谱采用电喷雾离子源,以多反应离子监测模式进行定量分析。结果拉帕替尼在血和肿瘤组织中的线性范围分别为25~25 000μg·L-1和1~2 000μg·L-1;批内RSD分别≤1.4%和8.3%,批间RSD分别≤3.7%和7.8%;提取回收率分别为99.4%~102.3%和87.7%~94.1%;基质效应均在85%~115%内。结论本方法灵敏度高,准确、快速,适于测定拉帕替尼口服后到达肿瘤组织的浓度。     

高效液相色谱法测定甲麻芩苷那敏片的含量

目的:建立HPLC法测定甲麻芩苷那敏片中盐酸甲基麻黄碱、马来酸氯苯那敏和黄芩苷含量的方法。方法:采用Shim-pack C18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm)色谱柱,甲醇-0.05 mol.L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(用磷酸调pH至2.5)为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1.0mL.min-1,检测波长220 nm,柱温30℃。结果:盐酸甲基麻黄碱、马来酸氯苯那敏和黄芩苷线性范围分别为0.654 5～6.545μg(r=0.999 9),0.020 52～0.205 2μg(r=0.999 8),0.656 5～6.565μg(r=0.999 9)。平均加样回收率(n=6)分别为100.8%(RSD为0.5%)、99.6%(RSD为0.8%)、99.3%(RSD为0.3%)。结论:本法操作简便,专属性强,定量准确,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

小柴胡汤不同制法对黄芩苷含量的影响

目的:比较单煎和合煎对黄芩主要有效成分黄芩苷含量的影响。方法:采用高效液相色谱法定量分析,色谱柱为Agilent C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),柱温为室温,流动相为0.5%甲酸甲醇-0.5%甲酸溶液(55∶45),流速为1.0mL·min-1,检测波长为274nm。结果:黄芩苷进样量在0.2585～2.3265μg范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系(r=0.9999);平均回收率为97.8%,RSD=1.1%(n=9)。结论:黄芩单煎液含量高于单煎合并液,合煎液含量最低,且均有显著性差异。     

HPLC法同时测定黄芩中黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素的含量

目的:建立反相高效液相色谱法同时测定黄芩中黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素的含量.方法:采用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以甲醇-乙腈-0.1％磷酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱;检测波长为277 nm;流速1.0 ml·min -1;进样量10 μl;柱温35℃.结果:黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素的线性范围分别为0.059 ～ 1.175 μg,r=1.000 0(n =7)、0.010～0.204μg,r=1.000 0(n =7)和8.210×10-3～1.642×10-1 μg,r =1.000 0(n =7);提取回收率分别为99.08％,RSD=0.5％(n=6)、98.66％,RSD =0.5％ (n =6)和98.31％,RSD =0.7％ (n =6).结论:本法操作简便、快速、结果准确,可用于黄芩的质量控制.     

HPLC法同时测定消炎片中黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素的含量

目的建立反相高效液相色谱法同时测定消炎片中黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素的含量。方法采用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);以甲醇-体积分数0.4%磷酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱;检测波长为277 nm;流速为1.0 mL·min-1;进样量为5μL;柱温为30℃。结果黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素的线性范围分别为8.01～128.2 mg·L-1(r=1.000 0,n=5)、5.36～85.76 mg·L-1(r=0.999 9,n=5)、5.34～85.44 mg·L-1(r=0.999 9,n=5);提取回收率分别为98.69%(RSD=0.6%,n=9)、98.29%(RSD=0.8%,n=9)、97.83%(RSD=1.0%,n=9)。结论该方法操作简便、快速、结果准确,可用于消炎片的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定黄芩、白芍药对提取物中8种指标成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定黄芩、白芍药对提取物中黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩苷、汉黄芩素、芍药苷、芍药内酯苷、没食子酸和12,,3,4,6-五没食子酰葡萄糖8种成分含量的HPLC方法。方法:Agilent ZORBAXSB-C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm5,μm),流动相组成A:乙腈,B:0.1%磷酸水溶液,梯度洗脱;流速:1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长:230 nm,柱温:30℃。结果:黄芩苷线性范围为186.4～932.0μg,定量下限为186.4μg(r=0.999 8),平均回收率为100.1%(RSD=2.0%,n=6);黄芩素线性范围为19.12～95.60μg,定量下限为19.12μg(r=0.999 7),平均回收率为99.3%(RSD=2.5%,n=6);汉黄芩苷线性范围为44.20～221.0μg,定量下限为44.20μg(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为98.6%(RSD=2.5%,n=6);汉黄芩素线性范围为10.30～51.50μg,定量下限为10.30μg(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为97.5%(RSD=1.4%,n=6);芍药苷线性范围为4.312～43.12μg,定量下限为4.312μg(r=0.999 6),平均回收率为98.4%(RSD=2.4%,n=6);芍药内酯苷线性范围为3.060～30.60μg,定量下限为3.060μg(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为98.2%(RSD=2.0%,n=6);没食子酸线性范围为9.994～199.9μg,定量下限为9.994μg(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为98.8%(RSD=2.1%,n=6);1,2,3,4,6-五没食子葡萄糖线性范围为8.800～44.00μg,定量下限为8.800μg(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为98.0%(RSD=2.2%,n=6)。结论:本方法可应用于黄芩、白芍药对提取物中黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩苷、汉黄芩素、芍药苷、芍药内酯苷、没食子酸和1,2,3,4,6-五没食子酰葡萄糖8种成分含量的同时测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中托吡酯的浓度

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中托吡酯的浓度。方法:采用氯甲酸芴甲酯为柱前衍生化试剂,高效液相色谱法检测托吡酯衍生物,Shi m-pack VP-ODS柱(4.6mm×150mm,5μm);流动相:0.05mol.L-1磷酸二氢钠(pH2.4)-甲醇(20∶80);流速:1.0mL.min-1;柱温:25℃;检测波长:264nm;进样量:20μL。结果:标准曲线线性范围为40~5000μg.L-1(r=0.9998,n=7),血浆中托吡酯最低检测限为10μg.L-1,日内RSD为1.68%~4.12%,日间RSD为2.54%~3.92%,托吡酯回收率为98.0%~101.3%。结论:本法快速简便、灵敏准确,适用于临床常规监测需要。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.