颧骨颧弓骨折120例临床诊治分析

目的:探讨颧弓颧骨骨折治疗的方法。方法:通过对120例颧弓颧骨骨折患者按Knight等的分类法分成6类,根据不同的分类采用不同的治疗方法。结果:120例患者中Ⅰ类31例为颧骨颧弓线性骨折,无明显移位,无畸形,也无张口受限,采取保守治疗,其余89例患者根据余下骨折类型的不同采取了不同的治疗方法,都获得了满意的疗效,无面部畸形,无张口受限。结论:颧弓颧骨骨折主要根据骨折的类型以及面部畸形情况、张口受限情况来决定复位的方法。     

三维CT平面测量在颧骨骨折诊断中的应用

目的：探索颧骨骨折畸形定量诊断的可行方法，通过计算机辅助二维测量系统对三维CT照片测量、分类、定量诊断颧骨骨折畸形。方法：96例（100侧）颧骨骨折分别于术前术后拍摄华氏位、改良颅底位片，并行二维CT扫描及三维重建。利用计算机辅助测量系统对骨折移位及畸形进行二维影像测量、计算和分析比较。结果：建立了一套颧骨骨折移位和畸形的二维测量方法，用该法对颧骨骨折移位造成的面部畸形进行分类，对各型骨折的移位定量测量。结论：计算机辅助三维CT不同角度影像照片的二维测量系统用于颧骨骨折畸形的定量诊断，可以近似三维地反映颧骨骨折移位情况，临床可行。     

颧骨复合体骨折手术复位标志点三维测量的临床应用

目的:筛选颧骨复合体表面标志点,建立单侧颧骨复合体骨折移位的CT测量方法。探讨运用颧骨复合体表面复位标志点指导骨折手术治疗的可行性,为临床治疗计划提供参考。方法:收集我科收治颌面部创伤患者的临床资料。选取其中影像资料完整的单侧颧骨复合体骨折29例进行研究。利用Mimics软件重新分析建模。从双侧颧骨复合体与邻近骨骼解剖标志点中,选取同样两点之间的距离进行测量分析。得到骨折段向后、向内、向下移位程度,进一步总结出颧骨复合体骨折后断段移位的规律,为复位手术提供参考。结果:筛选出眶额颧点、颧颌缝眶下缘点、颧颌缝点、颧突点、乳突点、颞骨根点,共6个解剖标志点,对29例单侧颧骨复合体骨折进行了多距离的测量,建立了单侧颧骨复合体骨折的数字化测量系统;重点对颧突点和颧弓突点进行了测量。测量结果发现颧骨复合体骨折时,颧骨体骨折块多向后、向内移位。骨折评分越高或者骨折移位程度越严重的,更需要手术复位。在内外方向上移位严重的,最具有明确手术指征,迫切需要进行手术复位。结论:利用三维CT数据创建三维数字模型,筛选出的6个解剖标志点可用于颧骨复合体骨折移位的测量,建立的颧骨复合体骨折的数字化测量方法可以指导临床。     

双重睑切口在颧额缝骨折内固定入路的临床应用

目的　探讨双重睑切口在颧额缝骨折内固定入路的临床应用效果。方法　选取12例颧骨复合体骨折、骨折段移位明显、伴有面部塌陷或张口受限等功能障碍患者,行局部小切口切开复位内固定术,其中颧额缝采用双重睑切口入路,术后评价骨折复位固定、功能和畸形改善、术后瘢痕等情况。结果　所有骨折复位固定方便,患者颧面部外形满意,功能改善明显,术后瘢痕隐蔽。结论　双重睑切口作为颧骨复合体骨折复位内固定其中的手术入路,既能达到骨折复位,又能减少创伤,具有一定的临床使用价值。     

三维定位面弓的设计及其在颧骨骨折复位中的应用

目的:设计研制三维定位面弓,并对其用于颧骨骨折的术前诊断、术中复位校准以及术后效果进行评价。方法:设计并制作可用于测量颧骨突度、面侧方宽度以及眼球突度的三维定位面弓,用于颧骨颧弓粉碎性骨折和陈旧性颧骨骨折共5例,评价其临床应用效果。结果:开发并研制出可用于测量颧骨前突度、面宽和眼球突度的三维定位面弓,通过对5例颧骨骨折患者的临床应用,效果满意。结论:三维定位面弓是颧骨不对称畸形的定量测量工具,可用于术前颧面部软组织畸形诊断、术中复位指导和校准,以及术后面部对称性评价,还可用于眼球突度的测量。     

内镜辅助下颧弓骨折切开复位内固定治疗的临床研究

目的探讨内镜辅助下行颧弓骨折复位内固定的相关技术及临床价值。方法选择18例患者,其中单侧颧弓骨折10例,单侧颧骨颧弓骨折8例,均在内镜辅助下经面部小切口暴露颧弓骨折断端,行断端解剖复位后,采用钛板在内镜辅助下进行颧弓骨折坚固内固定,恢复颧弓解剖形态。结果所有病例术后双侧颧部对称,无张口、咀嚼功能障碍及明显并发症发生。面部瘢痕隐蔽,无明显瘢痕畸形。术后CT检查显示颧弓颧骨基本解剖复位,钛板固定位置良好。结论 内镜辅助下经面部小切口行颧弓骨折复位内固定治疗,手术创伤小,骨折复位效果好,并发症少,可作为部分颧弓骨折病例治疗的选择术式。     

以颧蝶缝为标志复位联合可吸收接骨板固定治疗颧骨骨折探讨

目的：探讨以颧蝶缝为复位标准联合应用可吸收接骨板治疗颧骨骨折的效果。方法：选择2005年6月至2008年6月间收治的单侧颧骨骨折移位明显不能保守治疗的患者30例,采用以颧蝶缝为标准复位和可吸收接骨板坚强内固定的方法,术后4周-2年比较面型恢复程度和颌面三维CT重建观察颧骨颧弓的对称性。结果：30例以颧蝶缝为标准复位的患者术后均获得满意的面型,CT片示颧骨颧弓对称,骨折段无移位。结论：颧骨骨折手术复位时,以颧蝶缝为标准,结合颧骨各突骨折的对位线可使颧骨准确复位,术中采用可吸收接骨板坚强固定可满足颧骨骨折固定的强度要求,是一种较好的可行的方法。     

颧骨复合体骨折不同类型的治疗方法选择

目的:探讨颧骨复合体骨折(zygomatic complex fracture,ZCF)治疗的合理分类及治疗方法。方法:67例颧骨复合体骨折患者术前CT三维重建,采用新的分类方法进行分类,采用冠状切口+辅助小切口或小切口的手术方式,所有患者手术后均有影像学复查。所有患者3个月后根据功能与外形分级进行评价。结果:Ⅰ级23例(占34.33%),Ⅱ级34例(占50.74%),Ⅲ级8例(占11.94%),Ⅳ级2例(占2.99%)。颊龈沟切口或附加小切口用于A型ZCF,冠状切口+辅助小切口的手术方式用于B-C型ZCF,结论:颧骨复合体骨折新的分类方法,对临床手术操作及术后复查测量有较好的指导作用,对于较为复杂的颧骨复合体骨折提倡冠状切口+辅助小切口的手术方式。     

三维CT立体测量在陈旧性颧骨骨折治疗中的应用

目的 探讨三维CT立体测量系统对于提高陈旧性颧骨骨折治疗效果的作用。方法 陈旧性颧骨骨折病人23例,术前进行CT扫描,将原始数据用三维测量软件处理进行三维骨重建,通过测量颧骨突点（mp）至外耳门一点（po）的距离来反映颧骨的相对突度,颧颌点（zm）至乳突点（ms）的距离来反映颧骨下缘的相对突度。比较健患两侧的差值为颧骨前后移位的程度。在手术中颧弓骨折线两侧作标记,按测量差值定量移动颧骨进行复位。术后进行CT扫描,用上述指标定量评价颧骨复位效果。结果23例颧骨复位均达到三维对称和基本对称。结论 三维CT立体测量系统可以实现对颧骨移位的空间立体测量,准确性高,对陈旧性颧骨骨折的手术复位有指导意义。     

以颧蝶缝为标准复位颧骨骨折

目的　比较以颧蝶缝为标准和采用常规方法复位颧骨骨折的效果。方法　选择Zingg分类的B型和 C型骨折55例,分别采用以颧蝶缝复位和常规方法复位,术后比较面型恢复程度和X线片上颧骨颧弓的对称性。结果　36例以颧蝶缝为标准复位的患者术后均获得满意的面型,19例常规方法复位的患者有5例术后面型及X线片颧骨颧弓不对称。结论　颧骨骨折手术复位时,以颧蝶缝为标准,结合颧骨各突起骨折的对位对线可使颧骨准确复位,从而恢复正常的面型。     

The clinical and radiographical characteristics of zygomatic complex fractures: A comparison between the surgically and non-surgically treated patients

BackgroundIn this retrospective study we evaluated the epidemiological data and the clinical and radiographical differences between surgically and non-surgically treated patients with zygomatic complex fractures at their initial assessment in our clinic over a period of 5 years. More knowledge of the clinical similarities and/or differences between the non-surgical and the surgical group will provide us a more complete view and may help physicians to develop any future methods in clinical decision making or even methods in distinguishing patients benefiting from a surgical treatment.MethodsSurgically and non-surgically treated patients were included in the study, if clinical and radiographical confirmation of zygomatic complex fractures were present at initial assessment. The patient groups were divided into surgically treated zygomatic complex fractures, and non-surgically treated fractures, with and without displacement. The groups were compared according to age, gender, degree of fracture displacement and clinical signs.ResultsIn total 283 patients were diagnosed with zygomatic complex fractures, with a mean age of 43 years (±20 years) and a domination of male patients. The mean age was higher in the non-surgically treated group and contained more female patients. Overall type C fractures and the majority of the type B fractures were treated surgically. Only 2.1% of the type A fractures were treated surgically. Overall facial swelling and paraesthesia of the infraorbital nerve were found as most common clinical findings. Additionally, malar depression and extraoral steps were frequently found in the surgically treated group, as in the non-surgically treated group only facial swelling was found frequently, whether there was fracture displacement or not. The clinical characteristics 'extraoral steps', 'intraoral steps', and 'malar depression' were found to be significantly related to surgical treatment.ConclusionExtraoral steps, intraoral steps, and malar depression were significantly related to surgical treatment. The group of non-surgically treated zygomatic complex fractures is a valuable group to investigate as this group also consists of patients with displaced fractures (i.e. surgical indication) and thus, could provide us more insight in future clinical decision methods. Therefore, we highly recommend more research of the non-surgically treated group.     

颧骨复合体骨折治疗中头颅模型的应用

目的:探讨计算机辅助设计与制造(CAD/CAM)技术在颧骨复合体骨折诊断和治疗中的应用。方法:从2002-2004年,收集9例颧骨复合体骨折患者进行三维螺旋CT检查,将数据文件通过MIMICS软件转换成快速成型设备读取文件的通用格式,在快速成型机上制做头颅模型。在模型上补充诊断,模拟截骨复位固定,并预制钛板及制作中间模板等,以此对颧骨复合体骨折的诊断和治疗进行模型指导和预测。根据模型外科,在全麻下行骨折切开复位内固定术,利用中间模板协助复位固定。术后复查CT,并利用相关软件测量与术前对比分析,评定疗效。结果:所有9例行头颅模型外科患者术前和术中诊断完全符合,手术复位效果良好,手术后面型恢复满意。术后检查并行测量发现颧骨复位完全,两侧达到三维对称,张口度恢复至正常范围。结论:应用CAD/CAM技术得到的实体模型在术前明确了诊断,并可在模型上进行手术预测,为手术入路和复位方向及距离提供精确数据。但此方法术前周期长,费用高,限制了临床应用。     

The role of intraoperative ultrasonography in zygomatic complex fracture repair

Intraoperative assessment of the zygomatic arch is very important in achieving adequate repositioning. The correct alignment of the zygomatic arch indicates the proper position of the zygomatic bone and ensures adequate prominence of the lateral midfacial aspect. The aim of this study was to estimate the value of ultrasonography as an intraoperative repositioning control. In a clinical study of 25 patients, ultrasonography was employed for intraoperative visualization of the zygomatic arch before and after fracture repositioning. Twelve patients presented with isolated zygomatic arch fractures and 13 with combined fractures of the zygomatic bone and arch. The ultrasonographic findings were compared to the radiological and clinical findings. Ultrasonography was able to detect all fractures and dislocations of the zygomatic arch. It was possible to assess the repositioning in 24 out of 25 cases using ultrasonography. The ultrasound images were concordant with the radiographs. Clinical assessment by palpation only succeeded in isolated zygomatic arch fractures with an m-shaped impression, whereas it remained uncertain in nearly all cases with a different dislocation pattern. Ultrasonography was rapid and easy to perform, and is recommended as an intraoperative visualizing tool in all midfacial fractures with displacement of the zygomatic arch.     

颧骨复合体骨折患者的围术期护理

目的:总结颧骨复合体骨折患者的围术期护理重点和注意事项。方法:对99例颧骨复合体骨折行微型钛板坚强内固定术的患者进行术前心理护理、病情观察、术前准备和术后全麻护理、切口护理、营养护理、开口度康复护理及并发症的观察等。结果:99例颧骨复合体骨折的患者复位及固定效果良好。开口度平均从2.2cm提高到3.9cm。切口一期愈合率达99%。住院期间无患者出现心理障碍。出院时患者对护理的满意度达95%以上。结论:颧骨复合体骨折患者的围术期护理重点是做好心理护理,消除患者恐惧和悲观的心理;伴发颅脑损伤者应严密观察生命指征的变化;开放性骨折患者,要积极止血、抗休克,严格控制切口感染,术后做好切口护理、营养护理及并发症的观察。     

Classification and treatment of zygomatic fractures: a review of 1,025 cases.

The treatment of zygomatic fractures varies among surgeons, and the cosmetic and functional results are frequently less than optimal. A treatment guideline based on a simple classification of zygomatic fractures is presented. The emphasis is placed on the indications for closed and open reduction, consistent methods of three-dimensional alignment and fixation, and the management of concomitant infraorbital rim and orbital floor fractures. Postoperative results with regard to infraorbital nerve and maxillary sinus dysfunction, malar asymmetry, and orbital complications in the treatment of 1,025 consecutive zygomatic fractures are presented.     

Classification system and treatment of zygomatic arch fractures in the clinical setting

A new classification system and algorithm of zygomatic arch fractures is described that provides the surgeon with a useful starting point from which to organize a valid treatment plan and management of zygomatic arch fractures. H?nig Merten (HM) class I is defined as an isolated tripod fracture, HM class II as an isolated stick fracture of the arch, and HM class III is a combined fracture of the malar bone and the zygomatic arch. Although reduction of the class I and II is usually closed, open reduction is mandatory in class III zygomatic arch fractures.     

Clinical analysis of isolated zygomatic arch fractures.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of isolated zygomatic arch fractures and to evaluate the functional and radiological outcomes of the treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty patients with isolated zygomatic arch fractures were analyzed clinically. RESULTS: The patients were 25 males and 15 females with an average age of 42 years. The cause of injury was traffic accident in 26, followed by fall in 8, sports in 3, and assault in 3. The left side was involved in 25 cases. Fractures were classified into 5 types according to the degree of displacement and loss of bone contact. Reduction was performed in 31 patients, 26 treated by the Gillies temporal approach. Conservative treatment was chosen in 9 patients. The reduction status was excellent in 12 cases, good in 17 cases, and fair in 2 cases. There was no difference in the reduction status in terms of the fracture types or the interval between reduction and injury. Interincisal distance (IID) at maximal mouth opening recovered from 33.4 to 43.8 mm by excellent reduction, from 26.2 to 42.2 mm by good reduction, from 27.5 to 40 mm by fair reduction, and from 41 to 46.6 mm by conservative treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Good functional and radiological outcomes were obtained in isolated zygomatic arch fractures. Reduction status was not influenced by either the fracture type or the interval between reduction and injury, and recovery of IID was similarly achieved by excellent, good, and fair reduction.     

A clinical study of maxillary and malar bone fracture

A clinical and statistical analysis on 180 patients with 58 maxillary and 147 malar fractures, treated at the hospital of the Nippon Dental University, School of Dentistry at Niigata, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II from July 1974 to December 1992, was retrospectively perfomed. Of fifty five patients, 37 maxillary fractures and 36 malar fractures could not be classified into either Le Fort classification or Night and North type classification assessed by radiographic image. Based on this fact, preliminary type of classification was newly developed for these fractures, i.e., Type I: infra-mid-third facial fracture, Type II: lateral-midthird facial fracture, a; without dislocation or b; with dislocation, Type III: zygomatic bone fracture only. Type IV: supra-mid-third facial fracture. According to our new classification, the most of fractures could be clearly classified. Our new classification also provide in formation on the possible reappearance of clinical symptoms and an appropriate treatment plan.

     

颞部发际前缘切口在颧骨复合体骨折内固定术中的应用

目的：探讨颞部发际前缘切口在颧骨复合体骨折(ZCF)内固定术中的应用方法、优势和效果。方法：沿颞部发际前缘作纵行切开分离，注意保护跨越颧弓的面神经颧、额支，横向切开颧弓表面深筋膜和骨膜，暴露骨折部位。Al型病例仅采用颞部发际前缘切口，B、C型病例配合眶周及口腔前庭等小切口，利用该切口撬动整个颧骨体复位，重建颧骨体外形轮廓。精确复位后，采用微型钛板作坚强内固定。不作头皮冠状切口。结果：99例107侧ZCF患者术后疗效优良率达86．0％。颞部发际前缘切口均一期愈合。面神经颧、额支麻痹引起的暂时性瘫痪率为24.3％，6个月内全部恢复，无永久性面瘫发生。结论：颞部发际前缘切口具有术野清晰，操作方便，创伤小，出血少，提高复位固定准确性及瘢痕隐蔽等优点。