广东鼠疫静息期小肠结肠炎、假结核耶尔森氏菌流行病学调查

目的查明广东省鼠疫静息期动物间及蚤小肠结肠炎、假结核菌感染情况。方法采集鼠类回盲部内容物和猪、牛粪便分别放入改良PBS缓冲液中,置4℃增菌3周,经KOH溶液处理后,涂布IN培养基; 蚤类直接拉胃接种IN培养基,置28℃24 h,挑取可疑菌落鉴定。结果疫源地从鼠、猪粪、蚤、死猪分离出小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌61株,血清型0：3（40株）,0：9（21株）和假结核耶尔森氏菌1株。非疫源地从鼠分离出小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌2株、中间型耶尔森氏菌1株。结论广东目前动物间小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌感染普遍,猪感染率最高,局部已暴发流行,假结核耶尔森氏菌偏低,鼠疫处于静息期。     

宁夏鼠疫自然疫源地耶尔森氏菌分布调查

目的 查明在宁夏鼠疫自然疫源地是否存在其他2种致病性的耶尔森氏菌分布。方法 将疫源地捕获的啮齿动物取其舌、肠系膜淋巴结、盲肠末端及肠内容物放入PBS缓冲液中，在4℃条件下冷增菌3周，接着经KOH溶液处理后，涂布在IN、VYE培养基上，28℃培养24h。最后在培养基挑选可疑菌落做菌株的鉴定。结果 未检出假结核菌，但检出致病性小肠结肠炎菌65株。结论 在宁夏鼠疫自然疫源地存在致病性的小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌分布。     

多重PCR快速鉴定鼠疫耶尔森氏菌

目的　建立鼠疫耶尔森氏菌多重PCR鉴定系统 ,用于鼠疫耶尔森氏菌的快速鉴定。方法　针对分别存在于pFra、pRst质粒上毒力基因caf1和pla ,以及一段 2 76bp染色体序列 3a分别设计引物。采用多重PCR技术 ,同时检测caf1、pla、3a三个靶序列。结果　应用该多重PCR反应体系 ,对我国鼠疫耶尔森氏菌 17个生态型及新发现的青海田鼠鼠疫疫源地菌株的多重PCR扩增结果表明 ,实验菌株中除 2株分别缺失pFra、pPst质粒而扩增出 2条产物带外 ,其余 5 2株均扩增出预期的 3条产物带 ,相关菌株均阴性 ,其检测灵敏度为 1× 10 -4ngDNA。 结论　该方法用于鼠疫耶尔森氏菌的鉴定简便、快捷 ,具有很高的特异性和敏感性 ,为鼠疫耶尔森氏菌的快速鉴定提供了有力手段     

鼠疫耶尔森氏菌外膜蛋白研究进展

耶尔森氏菌属中致病性细菌有3种，即鼠疫耶尔森氏菌、小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌和假结核耶尔森氏菌。其中鼠疫耶尔森氏菌是致病性最强的一种。随着分子生物学的研究进展，人们对鼠疫菌有了深入的了解。鼠疫菌外膜蛋白（Yops）是近些年对鼠疫菌的基础研究内容焦点之一。国内在世界上首先发现鼠疫菌锡林郭勒高原型病原体缺少32Kd外膜蛋白和40Kd蛋白位于膜内，     

随机扩增多态性DNA技术检测不同地区田鼠型鼠疫耶尔森氏菌基因结构

目的　了解不同地区田鼠型鼠疫耶尔森氏菌 (以下简称鼠疫菌 )之间的亲缘关系和基因类型。方法　随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术。结果　扩增的 13株田鼠型鼠疫耶尔森氏菌在凝胶电泳所显示的条带 ,除 3株菌缺少部分条带外 ,其余菌株基本相同。结论　青海田鼠型鼠疫耶尔森氏菌和布氏田鼠型鼠疫耶尔森氏菌具有相似性 ,在遗传学上属于同源。     

鼠疫耶尔森氏菌脉冲场凝胶电泳分析

目的 对鼠疫菌的全DNA进行酶切，了解我国各别生态型的鼠疫耶尔森氏菌在核酸水平上的差异。方法 用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)方法进行分析。结果 用PFGE可将20株鼠疫菌分成5个核型，I型为布氏田鼠型和青海田鼠型菌；Ⅱ型为滇闽居民区型菌和滇西丛谷型菌；Ⅲ型为祁连山型、青藏高原型和1株分离自四川患的鼠疫菌。西藏仲巴地区的2株菌各为一个型。结论 提示脉冲场凝胶电泳分析可用于鼠疫耶尔森氏菌遗传关系的研究。     

鼠疫耶尔森氏菌inv基因中IS1541的研究及应用

目的　了解鼠疫耶尔森氏菌 inv基因中 IS15 41的插入情况 ,为鼠疫耶尔森氏菌的鉴别诊断提供依据。方法　 PCR反应及 Southern杂交分析。结果　对来自不同疫源地的 5 0株鼠疫耶尔森氏菌的 inv基因中部分序列进行扩增 ,均可扩出一条长为 10 0 0 bp的片段 ,用 IS15 41作探针 ,对其进行 Southern杂交分析 ,杂交结果无差别 ,而对照菌株除假结核耶尔森氏菌扩出一条长约 30 0 bp左右的片段外 ,其它均为阴性。结论　鼠疫耶尔森氏菌 inv基因高度同源 ,其间均有 IS15 41插入 ;该方法有助于鼠疫耶尔森氏菌与其它菌株的鉴别诊断     

基于核酸预混室温储运技术的荧光定量PCR快速检测鼠疫耶尔森氏菌

目的 实现荧光定量PCR技术在鼠疫现场和基层的应用。方法 本试验将已建立的基于核酸预混室温储运技术的荧光定量PCR方法应用于我国各鼠疫疫源地野生菌株的检测,进行特异性评价。选取分布于我国境内不同鼠疫疫源地野生鼠疫耶尔森氏菌株、鼠疫减毒菌株、耶尔森菌属近缘菌株假结核菌及小肠结肠炎菌进行荧光定量PCR检测。结果 55株鼠疫耶尔森氏菌及鼠疫减毒菌株扩增阳性,假结核耶尔森氏菌、小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌无阳性扩增,冻干试剂在室温25 ℃和37 ℃条件下可保存6个月,敏感性与冷冻保存无差异,核酸扩增诊断可在1 h内完成。结论 应用基于核酸预混室温储运技术的荧光定量PCR方法对我国各鼠疫疫源地55株鼠疫耶尔森氏菌检测呈现高度特异性,本试验冻干试剂具有可室温保存、便于运输、检测结果精准、快速等特点,具有较好的鼠疫现场应用前景。     

云南鼠疫耶尔森氏菌脂肪酸成分分析

目的利用脂肪酸成分分析方法获得云南鼠疫耶尔森氏菌菌株脂肪酸组成的本底资料,并建立云南鼠疫耶尔森氏菌菌株的数据库。方法选择历年来从云南不同疫源地分离到的146株鼠疫耶尔森氏菌进行了菌体脂肪酸成分分析。结果云南鼠疫耶尔森氏菌菌株的主要脂肪酸成分为16∶0酸,环式17∶0酸,3羟基14∶0酸和ω7 c16∶1酸以及十八碳单烯酸,与宋亚军等的分析结果一致,与M ID I公司Sherlock系统的菌库中的数据存在一些差异。结论建立云南鼠疫耶尔森氏菌菌株的脂肪酸组成数据库。     

OmniLogTM微生物鉴定系统在青海高原野生型鼠疫噬菌体宿主谱检测中的应用研究

目的 采用两种微量法检测青海高原野生型鼠疫噬菌体的宿主谱,为今后噬菌体生态学研究和基于宿主范围噬菌体分类研究提供科学依据。方法 基于OmniLog^TM微生物鉴定系统微量法和微量点滴法,检测3株鼠疫噬菌体对2株鼠疫耶尔森菌(鼠疫疫苗株EV₇₆、614F)和4株非鼠疫耶尔森菌(假结核耶尔森菌PTB3、PTB5、大肠杆菌V517、小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌52302-2)的裂解情况。结果 476号、087号和072204号鼠疫噬菌体均能成功感染鼠疫疫苗株EV₇₆、614F并依赖其生长繁殖,且基于OmniLog^TM系统33℃培养48 h也能够观察到试验孔中四唑类染料颜色随着噬菌体数量的增加和宿主菌数量的减少而变淡。利用微量点滴法检测3株鼠疫噬菌体对4株非鼠疫耶尔森菌敏感性结果显示,28℃和37℃时476号鼠疫噬菌体对假结核耶尔森菌PTB5敏感,而087号和072204号对其不敏感;476号、087号和072204号鼠疫噬菌体对假结核耶尔森菌PTB3、大肠杆菌V517、小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌52302-2这3株非鼠疫耶尔...     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.