基于Mask R-CNN的舌图像分割研究＊

目的 舌图像分割是舌诊客观化的关键之一,易受舌体附近嘴唇和皮肤等带来的影响,而增加分割的难度。针对该问题,为确保舌图像分割的准确性,本研究提出一种基于卷积神经网络Mask R-CNN的舌图像分割方法。方法 首先用标注工具labelme对舌图像进行标注,然后进行Mask R-CNN舌图像分割模型的训练和舌图像分割测试。结果 采用该方法进行舌图像分割,获得的舌体边缘比较准确,并且四个定量评价指标均像素准确度、平均准确度、均交并比、频权交并比均高于84.6%。结论 本研究取得了较好的舌体分割效果,能够改善舌体周围的嘴唇和皮肤颜色与舌体颜色接近导致舌体分割轮廓不准确的问题,为舌图像分割提供了一种新的思路与方法,对舌诊客观化具有一定实用价值和借鉴意义。     

近红外光谱法预测红参醇提过程中总皂苷的变化研究

目的应用近红外(NIR)光谱技术快速分析红参乙醇回流提取过程。方法采用比色法测定提取液样品的总皂苷质量浓度作为对照值,同时采集提取液样品的NIR光谱。运用正交信号校正算法消除光谱中的干扰信息,采用偏最小二乘回归法建立NIR光谱校正模型。结果NIR光谱校正模型能够准确地预测红参提取过程总皂苷质量浓度。结论NIR光谱技术可用于红参醇提过程快速分析。     

Cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic activities of red ginseng

Red ginseng extract A and B are the active components of Panax ginseng. Red ginseng is a classical traditional Chinese medicine. Among Chinese herbs, red ginseng has been considered as one of the tonics. Many studies indicated that red ginseng could enhance immune function of the human body. The effects of red ginseng extracts on transplantable tumors, proliferation of lymphocyte, two-stage model and rat liver lipid peroxidation were studied. In a two-stage model, red ginseng extracts had a significant cancer chemoprevention. At 50–400 mg/kg, they could inhibit DMBA/Croton oil-induced skin papilloma in mice, decrease the incidence of papilloma, prolong the latent period of tumor occurrence and reduce tumor number per mouse in a dose-dependent manner. Red ginseng extract B could effectively inhibit the Fe²⁺/cysteine-induced lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsome, suggesting that red ginseng extract B has a stronger antioxidative effect than that of extract A. The results indicated that red ginseng extracts (50≈400 mg/kg) could significantly inhibit the growth of transplantable mouse sarcoma S180 and melanoma B16. Red ginseng extracts A (0.5 mg/ml) and B (0.1 and 0.25 mg/ml) might effectively promote the transformation of T lymphocyte, but there was no influence on lymphocyte proliferation stimulated by concanavalin A. This suggests that red ginseng extracts have potent tumor therapeutic activity and improve the cell immune system.     

不同炮制方法对人参皂苷及农药残留的影响

目的研究人参炮制过程中有效成分含量的变化和炮制加工对农药残留含量的影响。方法采用高效液相色谱法,考察红参和大力参炮制过程中人参皂苷含量的变化;采用气相色谱法,考察红参和大力参炮制过程中农药残留量的变化。结果炮制成红参和大力参后,人参皂苷含量有所增加,样品中人参皂苷Rbl由0．13％分别增加至1．13％、0．72％,人参皂苷Re、Rsl总量由0．31％分别增加至0．60％、0．95％,炮制前后人参农药残留量没有明显变化。结论人参经过炮制后人参皂苷含量有所增加,人参不同炮制品之间的皂苷含量差异也较为明显,对于考察人参药性的物质基础具有重要意义,但不同的炮制方法对人参中农药残留影响较小,并不能降低人参中的农药残留。     

不同移栽制红参品质的初步比较研究

目的:比较不同移栽制红参的品质,为人参栽培和加工利用提供依据.方法:测定不同移栽制红参中10种人参皂苷、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分、挥发油、挥发性醚浸出物和总蛋白含量.结果与结论:不同移栽制红参总灰分＜5.0％,酸不溶性灰分＜0.3％;且不同移栽制红参中人参皂苷Rg1,Re,Rb1的含量均符合《中国药典》(2010年版)规定.     

利用电子顺磁波谱技术研究红参对羟自由基的清除作用

目的 探索电子顺磁波谱（electron paramagnetic resonance，EPR）技术检测红参清除自由基活性的适合产生体系，并研究红参对羟自由基（?OH）的清除作用及其物质基础。方法 采用电子顺磁共振波谱仪检测不同浓度的红参提取液对?OH的体外清除作用，并用液质联用技术（LC-MS）分析红参中的主要皂苷成分，然后研究这些人参皂苷成分对?OH的清除作用。结果 确定了羟自由基的生成体系为：Fe²⁺ 0.1 mmol?L^-1、H₂O₂ 500 mmol?L^-1、DMPO 225 mmol?L^-1；不同浓度的红参提取液对?OH具有明显的清除作用，且其清除?OH的效力与浓度成正相关；LC-MS分析显示该红参提取液中主要含有Rh1、Rf、Rb3、F1、F2、Rg3、Rg5等成分，其中人参皂苷Rg5的清除自由基活性最强。结论 本研究建立了用EPR技术研究红参清除自由基活性的适合产生体系，红参具有明显的清除?OH的能力，且人参皂苷Rg5是其清除自由基的活性成分之一，确定了红参抗自由基的主要物质基础，为红参及人参皂苷Rg5的开发、应用提供了科学依据和理论基础。     

基于高分离度和对照图谱的红参中9种人参皂苷类成分“一测多评”质量评价研究

采用反相高效液相色谱法,Ultimate~C_(18)色谱柱,对红参中9种人参皂苷类成分进行了具有高分离度和高色谱峰纯度的同步色谱分离。采用"一测多评"中药质量评价模式,经一系列方法学考察,以人参皂苷Rb_1为内参物,建立了人参皂苷Rg_1,Re,Rf,Rb_1,Rc,Rb_2,Rb_3,Rd和20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3与人参皂苷Rb1间的相对校正因子与相对保留值,在红参对照图谱的辅助定位下,最终实现了仅采用人参皂苷Rb1一个中药对照品对红参中上述9种人参皂苷类成分的同步质量控制。     

红参加工中梅拉德反应及其产物的研究

目的：从红参中分离鉴定出麦芽酚及其葡萄糖甙和精氨酸双糖甙（ＡＦＧ）,通过对不同加工品类人参的比较分析和人工合成证明它们是加工的产物。方法：应用色谱分离、光谱鉴定、ＴＬＣ扫描定量、氨基酸自动分析仪分析、模拟红参加工条件人工合成。结果：确认麦芽酚及其葡萄糖甙是红参特有成分,精氨酸双糖甙的含量红参比生晒参高３倍,它们是红参加工中产生的。结论：红参加工过程中有梅拉德反应参与,控制其反应条件对提高红参加工质量有重要意义。     

不同规格红参中皂苷的比较分析

目的:测定几种不同规格中国红参主根及须根中人参皂苷Rg₁,Re,Rb₁,Rc,Rb₂,Rd的含量。方法:应用超声波提取法及反相高效液相色谱法分析。结果:6种皂苷的和分别为15支(每500 g)1.21%,20支1.46%,30支1.54%;红参须根8.16%。结论:人参根随着体积增大,皂苷含量减少。     

Effects of ginseng rhizome and ginsenoside Ro on testosterone 5α-reductase and hair re-growth in testosterone-treated mice

This research program on the novel functions of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer focused on the effects of ginseng rhizome on hair re‐growth in androgenetic alopecia. Extracts of red ginseng rhizome showed greater dose‐dependent inhibitory effects against testosterone 5α‐reductase (5αR) when compared with extracts of the main root. Ginsenoside Ro, the predominant ginsenoside in the rhizome, and ginsenoside Rg₃, a unique ginsenoside in red ginseng, showed inhibitory activity against 5αR with IC₅₀ values of 259.4 and 86.1 µm , respectively. The rhizome of P. japonicus, which contains larger amounts of ginsenoside Ro, also inhibited 5αR. Topical administration of extracts of red ginseng rhizomes (2 mg/mouse) and ginsenoside Ro (0.2 mg/mouse) to shaved skin inhibited hair re‐growth suppression after shaving in the testosterone‐treated C57BL/6 mice. These results suggest that red ginseng rhizomes containing both oleanane‐ and dammarane‐type ginsenosides are a promising raw material for cosmetic use. This is the first report that ginsenoside Ro enhances in vivo hair re‐growth based on their inhibitory activity against 5αR in the androgenetic alopecia model. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

先秦至清代著名医家治疗失眠方剂用药规律的数据挖掘研究

目的：对先秦至清代21位著名医家治疗失眠方剂进行数据挖掘研究,以期有益于临床用药与新药研发。方法：人工检索整理得出309条方剂,运用“中医辅助传承系统（V2.5）”的关联规则、复杂系统熵聚类及无监督的熵层次聚类等算法对证候、单药、对药、角药及配伍规律等进行研究。结果：失眠最常见证候为肝血不足,虚热内扰证（64 次,20.71%）;最常见单药为人参（128 次,41.42%）;最常见对药为人参-茯苓（62 次,20.06%）;最常见角药为人参-远志-茯神（32次,10.36%）;常见的配伍规律为远志-人参（置信度0.7565）、当归-人参（置信度0.6389）。结论：研究发现失眠治疗及新药研发应关注以下7点：①证候优先考虑肝血不足,虚热内扰证等;②单药优先考虑人参;③对药优先考虑人参-茯苓;④角药优先考虑人参-远志-茯神;⑤配伍优先考虑远志-人参;⑥核心药物优先考虑人参、酸枣仁、茯神、茯苓、远志、当归等;⑦候选处方优先考虑竹茹,川贝母,龙齿,首乌藤,海蛤壳等。     

基于预训练模型及条件随机场的中医医案命名实体识别

目的：通过建立一种基于预训练模型及条件随机场（CRF）的神经网络，解决目前中医医案命名实体识别效率一般的问题。方法：人工标注所选中医医案的10类命名实体作为训练集和验证集，并构建基于BERT、RoBERTa、ALBERT及CRF的神经网络，以探究对于中医医案命名实体识别任务的最佳预训练模型及CRF对其贡献大小。结果：基于RoBERTa-CRF构建的神经网络在中医医案命名实体识别任务中的性能最优，其对命名实体识别的整体准确率为99.33%，精确率为98.24%，召回率为98.51%,F1分数为98.38%。结论：基于RoBERTa-CRF构建的神经网络能有效实现中医医案命名实体识别，解决其效率一般的问题，并且通过设置恰当的分层学习率，CRF能有效处理命名实体标签间的依赖关系，可为中医医案的高价值数据挖掘奠定的坚实基础。     

Effects of red ginseng upon postoperative immunity and survival in patients with stage III gastric cancer

In this paper, we present evidence that the red ginseng powder from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer inhibits the recurrence of AJCC stage III gastric cancer and shows immunomodulatory activities during postoperative chemotherapy, after a curative resection with D2 lymph node dissection. Flow cytometric analyses for peripheral T-lymphocyte subsets showed that the red ginseng powder restored CD4 levels to the initial preoperative values during postoperative chemotherapy. Depression of CD3 during postoperative chemotherapy was also inhibited by the red ginseng powder ingestion. This study demonstrated a five-year disease free survival and overall survival rate that was significantly higher in patients taking the red ginseng powder during postoperative chemotherapy versus control (68.2% versus 33.3%, 76.4% versus 38.5%, respectively, p < 0.05). In spite of the limitation of a small number of patients (n = 42), these findings suggest that red ginseng powder may help to improve postoperative survival in these patients. Additionally, red ginseng powder may have some immunomodulatory properties associated with CD3 and CD4 activity in patients with advanced gastric cancer during postoperative chemotherapy.     

基于近红外光谱的红参质量控制研究进展

红参Ginseng Rubrum具有抗癌、抗衰老、降血糖、降血压、提高心血管功能等药用价值,然而,市场上红参质量参差不齐,给消费者的使用以及工业加工生产带来困扰。因此,对红参原料药材快速、准确的定性和定量分析对于红参质量控制显得尤为重要。近红外光谱能够反映被测对象组织结构和成分信息,随着科学技术的发展和分析技术的进步,近红外光谱(NIR)技术以其快速、便捷的优势被广泛应用于红参鉴别、红参化学成分含量检测以及红参工业加工过程控制的研究中。然而,红参化学成分的复杂性和药理作用的不确定性,以及NIR分析建模的样本数量和多样性及数据采集过程中设备、环境、样本非目标成分的影响等降低了模型鲁棒性,限制了该方法在实际中的推广应用,因此如何在数据采集部分对系统进行优化以及在信息处理部分降低非目标成分的影响来提高信噪比,增强模型预测能力还有待研究。     

基于MATLAB的冠心病中医证候BP神经网络实现

目的:探讨人工神经网络技术在中医证候领域的应用。方法:在冠心病临床流行病学调查的基础上,采用MATLAB神经网络工具箱,构建冠心病中医证候人工神经网络模型。并运用回顾性检验及前瞻性检验的方法,客观的检测该模型的性能。结果:对已采集的496例的回顾性检验显示,该模型的诊断准确率达90.5%,且具体证型判别的准确率与样本例数呈正相关。对新采集的132例的前瞻性检验显示,模型的诊断准确率达91.36%。结论:人工神经网络能较好的获取证候的内在规则,其应用于中医证候的规范化研究具有良好的前景。     

重金属铅胁迫对人参光合特征与皂苷含量的影响

为阐明Pb胁迫对人参光合作用与次生代谢产物的影响,探讨药用植物对重金属胁迫的响应机制,采用筒栽试验方法,对不同浓度铅（Pb）处理（0,100,250,500,1 000 mg·kg^-1）下人参的光合特征参数与皂苷含量进行了测定与分析。结果表明,低浓度Pb处理（≤250 mg·kg^-1）时,人参叶片净光合速率和SPAD的变化并不显著,当Pb质量分数达到500 mg·kg^-1时,叶片净光合速率和SPAD均显著下降（P<0.05）,当Pb质量分数为1 000 mg·kg^-1时,二者达到最低,降低幅度分别为57.8%,11.0%。从人参根部总皂苷含量来看,Pb胁迫浓度为100 mg·kg^-1时,总皂苷含量的变化并不显著,而当Pb质量分数达到250 mg·kg^-1时,总皂苷含量显著增加（P<0.05）,并在Pb质量分数为1 000 mg·kg^-1时,达到最高。在Pb质量分数为0~1 000 mg·kg^-1时,Pb浓度与叶片净光合速率和SPAD均呈现极显著的负线性相关（P<0.01）,而与人参总皂苷含量呈现出显著的正线性相关关系（P<0.05）。由此说明,人参叶片光合作用与根部次生代谢对Pb胁迫的响应规律是反向的,高浓度Pb胁迫将抑制人参叶片的光合能力,但能够促进人参根部的次生代谢过程。     

Protective effect of steamed American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) on V79-4 cells induced by oxidative stress

Heat-processed Asian ginseng roots (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), also known as "red ginseng" in Asia, are reported to have more bioactivity than the no-processed white ginseng roots. Therefore, American fresh ginseng roots (Panax quinquefolius L.) were processed to the red ginseng and examined changes in bioactivity during heating process. The fresh America ginseng roots were steamed at 100 degrees C for 30, 60, 90 and 120 min, and their bioactivities were examined by analyzing the content of ginsenosides and total phenolics, and measuring DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging acivity and their protective effects on V79-4 cells viability and lipid peroxidation. The heating treatment proportionally increased total ginsenosides (4.97%, w/w) content compared with white ginseng (3.27%) and total phenolics from 444.5 mg GAE/100 g to 489.6-574.2 mg GAE/100 g. The antioxidant activity also increased from 285 mg/100 g (vitamin C equivalent) to 353-487 mg/100 g. Heated ginseng showed high levels of DPPH radical scavenging activity (59.5-88.5%) and the high level of superoxide radical scavenging activity (44.2-90.9%). The heated ginseng protected cell viability against H2O2-induced oxidative damage, and enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase by dose dependently in V79-4 cells.     

红参加工过程中人参皂苷化学反应HPLC/MS/MS研究

目的研究红参加工过程中人参皂苷的变化机制。方法采用HPLC/MS/MS方法对生晒人参中主要皂苷类成分进行结构推测。用HPLC/MS方法对生晒人参和红参中的二醇型、三醇型和齐墩果酸型人参皂苷进行比较。结果在红参加工过程中丙二酸单酰人参皂苷酯键水解产生相应的人参皂苷,脱羧产生相应的糖乙酰化人参皂苷。在加工过程中达玛烷型人参皂苷主要发生20位糖苷键水解和异构化。齐墩果酸型皂苷发生酯苷键和醚苷键的水解。结论人参加工成红参后皂苷类成分发生较大的变化,人参加工可能产生红参的特异成分。     

基于近红外光谱的红参提取过程动态预测模型研究

目的：利用近红外光谱技术,建立红参提取过程中关键组分的定量模型,实现快速检测功能;以近红外光谱为基础,结合动力学方程,建立提取过程动态趋势模型,实现全过程预测功能。方法：在线采集红参提取液近红外光谱,以HPLC获取关键成分数据,使用最小二乘法（PLSR）建立红参总皂苷的定量模型;通过定量模型以及近红外光谱,结合传质动力学方程,拟合建立提取过程随时间的动态关系模型,实现提取过程预测。结果：红参总皂苷定量模型的校正集相关系数r、校正均方根误差RMSEC、预测均方根误差RMSEP分别为0.996 09,0.018 9,0.016 8;以红参提取一阶动力学方程结合NIR定量模型建立提取过程趋势预测模型,模型显示趋势预测性能良好,具有较高的精度。结论：近红外法获得的定量模型拥有较好的检测精度,能实现快速在线检测功能;所建立的全过程提取动力学方程与实际提取过程趋势较为契合,满足预测需求。     

An antidepressant effect of Sho-ju-sen, a Japanese herbal medicine, assessed by learned helplessness model in mice

The antidepressant effect of Sho-ju-sen, a Japanese herbal medicine composed of extracts of three herbs; kumazasa leaf (Sasa Kurinensis Makino et Sibata), Japanese red pine leaf (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc) and ginseng radix (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), was assessed using a learned helplessness model in mice. The learned helplessness was produced by presenting 120 unavoidable/inescapable shocks for 3 days to the mouse in a shuttle box, and the avoidance training was carried out on day 4. Compared with the control group given tap water, free consumption of Sho-ju-sen (1%, 3% and 10%) for 21 days resulted in a significant amelioration of the response rate at 1% and 3%, and both the response rate and % avoidance at 10%. Although Sho-ju-sen (10%) caused no significant effect following the 7-day intake, it ameliorated the response rate following the 14-day intake. The extract of Japanese red pine leaf, but not kumazasa leaf or ginseng radix, mildly improved the response rate. Learned helplessness was significantly and dose-dependently reduced by imipramine (10 and 30 mg/kg i.p.), while only mildly by diazepam (1 mg/kg p.o.). These results suggest that a long-term consumption of Sho-ju-sen is effective for the amelioration of depression, and the effectiveness is derived mainly from the extract of Japanese red pine leaf.