不同血浆代用品体外不同程度血液稀释对健康成人静脉血内源性凝血和血小板功能的影响

胶体代血浆广泛用于围术期病人的液体治疗,但其增加出血的副作用使临床应用有所顾虑。有研究证实羟乙基淀粉能降低血小板膜表面GPⅡb/Ⅲa表达、抑制血小板聚集,但明胶、羟乙基淀粉和缩合葡萄糖体外血液稀释对血小板功能的影响尚未定论。本研究拟比较健康成人4%琥珀酰明胶(GF)、6%羟乙基淀粉(HES200/0.5/0.5)和12%缩合葡萄糖(PG)不同程度体外血液稀释时内源性凝血和血小板功能的变化,为临床研究提供依据。     

临床常用人工血浆代用品离体血液稀释对凝血功能的影响

目的 探讨人工血浆代用品进行离体不同程度血液稀释对凝血功能的影响。方法采取10名成年男性健康志愿者静脉血在离体状态下按不同液体分组分别用10％羟已基淀粉(HES)、琥珀酰明胶(血定安)及聚明胶肽(海脉素)进行33％、50％、66％稀释,并以未稀释的全血作为基础值。血样本用Sonoclot凝血和血小板功能分析仪(sonoclot分析仪)进行动态的凝血功能检测,包括凝结时间(sonACT)、凝结速率及血小板功能(PF);同时采用常规实验室方法检测血细胞比容(Hct)、血小板计数(Plt)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTF)以及纤维蛋白原(Fig)含量。结果 Sonoclot分析仪检测显示33％稀释后sonACT均显著缩短(P<0.05),50％及66％稀释时平衡液、海脉素、血定安三组sonACT仍比基础值显著缩短,而HES组66％稀释时显著延长(P<0.01);33％稀释时HES组凝结速率较基础值显著降低,平衡液、海脉素、血定安三组无明显变化;50％及66％稀释时,各组凝结速率均显著降低,以海脉素组降低幅度最小(P<0.01);33％稀释时血定安组PF显著降低(P<0.01),50％及66％稀释时HES组和血定安组显著降低(P<0.01),而平衡液和海脉素组无明显变化。常规实验室检测显示Hct、Plt、Fig均随稀释程度加重进行性降低,APTT随稀释程度加重进行性延长。结论 血液稀释后凝血功能与血液稀     

6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4和6%羟乙基淀粉200/0.5急性高容量血液稀释对全麻患者凝血功能的影响

目的 评价6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4(6% HES130/0.4)和6%羟乙基淀粉20010.5(6% HES200/0.5)急性高容量血液稀释(AHHD)对全麻患者凝血功能的影响.方法 择期全麻手术患者60例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄18～64岁,随机分为3组(n=20):对照组(C组)、6%HES200/0.5组(H组)及6%HES130/0.4组(V组).H组和V组于麻醉诱导前90 min分别静脉输注6% HES200/0.5或6% HES130/0.4,速率20 ml·kg-1·h-1,扩容量20ml/kg;C组仅静脉输注乳酸钠林格氏液6～8 ml·kg-1·h-1.于AHHD前、AHHD后即刻及AHHD后1 h采血,进行下述指标的测定:血小板计数、凝血酶原时间(PT)、血小板最大聚集率和Sonoclot玻璃珠激活全血凝固时间(gbACT)、凝结速率(CR)、血小板功能(PF)和曲线达峰时间.H组和V组同时还测定活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血因子Ⅷ活性(FⅧ:C)、von Willebrand因子(vWF)水平.结果 与AHHD前比较,H组和V组AHHD后PT和APTY均延长,FⅧ:C下降(P＜0.05),但2组AHHD后1 h FⅧ:C高于AHHD后即刻(P＞0.05);H组和V组AHHD后血小板最大聚集率降低,但AHHD后1 h高于AHHD后即刻(P＜0.05).与H组比较,V组AHHD后CR降低(P＜0.05),其他凝血功能指标比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 6%HES130/0.4和6% HES200/0.5(20 ml/kg)AHHD对全麻患者凝血功能的抑制作用较轻;两者对凝血功能的影响无明显差异.     

不同取代级羟乙基淀粉对血小板膜糖蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨不同取代级羟乙基淀粉对血小板凝血功能的影响。方法择期行外科小手术患者60例,ASAⅠ级,年龄25～45岁,体重51～70 kg,随机分为乳酸钠林格氏液组(LR组)、HES 200／0．5组(H组)和HES 130／0．4组(V组),每组20例。麻醉诱导后,3组患者分别静脉输注乳酸钠林格氏液、HES 200／0．5和HES 130／0．4 20 ml·k-1,30-60 min内输注完毕。采用流式细胞术测定3组患者在术前(T1,基础值)、输注完毕后15 min(T2)、输注完毕后6 h(T3)各时点静脉血中静息态血小板与活化态血小板CD42b、CD61／41、CD62p的表达。结果3组患者输注前后静息态血小板膜糖蛋白表达差异无统计学意义(P>0．05)。与基础值比较,H组和V组T1时ADP活化血小板CD42b、CD61/41、CD62p表达降低(P<0．05或0．01),H组T3时以上指标表达降低(P<0．01),V组T3时以上指标表达差异无统计学意义(P>0．05)。结论HES 130／0．4抑制血小板凝血功能的程度较HES 200／0．5低。HES 130／0．4液体治疗有助于降低术后出血的发生。     

人工胶体液用于急性高容量血液稀释对凝血功能的影响

目的评价不同人工胶体液进行急性高容量血液稀释（AHH）时对凝血功能的影响。方法20例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级择期手术的良性疾病患者,随机均分为6％羟乙基淀粉组（HES组）和4％琥珀酰明胶组（MFG组）。全麻后输入HES（200／0．5）或MFG,20ml／kg,（25±5）min内输完。分别于AHH前后,由静脉取血检测血常规、凝血酶原时间（PT）、部分激活凝血活酶时间（APTT）、Ⅷ因子活动度（Ⅷ：C）、血管性血友病因子（vWF）、纤维蛋白原（FIB）、血小板膜糖蛋白（GpⅡb／Ⅲa）和血栓弹力描记图（TEG）。同时监测HR、MAP和CVP。结果（1）两组患者AHH后的Hct都降低至30％左右,达到中度血液稀释。（2）两组患者AHH前后血流动力学稳定。（3）与AHH前相比,AHH后两组患者PT、APTT均明显延长,HES组的Ⅷ：C明显下降;两组患者vWF和FIB均明显下降;GPⅡb／Ⅲa无明显变化;两组患者TEG均有凝m功能受损的表现。结论HES和MFG对vWF和（或）Ⅷ因子有抑制作用,APTT的明显延长和TEG的凝血功能受损可能与这一抑制作用有关。AHH后除APTT外各凝血参数均在正常范围内。     

纤维蛋白原和出血：传统分子的新概念

羟乙基淀粉（HES）是常用于外科手术患者的一种扩充血管内容量的胶体液。所有的扩容液体用于出血患者都会引起稀释性的凝血障碍，但HES还会抑制血小板并降低凝血功能。使用不同分子量的HES进行血液稀释都可通过逆转纤维蛋白原的作用，明显降低全血和血浆凝集能力。Fenger-Eriksen等首次在体外试验中发现在HES稀释的全血中加入纤维蛋白原可以恢复凝血能力，并在另一项随后的研究中得到证实，其机制是抑制凝血酶-Ⅻ因子-纤维蛋白原的相互作用。     

明胶、羟乙基淀粉和乳酸林格液对血液稀释凝血指标的影响——声凝仪离体分析

近年来在外科及创伤后已有许多避免同种异体输血、节约用血的方法,包括大量使用胶体液及晶体液。这些液体的使用会干扰凝血系统,但尚缺乏有关的定量检查资料。声凝仪(SONOCLOT)分析(SCT)是一种液体粘滞度变化的检测方法,用以测量血栓形成,包括提供有关细胞及血浆凝血系统的信息。为分析离体下血液稀释对凝血系统的影响,作者将10名健康志愿者的血样各分成7份,其中一份不稀释(对照组),另6份分别以4％明胶(G)、6％羟乙基淀粉(HES,分子量450 000)和乳酸林格液(RL)稀释成含血66％(33％组)     

中分子羟乙基淀粉和琥珀酰明胶扩容性血液稀释对凝血功能的影响

用Sonoclot凝血及血小板功能分析仪对比观察6％中分子羟乙基淀粉(6％　hydroxyethel　starch,200/0.5,FreseniusAG,Germany,HES)和4％琥珀酰明胶(4％　succinylatedgelatin,G)用于扩容期间体外凝血及血小板功能的变化。     

6%羟乙基淀粉深度血液稀释对家兔凝血曲线的影响

目的 探讨深度血液稀释对家兔凝血功能的影响。方法 雄性新西兰大耳白兔10只,麻醉诱导后行气管切开,机械通气。股动、静脉切开插入1.0套管。由动脉放血,同时静脉等速、等量注入6％羟乙基淀粉,分别稀释6次至极度稀释(HCT=5％-8％)状态。于稀释前、每次稀释后30min抽取血液标本作凝血功能曲线和血常规检查。结果 稀释后家兔血HCT呈下降梯度,中度血液稀释(HCT25％-30％)时凝血功能曲线在正常范围内变化;深度稀释(HCT15％-20％)时,ACT、TTP(峰值信号时间)延长、Clot rate(凝血速率)、MCS(最大凝血信号)下降,但仍可维持正常的凝血过程;极度稀释(HCT<10％)对凝血功能产生较大影响。结论 深度血液稀释对家兔不致产生凝血障碍,对人体的影响尚须进一步研究。     

应用晶体液或胶体液行急性血液稀释对机体生理功能的影响

目的：观察应用晶体液或胶体液行急性血液稀释期间机体生理变化，为临床应用提供理论依据。方法：30例外科择期手术病人随机分属三组：①乳酸纳林格液(RL)组；②右旋糖酐葡萄糖液(D40)组；③海脉素(Hm)组。麻醉诱导后，经桡动脉穿刺采血，同时经外周静脉输注等量Hm或D40或3倍采血量的RL。采血量按预计全血总量的20％～25％计算。观察血稀前后机体血流动力学、血清电解质、血浆胶体渗透压及其它生理参数的变化。结果：①三组的血流动力学参数均稳定；②血红蛋白(Hb)、血细胞压积(HCT)、血小板计数(PLC)均呈稀释性下降，Hb和HCT分别降至90g/L和29％，提示属中度血液稀释；③RL组、Hm组血清电解质含量无显著性变化，D40组血清Cl^-、Na^ 浓度降低显著；④RL组胶体渗透压显著降低，D40组和Hm组无明显变化。结论：①采用晶体液或胶体液作为稀释液施行中度血液稀释时，循环稳定，机体耐受良好；②晶体液可导致胶体渗透压降低；右旋糖酐可影响凝血功能，其临床应用受到一定的限制；③海脉素封血清电解质、胶体渗透压的影响轻微，用作稀释液的效果较为良好。     

The resuscitative fluid you choose may potentiate bleeding

BACKGROUND: Trauma is the leading cause of death in the younger population in the United States, frequently from the development of hemorrhagic shock. Controversy exists over the type of volume resuscitation for restoring hemodynamic stability that should be used in hemorrhagic shock. Little is known about how various resuscitative paradigms affect the coagulation cascade, which is essential to controlling hemorrhagic shock. METHODS: We studied the effect of various resuscitative formulas on blood coagulation using a new model of whole blood in a controlled setting with corn trypsin inhibitor and a 5-pM stimulus of tissue factor. We investigated thrombin generation, fibrin formation, and platelet activation with four diluents: 0.9% NaCl (NS), lactated Ringer's solution (LR), 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES), and 3% NaCl (HS), each from 0% to 75% blood dilution. Thrombin generation was measured periodically during a time course of 20 minutes in its complex with antithrombin III. Platelet activation and fibrinopeptide A (FPA) release were monitored in serum at a 20-minute time point. Fibrin clots were collected and weighed. RESULTS: The coagulation markers (thrombin generation, platelet activation, and FPA release) were significantly different by dilution (p < 0.001 in all) and diluent by dilution (p < 0.001 in all). Thrombin generation, platelet activation, and FPA release decreased the least with the diluents NS and LR. LR caused the least amount of variation in thrombin generation over the dilution course. HS produced the most dramatic change in all of the markers; no coagulation was seen between 30% to 75% dilution (p < 0.05). HES produced greater decreases in thrombin generation and FPA release than NS and LR. Fibrin clot mass decreased with a 10% to 20% dilution for NS and LR, whereas stable fibrin mass did not decrease with the diluents HES and HS at 10% to 20% dilutions. At >30% dilutions, HS produced no stable clots and HES dramatically decreased clot formation by 61% and maintained this level. CONCLUSIONS: LR and NS had the least effect on thrombin generation, clot formation, and platelet activation at various concentrations compared with HES and HS. This observational data suggests that volume expanders such as HES and HS may be detrimental in treatment of hemorrhagic shock.     

羟乙基淀粉对血液流变学及凝血功能的影响

目的 观察输注6％羟乙基淀粉（HES200／0．5）对病人血液流变学及凝血功能的影响。方法 30例硬膜外阻滞下手术病人,在硬膜外阻滞前输注贺斯12ml/kg。输液前后分别抽取静脉血测定：（1）全血低切、中切、高切粘度,红细胞比容,全血低切、中切、高切还原粘度,血沉,红细胞聚集指数、刚性指数、变形指数。（2）血小板计数（PLC）,血小板粘附率（PAD）,血小板1分钟聚集率（PAG1）、3分钟聚集率（PAG3）和最大聚集率（PAGM）。（3）凝血酶原时间（PT）,凝血酶时间（TT）,部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）和纤维蛋白原浓度（Fib)。结果 输液后全血粘度高切变率、中切变率明显下降,全血还原粘度高切变率、血沉、红细胞刚性指数在输液后显著降低,血小板粘附及聚集功能、TT、APTT及Fib输液后差异无显著意义,只有PT显著延长。结论 静注500－1000ml6%HES,可改善血液流变性,对凝血功能无影响。     

Effects of plasma substitutes on hemostasis

OBJECTIVE: Data synthesis on haemostasis effects of cristalloids and colloids and clinical implications for their use for plasma volume replacement. DATA SOURCES: Data were searched in the Medline database from 1954 to 2000 using the following key-words: cristalloids, colloids, albumin, gelatin, dextran, hydroxyethyl starch, haemostasis, von Willebrand disease, haemodilution. DATA EXTRACTION: Publications from 1954 to 1990 were selected depending on the quality of their methodology. Most of articles published after 1990 and all types including case report were accepted. DATA SYNTHESIS: Cristalloids induces a moderate hypercoagulable state with 10 to 30% haemodilution. Hypocoagulation is observed above 50% haemodilution. Albumin does not impair hemostasis except with a 50% or more haemodilution where hypocoagulation is observed. Dextran dramatically impairs haemostasis and fibrinolysis. With increasing dose, a progressive decrease of all von Willebrand multimers, mostly the largest, is observed. Till 50% haemodilution, gelatin has a moderate impact on hemostasis, but platelet aggregation is moderately modified. However this moderate impairment of haemostasis may potentiate the haemostatic effect of other colloids when used in association with gelatin. More than 30% haemodilution with hydroxyethyl starch (HES) has a serious effect in vitro on platelet function and fibrinoformation. In most studies in human, less than 20 ml.kg-1 plasma volume replacement has no clinical impact, but in some evaluations postoperative bleeding is more important with HES, particularly HES 450, in comparison to other colloids. With HES 450 and HES 200 highly substituted (0.6 of degree of substitution) intravascular cumulation of large molecules leads to type I von Willebrand syndrome when doses overtake 80 ml.kg-1. Dextran and HES are prohibited in patients with impaired haemostasis due to congenital disease (haemophilia and von Willebrand disease) or acquired defect (thrombocytopenia). Caution is required in patients with renal failure or receiving antithrombotic or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Patients without a haemorrhagic diathesis must not received more than 1.5 g.kg-1.j-1 of dextran and restrictive conditions of use must be respected with HES. CONCLUSION: Except isotonic cristalloids, all colloids induce haemostastic changes particularly for haemodilution over 30%. Effects are more pronounced with HES and dextran.     

羟乙基淀粉130/0.4对老年患者凝血功能和血小板功能的影响

目的 评价6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4对老年患者凝血功能和血小板功能的影响.方法 择期行胃肠肿瘤切除术老年患者30例,年龄65～85岁,体重45～85 kg,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为HES组和生理盐水组(NS组),每组15例.麻醉诱导气管插管后吸入异氟醚(呼气末浓度0.5%～1.5%)维持麻醉,两组分别于气管插管后以10～15 ml·kg-1·h-1的速率经颈内静脉输注6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4注射液、生理盐水25 ml/kg.分别于输注前、输注完毕30 min、4 h时肘静脉抽血样,测定血红蛋白浓度(Hb)、血小板计数(Plt),凝血酶原时间(PT)、激活部分凝血酶原时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、血浆Ⅷ因子和假性血友病因子(vWF),Sunoclot血小板功能分析仪测定玻璃珠激活全血凝固时间(gbACT)、凝血速率及血小板功能.结果 两组输注完30 min、4 h时Hb与Plt较输注前明显降低(P<0.01);两组输注前后PT、AFIT、FIB、血浆Ⅷ因子和vWF差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组输注前后gbACT、凝血速率及血小板功能差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 术中输注6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4 25 ml/kg对老年患者凝血功能和血小板功能无明显影响.     

羟乙基淀粉200/0.5和羟乙基淀粉130/0.4术前急性高容量血液稀释对结肠癌根治术患者血液流变学的影响

目的 评价6%羟乙基淀粉(HES)200/0.5和6%HES 130/0.4术前急性高容量血液稀释(AHH)对结肠癌根治术患者血液流变学的影响.方法 择期在全麻下行结肠癌根治术患者40例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为2组(n=20),麻醉诱导期间于30 min内静脉输注15 ml/kg HES 200/0.5(Ⅰ组)或HES 130/0.4(Ⅱ组),AHH结束后开始手术.分别于麻醉诱导前(基础状态,T0)、AHH后即刻(T1)、AHH结束后1 h(T2)和术后1 h(T3)时抽取静脉血样,检测全血粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞聚集指数、血小板聚集指数和红细胞压积(Hct).结果 与T0时比较,Ⅰ组T1时全血低切粘度和红细胞聚集指数降低,T1-3时全血中切粘度、全血高切粘度、血浆粘度、血小板聚集指数和Hct降低,Ⅱ组T1-3时全血低切粘度、全血中切粘度、全血高切粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞聚集指数和Hct降低(P<0.05);与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组T2,3时全血低切粘度和红细胞聚集指数降低,T1-3时血小板聚集指数升高(P<0.05).结论 6%HES 200/0.5与6%HES 130/0.4(15 ml/kg)术前AHH均能改善结肠癌根治术患者围术期血液流变学,其中6% HES 130/0.4的效果较好.     

Renal impact of fluid management with colloids: a comparative review

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Colloids such as hydroxyethyl starch (HES), gelatin, dextran and albumin are useful for maintaining renal perfusion and function. The comparative renal effects of colloids have not been previously reviewed. METHODS: Computer searches of the MEDLINE and EMBASE bibliographic databases and the Cochrane Library were conducted using the search terms: colloids; hetastarch; gelatin; dextrans; serum albumin; kidney failure; cardiac surgical procedures; and kidney transplantation. Relevant studies were also sought through hand searching and examination of reference lists. Results of identified studies were qualitatively summarized with account taken for potential confounding factors. RESULTS: The three artificial colloids HES, gelatin and dextran all exhibited troublesome renal side-effects. Randomized trials have demonstrated adverse renal effects of HES in sepsis and surgery. Undesirable renal effects are common to all available HES solutions regardless of molecular weight, substitution or C2/C6 ratio. While some of its effects may be less severe than those of HES, gelatin also can adversely affect the kidney. A negative renal impact of dextran is well-established, although this colloid is now less extensively used than formerly. As the normal endogenous colloid, albumin exhibits a wide margin of renal safety, although albumin overdose needs to be avoided. Albumin also appears to exert protective effects on the kidney such as inhibition of apoptosis and scavenging of reactive oxygen species. CONCLUSIONS: Colloids display important differences in their actions on the kidney. These contrasting renal effects should be considered in making fluid management decisions.     

Red blood cell aggregation during cardiopulmonary bypass: a pathogenic cofactor in endothelial cell activation?

OBJECTIVE: The bio-incompatibility of the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuit and the use of artificial colloids trigger massive defense reaction that involves endothelial cells and several blood cells: platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, red blood cells (RBC) and lymphocytes. Investigating the effects on RBC aggregation and endothelial cells activation, the present study addresses two different prime solutions commonly used in the clinical practice. METHODS: RBC aggregation was measured by means of Laser-assisted Optical Rotation Cell Analyzer, in an in vitro study designed to mimic the human blood-material interactions during extracorporeal circulation. A clinical study investigating endothelial activation was conducted in 20 patients undergoing elective coronary bypass surgery, randomly assigned for CPB using two different priming solutions: HAES-steril 6% (HES 200/0.5) and Voluven 6% (HES 130/0.4). RESULTS: Circulation trough a Chandler loop of HES-blood mixes altered significantly RBC aggregability. The use of HES 130/0.4 resulted in marked decrease in RBC aggregation (aggregation index (AI) before and after circulation was 23.5+/-3.8 and 18+/-2.9, respectively), no significant differences being found when compared with Ringer's lactate group. The use of HES 200/0.5 resulted in better maintained RBC aggregation (AI 39.7+/-5.9 and 29.7+/-4.7 before and after circulation, respectively). The AI measured for the whole blood (control) sample was 61.9+/-4.9 before circulation, and 58.1+/-4 after. Markers of endothelial activation (von Willebrand factor (vWF), thrombomodulin (TM), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and E-selectin) significantly increased during CPB. Differences between HES treatment groups were evident post-bypass. While the markers of endothelial activation returned to baseline in HES 200/0.5 group, HES 130/0.4 was associated on the first post-operative day with further increase of vWF and tPA. CONCLUSION: RBC aggregation significantly drooped as consequence of blood dilution and blood-material interaction. We reason that low RBC aggregation added to plasma viscosity reduction and non-physiologic flow conditions during extracorporeal circulation are important factors contributing to loss of shear stress at the venous endothelial wall. The loss of shear stress triggers complex signaling leading to endothelial activation. Additional fundamental research is needed in order to verify the hypothesis introduced by the present study. Characterizing the impact of rheologic parameters on endothelial function could prove to be valuable in patients undergoing CPB.     

羟乙基淀粉130/0.4体外不同程度血液稀释对凝血功能的影响

目的 探讨羟乙基淀粉130/0.4体外不同程度血液稀释对凝血功能的影响.方法 采集20名健康志愿者空腹静脉血样,采用6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4氯化钠注射液作为稀释液,按容量稀释比例(全血∶稀释液)分为6组:10∶0组(未稀释组)、9∶1组(10%组)、8∶2组(20%组)、7∶3组(30%组)、6∶4组(40%组)、5∶5组(50%组).每名志愿者采血23 ml(前3 ml血弃用),其中15 ml用于测定红细胞压积(Hct)、血小板计数(PLT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(AFIT)和纤维蛋白原(Fjb);剩余的5 ml抗凝后,采用血栓弹力描记仪检测血栓弹力描记图(TEG)指标:反应时间(R)、凝血时间(K)、α角和最大振幅(MA).结果 Hct、PLT和Fib随稀释程度的增加而下降(P＜0.05);与未稀释组比较,30%组、40%组和50%组PT和APTT延长,且随稀释程度的增加而延长(P＜0.01).与未稀释组和10%组比较,20%组、30%组和40%组R和K缩短,α角增大,50%组R延长,MA减小(P＜00.05);与20%组、30%组和40%组比较,50%组R和K延长,α角和MA减小(P＜0.05).结论 羟乙基淀粉130/0.4体外不同程度血液稀释对凝血功能的影响不同:10%稀释时,对凝血功能无影响;20%～40%稀释时,活化凝血初始阶段,凝血块形成时间缩短,速率增快;50%稀释时,抑制凝血因子活性,凝血块强度降低.     

Hydroxyethyl starch impairs in vitro coagulation

Background: Artificial colloids affect haemostasis. Particularly hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions may have detrimental effects on haemostatic mechanisms.
Methods: In a crossover study blood was withdrawn from ten volunteers. Ringer's acetate, 6% low molecular weight HES (M_w 120 000/molar substitution ratio 0.7), 10% low molecular weight HES M_w 200 000/0.5) and 6% high molecular weight HES (M_w 400 000/0.7) or 4% albumin was added to venous blood samples to make either 20 vol.% or 50 vol.% concentrations of each of the solutions. Samples were analyzed by thrombelastography (TEG).
Results: All HES solutions at 20 vol.% concentration impaired haemostasis as demonstrated by decreased clot formation rate (α-angle and maximum amplitude (MA)). In contrast, Ringer's acetate and albumin improved coagulability at 20 vol.% concentrations. Coagulation time (r+K) was prolonged at 50 vol.% dilutions of all solutions. The median r+K was greater with HES 400 ( P <0.05) and HES 200 (N. S.) than with HES 120.
Conclusion: We conclude that HES at 20 and 50 vol.% concentrations has an adverse effect on in vitro measures of coagulation. A 50% dilution with high molecular weight HES seems to impair coagulation more than low molecular weight HES. Ringer's acetate and albumin caused a hypercoagulable state at a concentration of 20 vol.%, but the higher concentration decreased coagulability.