肛门内括约肌解剖生理学研究进展

肛管被肛门括约肌复合体（anal sphincter complex）围绕，肛门括约肌复合体由互相重叠的两层肌肉构成。其外层为肛门外括约肌（external anal sphincter，EAS），它是骨骼肌，为随意肌。肛门括约肌复合体的内层为肛门内括约肌（internal anal sphincter，IAS），它是肛门括约肌复合体的不随意的平滑肌部分。     

肛管外括约肌与耻骨直肠肌解剖学分界平面

近来,一些对神经解剖学、胚胎学和盆底功能的研究表明：肛提肌复合物是由髂骨尾骨肌、耻骨尾骨肌和耻骨直肠肌（ＰＲ）组成,它的成肌细胞和神经支配的来源与肛管外括约肌（ＥＳ）不同。肛提肌复合物由骶３骶４运动神经（Ｓ－３－Ｓ－４）在肌肉内表面直接分支支配,而ＥＳ是由阴部神经（Ｓ－２为主）分支支配。这项研究旨在通过解剖学观察和临床实践进一步证明;ＰＲ与ＥＳ肌的胚胎学分隔以及两者在功能上的区别很可能在成人的解剖结构中仍然保持,这或许具有相应的临床意义。ｌ材料与方法解剖学观紊：（ｌ）２０具成人肛管区（１２具为女…     

肛门外括约肌自主收缩压力与反射收缩压力的比较

目的　比较肛门外括约肌自主收缩压力与反射收缩压力的数值差异。方法　受检者肛管内置水囊 ,联接生理压力测试仪 ,测量 5 0例正常成年人肛门外括约肌自主收缩压力和球海绵体反射、肛门反射时肛门收缩压力。结果　 5 0例测量结果 :肛门外括约肌自主收缩压 375 1Pa± 12 46Pa ,肛门反射压 745Pa± 30 7Pa ,球海绵体反射压 34 31Pa± 10 16Pa。前二者相比差异有显著性 (P <0 0 0 1) ,肛门外括约肌自主收缩压与球海绵体反射压相比差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　肛门外括约肌自主收缩压与肛门反射收缩压有极显著差异 ,与球海绵体反射收缩压相比无明显差异     

肛管内超声对排粪失禁患儿肛门括约肌受损程度的评价

目的探讨肛管内超声对肛门内括约肌（IAS）、肛门外括约肌（EAS）及耻骨直肠肌（PR）形态及完整性的评估,从而为排粪失禁的原因及治疗方案的制订提供客观依据。方法回顾性分析2009年12月至2012年11月间山东大学第二医院收治的14例先天性肛门直肠畸形术后及4例先天性巨结肠术后排粪失禁患儿的临床资料。应用肛管内超声对IAS、EAS及PR进行观察,并进行括约肌受损程度评分;同时行肛管直肠测压评分和肛门功能评分,通过Spearman秩相关分析评价括约肌评分与肛管直肠测压评分和肛门功能评分之间的相关性。结果18例患儿中男13例,女5例,年龄10—16岁。肛门括约肌受损评分结果显示,括约肌轻度受损11例,中度受损65J,重度受损1例;另有PR受损4例。括约肌评分与肛管直肠测压评分之间呈正相关（P〈0．05）,而与肛门功能评分无明显相关性（P〉0．05）。结论肛管内超声可清楚显示IAS、EAS和PR的形态,明确其是否完整及受损程度,是评价肛门直肠畸形术后排粪失禁患儿非常有价值的方法,但并不能完全反映括约肌及肛门的功能状况。     

保留肛门外括约肌手术治疗低位直肠癌

近年，越来越多的直肠癌病人要求避免永久性腹部肠造口。因此，在不影响根治的基础上，如何合理选择保留肛门括约肌功能。是外科医师面临的问题。笔者等在Bacon’s术式的基础上，设计了一种新的保留肛门外括约肌的术式，共治疗低位直肠癌36例，现将临床应用体会报道如下。     

肛门内括约肌部分切断加扩肛术治疗耻骨直肠肌综合征35例

我们采用肛门内括约肌部分切断加扩肛术治疗耻骨直肠肌综合征35例，取得满意疗效，现报告如下。     

直肠癌施行保留肛门括约肌功能手术的理论基础

据我国对直肠癌病人的调查，约有４０％的病人为了保留肛门而去３家以上医院求治，误时１月余，不得已才接受手术治疗。还有４０％病例，因惧怕剜除肛门，致使症状明显加重才到医院接受手术。其实，由于当代外科技术的发展和吻合器械的应用，７５％以上的病例都能采用保留...     

括约肌间切除术的手术解剖再认识

括约肌间切除术（ISR）涉及Hiatal韧带、肛门内外括约肌和联合纵肌的解剖。其中的Hiatal韧带实际上是直肠纵肌的分支,表现为不均匀的环周依附于肛提肌上。内括约肌是直肠环形肌的末端,于直肠纵肌分出Hiatal韧带的水平开始形成,此上界与齿状线的位置关系存在明显的个体差异;虽然内外括约肌间隙存在脂肪组织,但目前没有证...     

肛门括约肌损伤的诊治

肛直肠环亦称耻骨直肠环,是肛管与直肠连接处括约肌群的总称。由耻骨直肠肌、肛管内括约肌、直肠壁纵肌下部、肛管外括约肌的深部和邻近的部分肛提肌纤维等几乎全部肛管直肠的肌肉组成,对排控便起重要作用,其中耻骨直肠肌是维持肛门自制的关键性肌肉。各种原因导致此环不完整,均可引起大便失禁。一、肛门括约肌损伤的常见原因1.外伤:由于车祸、高空坠落伤等原因导致的肛门括约肌损伤近年来呈上升趋势。此类患者多合并有骨盆骨折、会阴部严重的撕裂伤,常因患者有意识障碍、疼痛剧烈、伤口位于直肠肛管内等原因易于漏诊。2.产伤:多见于经阴道…     

直肠癌保留肛门括约肌手术适应证的选择及预后分析

目的探讨直肠癌保留肛门括约肌(sphincterpreservationoperation,SPO)手术选择标准,分析影响直肠癌保肛术适应证选择的因素。方法回顾性分析1994年4月至2004年4月间,手术治疗708例直肠癌患者的临床资料,对SPO术与经腹会阴切除手术(abdominoperinealresection,APR)两组患者的临床病理指标和生存率进行统计学比较。结果本组直肠乙状结肠交界段癌66例;直肠上段癌138例;直肠中段癌195例;直肠下段癌309例。APR术227例;SPO手术481例,其中Dixon手术449例,拖出保肛手术12例,“J”Poch20例。SPO和APR术两组患者在性别、年龄、肝脏转移、肿瘤长径、浸润深度、Dukes分期等方面比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);但在有无合并低位肠梗阻、癌肿部位、组织学分化程度、侵犯周径、淋巴结转移及根治程度方面比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。全组根治性切除660例(93.2%)。SPO术保肛率66.7%(311/481),其中低位直肠癌43.7%(135/309)。手术死亡率0.4%(3/708);术后局部复发率5.5%(39/708)。SPO组中位生存时间(65.0±6.9)个月,5年生存率59.3%;APR组中位生存时间(42.2±5.6)个月,5年生存率42.3%;两组比较P<0.01。结论直肠癌患者在确保根治前提下应首选SPO术,低位直肠癌患者根据肿瘤部位、分化程度、淋巴结转移状况及手术者经验选择SPO适应证应是可行的。     

磁共振成像在复发性肛瘘中的应用价值

为探讨磁共振成像（magneticresonanceimaging,MRI）在复发性肛瘘中的应用价值,回顾40例复发性肛瘘患者的MRI表现,总结分析其内口位置特点、瘘管走行形态以及肛提肌侵犯范围等。MRI采用Philips1．5T超导型磁共振扫描机,软体线圈,检查体位为仰卧位。采用横断：TIWI自旋回波（SE）序列,T2WI快速自旋回波（FSE）序列,T2WI脂肪抑制（FAT—SAT）序列。冠状及斜冠状位：T2WIFSE序列。层厚5ram,间隔lmm。结果显示,40例复发性肛瘘患者均为高位肛瘘,手术证实均存在内口,其中38例术中所见与MRI表现一致,该38例患者内口均位于肛窦附近（32例存在1个内口,6例存在2个内口）;另2例MRI检查各序列及断面均未显示内口。瘘管长度7．0～16．0cm（其中走行平直23例,走行迂曲17例）;瘘管宽度0．8～3．0cm。瘘管走行于肌间者32例,走行于肛提肌内者8例。本组患者瘘管壁均不规则,其厚度为0．3～1．0cm。瘘管存在支管者11例;内盲瘘1例。瘘管仅侵犯耻骨直肠肌者4例,仅侵犯髂骨尾骨肌者9例,耻骨直肠肌及髂骨尾骨肌同时受侵27例;并发瘘管组织癌变1例。结果表明,MRI能准确显示内口的位置、瘘管走行及肛提肌受侵范围、程度,在复发性肛瘘术前检查中具有重要作用。     

Staging Anal Cancer: Prospective Comparison of Transanal Endoscopic Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Purpose  The staging of anal cancer is extremely important for therapy and prognosis. Transanal endoscopic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging are routinely applied. The aim of this prospective comparative study is to evaluate whether tumor staging is concordant between these techniques. Methods  Forty-five anal cancer patients underwent endoscopic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Histological confirmation was obtained in all patients. The two test methods were compared with the kappa concordance index and sensitivity for the initial method of tumor detection was calculated. For six patients who were operated upon because of tumor progression, the results were evaluated against the histological tumor stage. Results  High concordance was found in the assessment of tumor size and nodal status (kappa index 0.63 and 0.77). Cancer patients were correctly identified with 100% sensitivity (45/45) by endoscopic ultrasound and with 88.9% (40/45) sensitivity by magnetic resonance imaging. In the six operated patients, T stage was correctly assessed in four of six patients by endoscopic ultrasound and in three of six patients by magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion  The results of endoscopic ultrasound strongly coincide with those of magnetic resonance imaging. Endoscopic ultrasound may be superior to magnetic resonance imaging for detection of small superficial tumors. However, magnetic resonance imaging is needed for N staging.     

Effect of Micturition on the External Anal Sphincter: Identification of the Urethro-Anal Reflex

Abstract

Background/Objective: A study on the response of the external anal sphincter (EAS) to the passage of urine through the urethra during micturition could not be found in the literature. We investigated the hypothesis that urine passage through the urethra effects EAS contraction to guard against possible flatus or stool leakage during micturition.

Methods: The study was performed in 23 healthy volunteers (age, 38.6 ± 10.8 [SD] years; 14 men and 9 women). The EAS electromyogram (EMG) was performed during micturition by surface electrodes applied to the EAS. Also, the EAS EMG response to urethral stimulation by a catheter-mounted electrode was registered. The test was repeated after individual anesthetization of the EAS and urethra.

Results: The EAS EMG recorded a significant increase (P < 0.01) during micturition and on urethral stimulation at the bladder neck. Stimulation of the prostatic, membranous, or penile urethra produced no significant change in the EAS EMG. Urethral stimulation after individual EAS and urethral anesthetization did not cause any changes in the EAS EMG.

Conclusions: Urine passing through the urethra or urethral stimulation at the vesical neck produced an increase in the EAS EMG, which presumably denotes EAS contraction, which seems to guard against flatus or fecal leakage during micturition. EAS contraction on urethral stimulation is suggested to be mediated through a urethra-anal reflex. Further studies on this issue may potentially prove the diagnostic significance of this reflex in micturition and defecation disorders.     

两种手术方式治疗括约肌外肛瘘临床疗效比较

目的 研究瘘管部分切除+肛提肌缝合+直肠黏膜封闭术和部分切开后挂线术治疗括约肌外肛瘘的临床效果.方法 128例括约肌外肛瘘患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组患者64人,观察组使用瘘管部分切除+肛提肌缝合+直肠黏膜封闭术治疗,对照组使用部分切开后挂线术治疗.比较观察组和对照组的临床效果、直肠和肛管功能变化、复发率和后遗症发生率.结果 观察组的治愈率高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);观察组的瘢痕面积低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);观察组瘘管内口、瘘管外口和瘘管的治愈率高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);术后观察组的复发率和后遗症发生率低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 瘘管部分切除+肛提肌缝合+直肠黏膜封闭术治疗括约肌外肛瘘具有并发症少等优点,较大限度地保护了肛门功能,具有一定的临床推广价值.     

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Postoperative Meniscus

Imaging of the postoperative meniscus is a challenge. Nevertheless, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the symptomatic knee after meniscal surgery is a valuable diagnostic study of both the menisci and the entire joint. At present, symptomatic patients who have had partial meniscectomy of less than 25% may be evaluated by MRI. For those with partial meniscectomy of greater than 25% or after meniscal repair, direct or indirect magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) should be considered. Currently, the decision of whether to perform direct (intra-articular) versus indirect (intravenous) MRA must be reviewed on a case-by-case basis considering both the patient's ability to tolerate intra-articular injection and whether a significant effusion already exists, which will imbue the tear with synovial fluid (making intra-articular injection of less importance). In such cases of significant effusion, indirect MRA would be preferred. If MRI or MRA is contraindicated, computed tomography arthrography seems a promising alternative. For a patient who has undergone meniscal allograft transplantation, MRI seems adequate for detecting meniscocapsular healing, allograft extrusion, and allograft tear. Future improvements in MRI sequencing may obviate the need for invasive modalities.     

Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Hemospermia

Purpose

We evaluated the prostate and seminal tract with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with hemospermia.

Materials and Methods

To evaluate the prostate and seminal tract in 17 patients 20 to 59 years old (mean age 44) with hemospermia we performed transrectal ultrasound and MRI using an endorectal surface coil with a 1.5 tesla unit. Mean duration of hemospermia was 32 months (1 week to 16 years).

Results

Abnormalities were noted on transrectal ultrasound in 15 of the 17 patients (88%) and on MRI in all. Of the 12 cases of hemorrhage 10 involved the seminal vesicle and 2 involved the ejaculatory duct. There were 12 cystic lesions, including 7 in the mullerian and 5 in the ejaculatory ducts. Of 19 cases calculi were detected in the prostate in 5, seminal vesicle in 8, and ejaculatory and mullerian duct cysts in 4 and 2, respectively. There was 1 case of prostatic atrophy and 1 wolffian duct anomaly associated with an ejaculatory duct cyst, ectopic ureterocele and absence of the left kidney.

Conclusions

MRI with an endorectal surface coil is a powerful modality for evaluating the seminal tracts of patients with hemospermia. It can be performed clinically when transrectal ultrasonography is not satisfactory.