7—12岁学生生长发育和体形分析

利用体型分析儿童青少年生长发育在我国尚不多见,应用Heath-Carter体型分类法来进行体型研究更为少见,通过对体型的分析在一定程度上可了解人体的形态结构及组成成分。Heath-Carter体型是一种体型综合评价法,它将体型分成三类,即肥胖丰满的内     

广西巴马县瑶族青少年体型特征分析

目的探索广西巴马县瑶族青少年体型特征及其变化规律,为开展少数民族学生体重发育研究提供参考。方法用Heath-Carter法对1225名6～19岁瑶族青少年体型进行评价。结果瑶族男青少年体型以中间型占优势,而女生7～11岁各组同样以中间型为主,12岁以后体型向内胚层转移。随年龄增长,男生体型由中间型向外胚层型发展后又返回中间型,女生由中间型向偏中胚层的内胚层体型发展。结论瑶族青少年较其他群体皮下脂肪稍厚,骨骼肌肉系统发育较差,身材矮小匀称。     

乌鲁木齐市城区7~12岁维吾尔族学生体型分析

探讨乌鲁木齐市城区维吾尔族小学生身体发育状况和体型随年龄增长表现的特点,为增强小学生体质健康水平提供依据.方法 运用西斯—卡特(Heath-Carter)法,对整群分层抽取的乌鲁木齐市城区756名7~12岁维吾尔族小学生进行体型测量.结果 从体型分布图上看,男生体型三因子均值为3.61,4.50,2.81,集中于外胚层区域,而随年龄增长逐渐向中胚层偏移;女生体型三因子均值为3.71,4.13,3.73,处于体型图的中心附近,随年龄增长有向偏中胚层的内胚层体型区域变化趋势.结论 乌鲁木齐城区维吾尔族小学生身体发育状况良好,体重、体脂百分比较高.应加强学校健康教育,优化饮食结构,减少高脂肪食物摄入,加强课余体育锻炼.     

辽西汉族青少年体型的研究

[目的]为探讨我国辽西地区汉族青少年体型发育的特点与规律,为体质人类学补充必要的资料.[方法]采用Heath-Carter人体测量法对辽西地区城乡青少年的体型进行了调研.[结果]城女在内因子,城男在中、外因子及乡男在外因子方面各占优势;男生的平均体型属三胚中间型,女生的平均体型属偏外胚层的内胚层体型;与国内外群体比较,男生体型与日本人较接近,女生体型与芬兰人较接近.[结论]辽西地区汉族青少年脂肪发育和身体线性度居中等水平,骨骼肌肉发育居中下等.     

3～6岁双生子体型遗传分析

目的 分析3～6岁幼儿体型各因子的遗传度,探讨遗传与环境因素对其体型发育的影响.方法 采用Heath-Carter体型法对72对3～6岁同性别双生子[同卵双生子(MZ)42对,异卵双生子(DZ)30对]的体型进行分析,用Holzinger公式估算体型各因子遗传度.结果 二维空间的体型离散距离(SDD)和三维空间体型位置距离(SAD)显示,MZ的体型较DZ更为接近;体型各因子对间方差在2类双生子间均无明显差异,中因子和外因子的对内方差DZ均明显大于MZ、组内相关系数MZ均明显大于DZ;内、中、外3个因子的遗传度分别为0.38、0.67、0.73.结论 遗传与环境因素对3～6岁幼儿体型发育均有一定影响,内因子主要受环境影响,中、外因子受遗传因素影响较大.     

男青少年体型与形态、机能、素质发育相互关系的研究

利用希斯·卡特体型评价法,对1028名7～17岁北京城区男青少年进行了体型分析;比较了内、中、外胚三种体型男孩在骨龄、身高等28项形态、机能、素质发育上的差异。作者探讨了这些差异的产生原因,并就该体型评价法的应用前景作了讨论。     

谈谈群体发育综合评价图

<正> 离差法是评价儿童少年生长发育较常用的方法,根据离差法的原理,本人设计了一种群体发育综合评价图,按等级评价法,将均值与标准差结合起来评价儿童发育水平。该图吸取了曲线图法、体型图法以及费氏综合评价图的优点,在同一张图上标有不同发育等级和各群体的实际年龄以及发育等级所     

用相关法对1193名监测儿童进行评价

用相关法对1193名监测儿童进行了综合评价。结果表明,按体型评价:粗壮型占48.5％,匀称型占37.4％,纤细型占14.1％。男孩以粗壮型居多,女孩以匀称型最高。体型与年龄的关系是,随着年龄的增长,粗壮型呈递减趋势,而匀称型递增。按营养状况评价:男、女两组的营养状况无差异。按年龄分成五组,各组间有所不同。其规律是在各年龄组中,营养好和正常者随着年龄的增长而减少,而营养不良趋于增多,且以18月、24月组差异显著。其原因与断奶迟,辅食添加不好有关。对于营养的评价方法很多,但以相关法较为全面,它不仅能指明孩子的营养状况分级,而且能评价出体型匀称度,为指导小儿健美成长指出努力方向。     

抑郁症患者体型的Heath-Carter法研究

目的探讨抑郁症患者的体型特征。方法应用Heath—Carter体型法对符合中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第三版（CCMD-3）首次抑郁发作的222例（男62例,女160例）患者进行体型评价。结果抑郁症患者男性的体型为内胚-中胚均衡型体型（3.79-3.80-2.23）,女性为偏中胚层体型的内胚层体型（4.60-3.53-1.72）。结论抑郁症患者体型与健康人群体型有差异（P〈0.05）,抑郁症患者有独特的体型特征。     

儿童青少年体型自我评价与抑郁症状关系的研究

目的 了解儿童青少年体型自我评价和体重指数(BMI)评价结果的一致性,分析体型与抑郁症状的关系.方法 以2010年全国学生体质与健康调研安徽省池州市5555名9～18岁儿童青少年为研究对象,比较体型自我评价和BMI评价结果的一致性及其与抑郁症状的关系.结果 男女生体型自我评价和BMI评价结果具有轻度一致性(Kappa=0.217,P=0.000;Kappa=0.203,P=0.000).43.0％的男生和37.5％的女生错误估计了自己的体型,男女生体型低估率分别为35.9％和23.3％,高估率分别为7.1％和14.2％,差异有统计学意义(x2=145.223,P=0.000).logistic多因素回归分析结果显示,体型自我评价和体型错估均与抑郁症状存在统计学关联.与自我评价正常组比较,自我评价消瘦、超重和肥胖的抑郁症状检出率比值比分别为1.255(95％CI:1.066～1.478)、1.538(95％CI:1.275～1.856)和1.713(95％CI:1.035 ～ 2.834),体型高估和低估学生抑郁症状的风险分别是一致组的1.705倍(95％CI:1.382～ 2.105)和1.241倍(95％CI:1.059 ～1.454).结论 儿童青少年体型自我评价与BMI评价结果一致性轻微,体型错估是抑郁症状的危险因素.应开展以生活技能为核心的综合性干预措施,促进儿童青少年身心健康.     

安徽农村青少年体型的Heath-Carter人体测量法研究

目的 :　了解安徽农村青少年的体型发育状况。方法 :　采用 Heath- Carter人体测量法对繁昌县农村 1 678名 (男 91 4 ,女 764) 7～ 1 8岁汉族青少年进行体型分析。结果 :　女性内因子大于男性 ,中因子和外因子小于男性。随着年龄的增长 ,男女体型都在发生变化。男性逐渐由中胚型过渡到外胚型 ;女性由三胚中间型经偏内胚型的外胚型演变为内胚型。经检验 ,同龄男女间差异显著。通过与蒙古族和国外其他群体相比较 ,表明在不同民族和人种间的体型有一定差异。结论 :　 Heath- Carter体型法在人类营养学和体质人类学领域有广阔的应用前景。青春期是形成体型的关键时期。     

汉族儿童青少年体型遗传的双生子研究

目的分析遗传与环境因素对儿童青少年体型的影响,并探讨其中年龄和性别的作用。方法采用Heath-Carter法对376对6～18岁同性别汉族双生子（同卵双生子245对,异卵双生子131对）的体型三因子进行计算。调整另外两项体型因子后,用Mx软件拟合最佳模型,计算各体型因子的遗传与环境方差组分,分析年龄和性别的作用,并按体格突增分期估算不同发育期各因子的遗传度。结果校正年龄后,男生内、中、外三因子的遗传度分别为0．45,0．80,0．44;女生内、中、外三因子的遗传度分别为0．82,0．79,0．81;男生内因子的遗传度在青春期晚期明显高于前期（t=4．99,P〈0．01）和早期（t=6．16,P〈0．01）,外因子的遗传度在青春期晚期明显低于前期（t=3．35,P〈0．01）和早期（t=4．12,P〈0．01）;女生内因子（t=2．77,P〈0．01）、中因子（t=2．08,P〈0．05）的遗传度均为青春期前期明显高于早期。结论遗传因素对女生体型的影响明显高于男生,尤以内因子和外因子最为明显,男生中因子主要受遗传因素影响,内、外因子受环境因素影响较大。不同发育阶段对体型各因子遗传度的影响应引起重视。     

Comparison of somatotype between Chinese and Japanese children and youth by using Heath-Carter method

This study was designed to compare the different somatotype growth of Chinese and Japanese boys aged 7 through 17. 2,074 subjects participated in it. Their somatotypes were analysed by using Heath-Carter method and their morphological varieties compared. Significant differences were found not only in their limb length and bone width, but also in their muscle circumferences and skinfolds. These differences showed the superiority of Chinese boys in ectomorph factor and the Japanese boys in endomorph and mesomorph factors respectively. The somatotype distributions of these two nations were also quite different at different ages, although they showed similar changing trend of somatotype around adolescent growth spurt.     

Somatotyping of schizophrenic and affective disorder patients

INTRODUCTION: Constitutional traits have been found to show a distinct relevance to major psychiatric disorders. Syndromal modified expressivity is also closely related to somatotypic constitution. In this view somatotyping appears valuable in diagnosis and prognosis of mental disorders. AIM: The present study was conducted in an attempt to outline somatotypic characteristics of schizophrenia and affective disorders with the aim of providing a logical basis for diagnosis of these major psychiatric disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The somatotype of 54 schizophrenic and 68 affective disorder inpatients who fulfil the DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia (subjects with schizophreniform, schizoaffective, schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders were excluded from the sample) and affective disorder (bipolar and unipolar) was assessed using the Health-Carter anthropometric method. RESULTS: The overall assessment of the somatotypes determined both groups as endomorphs mesomorphs with somatotype components 4.50-4.44-1.90 for schizophrenic patients and 5.87-5.40-0.36 for affective disorder patients. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant for any of the somatotype components. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that the constitutional and somatotypic characterization appears reasonable element in the multifactorial analysis of diagnostic decisions in these major psychiatric disorders.     

母亲对儿童体形认知与营养状况调查分析

目的:分析母亲对儿童体形认知的现状以及与儿童营养状态的差异,为促进儿童健康策略的制定提供依据。方法:采用全国统一测量方法测量2所幼儿园259名5～6岁儿童体质量、身高,评价儿童营养状况;同时对母亲进行儿童体形认知问卷调查,比较母亲对儿童体形认知与该人群营养状况的符合程度。结果:调查对象的消瘦和超重/肥胖检出率分别为3.86%和6.18%,男女儿童营养状况差别无统计学意义(χ2=1.806,P>0.05);母亲对儿童体形认知与体格筛查结果比较总符合率64.48%,一致程度不够理想(u=4.36,P<0.01)。结论:沧州市城区5～6岁集体儿童生长发育总体水平良好,但仍存在营养不良和营养过剩双重问题;母亲对儿童体形的评价存在认知偏差;当前普及科学育儿知识是一项紧迫的、长期的任务。     

Somatotype and disease prevalence in adults

We examined the association between the somatotype and its main components (endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy), and the prevalence of several chronic diseases. The data were obtained from a cross-sectional survey designed to assess somatotype and morbidity with special reference to most often diagnosed diseases. The study population comprised 524 men and 250 women. The subjects underwent laboratory tests and clinical and anthropometric examinations. Of all examined workers, 94.8% fell into the five somatotype categories; of these, 394 were endomorphic mesomorphs. The most common somatotype was endomorphic mesomorph for men and mesomorph-endomorph for women. In five disease groups, prevalence was significantly related to a somatotype. Mesomorphic endomorphs most frequently suffered from digestive system diseases (40.6%, p < 0.05), neuroses (30.1%, p < 0.05), and radiculitis lumbosacralis (15.4%). The prevalence of arterial hypertension in mesomorph-endomorphs (37.1%), endomorphic mesomorphs (35.5%), and mesomorphic endomorphs (34.3%) was equal. In both genders, those with the highest endomorphy and mesomorphy and the lowest ectomorphy, grouped by cluster analysis, were those who suffered most frequently from arterial hypertension and liver disease. The authors conclude that the somatotype having a dominant mesomorphy and marked endomorphy constitutes a risk factor as a particular predisposition toward certain diseases and requires body weight control.     

Somatotype, nutrition, and obesity

The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the somatotype characteristics of the studied group and search for a relation between somatotype, obesity, and particular features of nutrition. METHODS: Somatotype after Health & Carter (1990), nutritional status according to Body mass index (BMI), and nutrition determined by food-frequency questionnaires. RESULTS: Over 94% of the subjects in this study were distributed into five somatotype categories: 51.6% endomorphic mesomorphs, 17.1% mesomorph-endomorphs, 16.7% mesomorphic endomorphs, 6.1% balanced mesomorphs, and 3.0% ectomorphic mesomorphs, with a pronounced sexual dimorphism. Males were distributed into five categories: over 65% were endomorphic mesomorphs, and above 40 years of age the mesomorphy increased. Females were distributed into three somatotype categories: up to and above 40 years of age over 44% were mesomorphic endomorphs. In the most common somatotype categories, 1 of 5 subjects (from 21.4% to 19.9%) had normal body mass (< 25 kg/m2), 4 of 5 subjects (from 34.2% to 52.6%) were overweight (> 25 kg/m2) or obese (> 30 kg/m2) kg/m2 (from 44.4% to 27.5%). In the remaining eight categories, all subjects had normal body mass. Hyperenergetic, sodium- and fat-excess nutrition had an especially unfavorable influence.     

Somatotypic characteristic of schizophrenic patients

AIM: Introduction of quantitative metric methods of somatotype assessment in schizophrenic patients to make clinical diagnosis more objective, the diagnosis being otherwise based exclusively on the clinical interview and assessment of the mental status of patients and thus involving certain subjectivity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 67 schizophrenic inpatients (38 men, 29 women) consecutively admitted to the Clinic of Psychiatry in Plovdiv. Their mean age was 31.47 years (SD = 9.43, range 16-56), mean duration of illness 6.86 (SD = 6.09, range 1-27), mean number of hospitalizations 4.22 (SD = 4.08, range 1-19). The patients satisfied DSM-IV criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The control group comprised 69 subjects (36 men, 33 women) with a mean age 39.24 years (SD = 10.18, range 22-68) and socioeconomic background matching that of the patients. RESULTS: The data showed statistically significant differences in the three somatotype component and in almost all somatotypological variables between male schizophrenic patients and control subjects. The somatotype categories were more extensively presented in the schizophrenic patients. There was a tendency to higher frequency of the ectomorphic categories (ectomorphic mesomorph, mesomorphic ectomorph and endomorph-ectomorph). No statistically significant differences were found in the somatotype components and somatotypological variables between the female schizophrenic patients and control subjects. CONCLUSION: The data of the examination of the somatotype of schizophrenic patients and control subjects evince a definite sexually related body constitution characteristic that differentiates the groups. Schizophrenic patients and control subjects are clearly determined somatotypically only in the group of males.     

Somatotypological characteristics of the development of fat component in students

Individual typological characteristics were studied in first- and fourth-year female students. It was shown that the dominant somatotype was micromesomatic in the first-year students and macrosomal in the senior students. Body component composition was studied in the examinees. No significant average group differences were found in the absolute and relative body fat content in the students. The somatotype distribution using the weight-height ratio indicated significant differences in fat components in the female representatives of different types of constitution.