12例慢性心力衰竭患者植入心律转复除颤器作为心脏性猝死的一级预防

目的探讨植入型心律转复除颤器（ICD）对慢性心力衰竭患者心脏性猝死的一级预防作用。方法12例缺血性或非缺血性：心肌病患者，男性11例，女性1例，平均年龄59．4岁。心功能Ⅱ～Ⅲ级（NYHA分级），左心率射血分数0．23～0．36，常规进行标准抗心力衰竭治疗。患者均行ICD植入，并进行ICD参数的设置。术后1、3、6个月，以后每6个月随访1次，观察病人的临床症状，随访时通过体外程控仪调出ICD储存的资料进行分析，了解恶性心律失常的发生情况，ICD的工作情况。结果术中及随访期间无死亡及心力衰竭加重，尢手术并发症。全部病例随访了3～30个月，其中2例患者发生心室颤动（室颤），除颤成功，3例患者发生室性心动过速，ATP转复成功，1例患者因心房颤动快速心室率发生误放电，通过药物控制心室率及调整ICD参数，未再发生误放电。结论12例心力衰竭患者中在随访期内（3～30个月）5例（42％）发生了室颤或室性心动过速，均经ICD成功复律。因此，ICD能有效预防慢性心力衰竭患者的心脏性猝死。     

微伏极T波电交替筛选慢性心力衰竭患者预防性植入心脏复律除颤器的临床研究

目的:探讨微伏极T波电交替(MTWA)是否有助于选择预防性植入心脏复律除颤器(ICD)的慢性心力衰竭(心衰)患者,尤其是否有助于排除从ICD治疗中获益较少的低危患者。方法:入选左室射血分数(LVEF)≤35%并且无持续性室性心律失常的39例缺血性或非缺血性心肌病患者,所有患者用动态心电图时域分析法检测MTWA最大值。V3导联电压47μV为阳性,电压≤47μV为阴性。MTWA测定后所有心衰患者植入ICD进行一级预防。术后1、3、6个月各随访1次,以后每6个月随访1次。主要终点为全因死亡或非致死性持续性室性心律失常。结果:有19例患者(48.7%)MTWA检查结果为阳性。在(20±4)个月的随访期内,MTWA阳性组发生13例终点事件(1例死亡和12例非致死性持续性室性心律失常),MTWA阴性组发生1例终点事件(1例非致死性持续性室性心律失常)。MTWA阳性预测价值为68.4%,阴性预测价值为95%。结论:对于LVEF≤35%且无持续性室性心律失常的缺血性或非缺血性心肌病患者,MTWA不仅有助于选择预防性植入心脏ICD的高危患者,而且有助于确定从预防性ICD植入中获益较少的低危患者。     

24例扩张型心肌病应用埋藏式心脏复律除颤器一级预防心脏性猝死的临床应用

目的:随访扩张型心肌病患者埋藏式心脏复律除颤器(ICD)对心脏性猝死(SCD)的一级预防作用。方法:选取2013-12至2014-12浙江大学医学院附属第二医院心内科扩张型心肌病患者36例,其中男性29例(80.6%),女性7例(19.4%),平均年龄(63.0±11.8)岁。36例患者符合一级预防适应症并植入ICD者为ICD组(n=24),由于家庭条件等原因拒绝行ICD治疗的患者为对照组(n=12)。治疗后1、3、6个月随访,以后每6个月随访1次,观察患者的临床症状,随访时通过体外程控仪调出ICD储存的资料进行分析,了解恶性心律失常的发生情况,ICD的工作情况。结果:24例ICD组患者经锁骨下静脉植入的植入CRT-D 10例(42%),植入ICD 14例(58%),无并发症发生。36例患者随访6~18个月,ICD组患者中3例患者发生心室颤动(室颤),均除颤成功,4例患者发生室性心动过速,抗心动过速起搏转复成功,1例患者因心房颤动快速心室率发生误放电,通过药物控制心室率及调整ICD参数,未再发生误放电。ICD组随访时与本组入院时比较,除1例植入CRT-D的患者左心室射血分数(LVEF)下降以外,其余23例患者LVEF均较术前明显增高[(40.59±11.71)% vs (25.12±5.35)%],与对照组随访期间比较LVEF显著增加,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);对照组患者心脏结构及左心室收缩功能均没有明显改善(P0.05),LVEF无改善[(30.47±6.52)% vs (30.73±6.31)%,P0.05]。结论:ICD在扩张型心肌病患者SCD一级预防中疗效明确,可使心脏性猝死的高危患者获益。     

埋藏式复律除颤器预防心脏性猝死的研究

埋藏式复律除颤器(ICD)是目前预防心脏性猝死最重要的手段,本文综述近年ICD的临床研究,分析ICD对心脏性猝死一级和二级预防适应证的变迁.ICD应用的适应范围逐渐扩大,从室颤导致心脏骤停病史者,扩展到自发或可诱导出的持续性室性心动过速、缺血性心肌病心脏性猝死高危患者(有陈旧性心肌梗死病史,左室射血分数低,QRS波群时限增宽)、以及缺血性或非缺血性心肌病、左室射血分数(LVEF)≤30%～35%的心脏性猝死高危患者的应用.临床荟萃研究表明ICD一级预防具有良好的费用/获益比,临床医师应积极接受心力衰竭患者植入ICD预防心脏性猝死的观点.     

埋藏式复律除颤器预防心脏性猝死的研究

埋藏式复律除颤器(ICD)是目前预防心脏性猝死最重要的手段,本文综述近年ICD的临床研究,分析ICD对心脏性猝死一级和二级预防适应证的变迁。ICD应用的适应范围逐渐扩大。从室颤导致心脏骤停病史者,扩展到自发或可诱导出的持续性室性心动过速、缺血性心肌病心脏性猝死高危患者(有陈旧性心肌梗死病史,左室射血分数低,QRS波群时限增宽)、以及缺血性或非缺血性心肌病、左室射血分数(LVEF)≤30%～35%的心脏性猝死高危患者的应用。临床荟萃研究表明ICD一级预防具有良好的费用/获益比,临床医师应积极接受心力衰竭患者植入ICD预防心脏性猝死的观点。     

植入型心律转复除颤器对慢性心力衰竭心脏性猝死的一级预防

目的评价植入型心律转复除颤器（ICD）在慢性心力衰竭患者心脏性猝死一级预防中的治疗作用。方法对2005年1月至2008年12月符合ICD一级预防标准并植入ICD的患者进行随访。ICD的诊断设置室性心动过速（VT）、心室颤动（VF）两个工作区,治疗设置抗-tk,动过速起搏（ATP）、低能量同步转复（CV）和高能量除颤（DF）。术后患者常规给予抗心律失常药物。每3～6个月随访1次,利用程控仪获取ICD储存资料,了解患者心律失常发作情况以及ICD的诊断和治疗是否准确,及时调整相关参数并处理ICD故障。结果共随访了22例患者,平均随访（12．8±8．6）个月。共有10例患者记录到ICD治疗事件。10例患者ICD记录到持续性VT事件,其中由ATP终止6例,CV终止4例。4例患者有VF事件,均1次DF成功。2例ICD将快速心室率心房颤动（AF）识别为VF并进行放电治疗并转复房颤。结论ICD在慢性心力衰竭患者心脏性猝死一级预防中的治疗效果是肯定的,ICD联合抗心律失常药物能有效治疗恶性室性心律失常,预防心脏性猝死。     

带有心力衰竭预警功能的CRT-D InSync Sentry的临床应用

目的联合有心脏再同步治疗（CRT）和植入型心律转复除颤器（ICD）功能的CRT-D已开始应用于临床治疗充血性心力衰竭，尤其是带有心力衰竭预警功能的InSync Sentry可以预警心功能的恶化，提示医生及早干预，减少心力衰竭的发生。本文旨在初步总结InSync Sentry的临床应用。方法6例药物治疗无效的充血性心力衰竭患者接受了CRT-D InSync Sentry治疗。其中3例患者既往有恶性室性心律失常发作史。基础病因为扩张性心肌病5例，缺血性心肌病1例。结果6例患者均成功植入InSync Sentry，平均左心室导线起搏阈值1．24V，除颤能量≤20J，无并发症发生。随访2-13个月，1例患者发生2次室性心动过速导致的电击事件；1例患者由于心功能恶化出现2次报警事件，药物治疗后好转。结论CRT-D植入相对安全，能有效预防心脏性猝死，成功预警心功能恶化，改善预后。     

心力衰竭患者植入心脏再同步化治疗除颤器后恰当放电情况以及序贯管理

目的:了解不同病因心力衰竭患者接受心脏再同步化治疗除颤器(CRT-D)治疗后室性心律失常的发生情况以及CRT-D诊断和治疗情况,分析CRT-D治疗后室性心律失常发生的独立预测因素,明确CRT-D放电对死亡率的影响,探讨CRT-D恰当放电的管理措施及效果。方法:对2009-01至2015-04期间我科成功植入CRT-D的42例患者进行随访,缺血性心肌病组12例,其中埋藏式心脏复律除颤器(ICD)一级预防8例,ICD二级预防4例;非缺血性心肌病组30例,其中ICD一级预防19例,ICD二级预防11例。对恰当放电的患者采用药物调整、器械参数调整、血运重建及射频消融的序贯治疗。结果:缺血性心肌病组平均随访(38.1±24.0)个月,7例患者术后发生室性心律失常,5例患者CRT-D恰当放电。非缺血性心肌病组平均随访(27.5±17.8)个月,11例患者术后发生室性心律失常,10例患者CRT-D恰当放电。两组差异无统计学意义(P0.05);缺血性心肌病组患者的数阵抗心动过速起搏(ATP)治疗室性心律失常的成功率高于非缺血性心肌病组(69%vs 55%,P0.05)。COX模型多因素回归分析显示ICD二级预防是术后室性心律失常发生的独立影响因子(P=0.001)。随访期间,CRT-D放电患者的死亡率明显高于CRT-D无放电患者(43%vs 0%,P0.05)。经药物调整、器械参数调整、血运重建及射频消融的四步序贯治疗,缺血性心肌病组中80%的恰当放电患者未再放电。经药物调整、器械参数调整及射频消融的三步序贯治疗,非缺血性心肌病组中90%的恰当放电患者未再放电、10%的患者放电减少。结论:ICD二级预防是术后室性心律失常发生的独立影响因子;植入CRT-D的患者,如果出现放电事件,死亡风险会增加;药物调整、器械参数调整以及血运重建、射频消融的序贯治疗对减少CRT-D恰当放电相当重要。     

植入型心律转复除颤器在遗传性心律失常患者中的应用及术后随访

目的 了解因遗传性心律失常植入心律转复除颤器(ICD)的患者术后情况及ICD的治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析阜外医院从2004年6月到2011年6月诊断为长QT综合征、Brugada综合征、致心律失常性右心室心肌病(ARVC)以及肥厚型心肌病并且植入了ICD的全部患者,通过定期随访及调阅患者的ICD内存储的数据了解患者术后的一般情况、ICD植入术后室性心律失常的发作情况以及ICD的工作情况.结果 共入选患者43例,其中男25例,女18例,年龄8～78(41.5±15.8)岁,随访8 ～84 (37.0±20.6)个月.21例(48.8％)患者在随访期内发生室性心动过速/心室颤动(室速/室颤)事件,其中有5例(11.6％)患者发生的室速/室颤事件属于不恰当识别.1例患者在植入ICD后发生未识别事件.ICD共记录到室速/室颤事件382次,植入ICD后首次发生室速/室颤事件的时间为术后1～36(6.4±8.9)个月,84.6％的室速/室颤事件发生于1年内.ICD共启动治疗程序498次,包括抗心动过速起搏381次,同步电复律83次,高能量除颤34次.结论 遗传性心律失常患者恶性室性心律失常复发率高且复发早.二级预防植入ICD可有效预防患者猝死的发生.     

ICD在恶性室性心律失常治疗中的应用

目的观察埋藏式心脏复律除颤器(ICD)在治疗恶性室性心律失常中的作用。方法对2005年1月至2009年11月在我院植入ICD的96例患者的临床资料及植入ICD后的长期随访结果进行回顾性分析,其中男80例,女16例,年龄14~79岁(53±12.2岁)。结果①植入ICD进行一级预防的患者32例(33.33%),二级预防64例(66.67%);②病因分析显示致心律失常性右室心肌病11例(11.46%),肥厚型心肌病8例(8.33%),缺血性心肌病29例(30.21%),扩张型心肌病13例(13.54%),长QT综合征1例(1.04%),Brugada综合征10例(10.42%),多形性室速19例(19.79%),特发性室颤4例(4.17%),心肌致密化不全1例(1.04%);③临床表现为持续性室速或室颤64例(66.67%),其中合并有房速16例(16.67%);④起搏模式为:单腔ICD54例(56.25%),双腔ICD42例(43.75%);⑤术中测试ICD的起搏参数并诱发心室颤动,采用20J一次电击复律成功;⑥随访结果显示植入ICD后共发生室性心律失常事件426阵次,共启动抗心动过速起搏(ATP)治疗378阵次,成功304次(成功率80.42%);高能量放电90次;有3次为窦性心动过速或房颤伴快速心室率所致的不恰当治疗。结论 ICD能有效治疗恶性室性心律失常,预防心脏性猝死;ATP是ICD治疗的有效方法;术后定期随访,及时优化ICD参数,合理选用辅助治疗,可减少不恰当治疗及提高ICD治疗的成功率。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.