66例妊娠期间血小板减少的临床分析

目的 探讨妊娠期间血小板减少的病因及临床处理方法。方法 收集66例妊娠合并血小板减少患者的临床资料,分析妊娠期间血小板减少的病因及相关处理措施。结果 66例患者中,单纯妊娠引起的血小板减少47例(71.21%),妊娠期高血压疾病13例(19.70%),特发性血小板减少性紫癜4例(6.06%),肝功能异常1例(1.52%)及系统性红斑狼疮1例(1.52%)。12例血小板计数＜50×109/L的患者中,7例为妊娠高血压综合征(58.33%),3例为特发性血小板减少性紫癜(25.00%)。剖宫产19例,阴道分娩47例,其中剖宫产者产前平均血小板值低于50×109/L,平均出血量300 mL,阴道分娩者平均血小板值高于60×109/L,平均出血量200 mL;未见新生儿血小板减少或死亡发生。结论 妊娠期间血小板减少是由多种内科合并症及妊娠并发症引起的围产期疾病,应根据病因进行个体化治疗,分娩方式应根据血小板及母儿情况而定。     

妊娠合并血小板减少症的病因分析及对母婴结局的影响

目的探讨妊娠合并血小板减少症的病因及对母婴结局的影响。方法回顾性分析妊娠合并血小板减少症患者96例,并根据孕期血小板计数分为4组,Ⅰ组患者血小板计数为50×10~9~100×10~9/L,Ⅱ组患者血小板计数为30×10~9~50×10~9/L,Ⅲ组患者血小板计数为10×10~9~30×10~9/L,Ⅳ组患者血小板计数低于10×10~9/L。比较各组患者的疾病病因、妊娠期并发症及母婴分娩情况。结果 96例妊娠合并血小板减少症患者中,病因主要包括血小板减少症、特发性血小板减少性紫癜、妊娠期高血压疾病、再生障碍性贫血、系统性红斑狼疮,其中特发性血小板减少性紫癜、妊娠期高血压疾病在4组中发生率具有统计学意义(P<0.05);妊娠期高血压疾病、早产及产后出血在4组中的发生率具有统计学意义(P<0.05);4组围生儿足月低体重儿,颅内出血以及围生儿死亡率无统计学意义(P>0.05);4组间新生儿血小板减少发生率具有统计学意义(P<0.05),母体血小板数目越少,新生儿血小板减少发生率越高。结论妊娠合并血小板减少症病因复杂,且患者血小板数目越少,发生妊娠期高血压疾病、早产、产后出血及新生儿血小板减少比例越高。     

妊娠合并血小板减少病因及妊娠结局的分析

目的探讨妊娠合并血小板减少的病因,寻找其最佳的处理方法以促成良好妊娠结局。方法收集北京市垂杨柳医院2000-2008年收治的妊娠合并血小板减少的病例49例,对其发生的病因、处理方法及妊娠结局进行回顾性分析。结果妊娠合并血小板减少的主要原因包括:妊娠期血小板减少症(PAT)21例(42.86%),特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)13例(26.53%),妊娠期高血压疾病7例(14.29%),系统性红斑狼疮2例(4.08%),妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(ICP)2例(4.08%),病因不明4例(8.16%)。有剖宫产指征的27例行剖宫产术结束妊娠,其余22例阴道分娩。产后出血1例,产后出血率2.04%。胎死宫内2例。新生儿血小板计数低于正常者4例。结论多种原因可引起妊娠期孕妇血小板减少,PAT是最常见类型。在针对病因治疗的基础上,糖皮质激素及血小板制剂是治疗严重妊娠合并血小板减少的有效手段。在术前和分娩前若能及时补充新鲜血及血小板,使血小板计数≥50×109/L以上者,无产科手术指征可阴道分娩。     

妊娠期血小板减少50例临床分析

目的：讨论妊娠期血小板减少的原因及临床处理。方法：回顾性分析50例妊娠合并血小板减少患者的临床资料。结果：妊娠期特发性血小板减少（GT）39例,妊娠高血压疾病引起血小板减少（HDCP）7例。特发性血小板减少性紫癜（ITP）4例。在治疗上对GT组不需要特殊处理。HDCP组以皮质激素及输血小板为主,ITP组以皮质激素和免疫球蛋白为主。血小板计数〈50×10^9/L伴有出血倾向者输注血小板并考虑剖宫产分娩。50例中阴道分娩27例,剖宫产23例。发生产后出血3例。产后出血率为6.0%。结论：妊娠期血小板减少的原因较多,在针对病因治疗的基础上,糖皮质激素及血小板制剂是治疗严重血小板减少的有效手段。     

妊娠合并血小板减少79例临床分析

目的:探讨妊娠合并血小板减少症的病因及分娩方式的选择。方法:回顾性分析79例妊娠合并血小板减少患者的病因及分娩方式。结果:79例病例中因妊娠相关性血小板减少症(PAT)28例,妊娠期高血压疾病8例,再生障碍性贫血15例,巨幼细胞性贫血8例,血小板减少性紫癜7例,其他血液或免疫性疾病13例。血小板水平减少至20×109/L以下者26例(32.91%),主要以再生障碍性贫血为主,血小板水平减少在(20～50)×109/L之间33例,以特发性血小板减少为主。血小板水平在(50～100)×109/L之间20例,仍以特发性血小板减少为主。79例病例中,妊娠晚期终止59例,剖宫产51例,自然分娩8例;其中血小板水平减少至20×109/L以下者19例,剖宫产分娩者18例,血小板水平减少在(20～50)×109/L之间者23例,剖宫产分娩者22例(95.65%),血小板水平在(50～100)×109/L之间17例,剖宫产11例。结论:妊娠合并血小板减少发病率为6.04%,其中以妊娠相关性血小板减少症(PAT)为主要病因,其他病因还有妊娠高血压综合征、再生障碍性贫血、巨幼细胞性贫血、ITP引起、其他血液或免疫性疾病、肝硬化、脾功能亢进等。血小板降低水平不同,其病因构成不同,重度血小板减少以再生障碍性贫血为主,轻、中度血小板减少以PAT为主,剖宫产为主要分娩方式。随着血小板的增加,自然产的比例逐渐增加。     

妊娠期首发血小板减少105例临床分析

目的:探讨妊娠期首发血小板减少患者的围产期特点及临床处理。方法:回顾分析2007年1月~2014年1月该院妇产科收治的妊娠期首发血小板减少患者的临床资料。结果:该院妊娠期首发血小板减少发病率为0.89%,105例患者中妊娠期血小板减少症(GT)占56.19%,特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)占25.71%,GT趋向于妊娠中晚期发病,而ITP趋向于妊娠早、中期;剖宫产率(67.61%)明显高于同期住院分娩的产妇(41.38%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);44例剖宫产前血小板<70×109/L在激素治疗或输注血小板后血小板计数>70×109/L情况下在椎管内麻醉腰麻下剖宫产,未见不良反应。结论:GT和妊娠合并ITP是妊娠期首发血小板减少的主要原因,孕期常无需特殊处理,分娩方式的选择应根据血小板计数及产科指征,对于血小板计数>70×109/L的孕妇选择椎管内麻醉是安全的。     

妊娠合并血小板减少104例临床分析

目的探讨妊娠和并血小板减少的病因及临床处理方法.方法回顾性分析2000～2005年于我院收治的104例妊娠合并血小板减少患者临床资料.结果妊娠合并血小板减少的主要病因包括妊娠期血小板减少症(GT),妊娠期高血压综合症,特发性血小板减少性紫瘢(ITP).治疗方法为在治疗原发病的基础上,对血小板计数<50×109/L者于分娩前后使用糖皮质激素,免疫球蛋白,及血小板制剂.剖宫产69例,阴道分娩35例,产后出血≥500ml者13例,产后出血发生率12.5%.胎死宫内3例,新生儿血小板减少7例.结论针对病因治疗的基础上,使用糖皮质激素,免疫球蛋白,及血小板制剂是治疗妊娠和并血小板减少的有效手段.     

健康孕妇孕期血小板计数的变化

目的了解健康孕妇孕期血小板（platelet,PLT）计数变化趋势,探讨血小板计数与产后出血、妊娠结局的关系。方法研究对象为2006年7月至2007年6月在四川大学华西第二医院分娩的健康孕妇2655例,对其血小板水平及其他临床资料进行回顾性研究。结果①随着妊娠进展,本组健康孕妇孕期血小板计数呈下降趋势,95％健康孕妇的血小板计数〉80×10^9／L。②本组健康孕妇分娩前妊娠期血小板减少症（gestational thrombocytopenia,GT;incidental thrombocytopenia of pregnancy,BGT）（目前我国对妊娠期血小板减小症的诊断标准为血小板计数〈100×10^9／L）的发生率为22．29％。③孕次、产次、年龄、职业等因素与孕期血小板水平无明显相关性（P〉0．05）。④剖宫产术中出血量,按血小板计数不同进行组间比较,差异无显著意义（P〉0．05）,对血小板计数〈150×10^9／L的孕妇预防性静脉输注血小板,可有效减少剖宫产术中和阴道分娩时出血量。⑤孕妇血小板值与新生儿结局无明显相关性（P〉0．05）。结论妊娠期血小板减少症发生率较高,但对妊娠结局无明显影响。对血小板计数〈50×10^9／L的孕妇预防性静脉输注血小板,可减少剖宫产术中和阴道分娩时出血量。     

妊娠合并严重血小板减少的临床分析

目的探讨妊娠合并严重血小板减少的病因及分娩期处理、母婴结局。方法总结1996～2004年在我院产科住院20例妊娠合并严重血小板减少的临床资料(血小板计数均<50×109/L)。结果妊娠合并血小板减少的发病原因依次为特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)、再生障碍性贫血、妊娠期高血压综合征(妊高征)、白血病。治疗方法:在治疗原发病的基础上、于术前或分娩期给予输新鲜血、血小板和新鲜冰冻血浆。20例中5例阴道分娩,15例剖宫产。产后出血6例,新生儿颅内出血2例。结论在术前和分娩前若能及时补充新鲜血及血小板,使血小板计数≥50×109/L以上者;无产科手术指征可阴道分娩,否则应剖宫产,这是避免或减少母婴不良结局的有效方法。     

妊娠期血小板减少的主要原因和相关治疗

目的探讨妊娠期血小板减少的主要原因和相关治疗。方法回顾分析2000-2007年我院和市妇幼保健医院112例妊娠期血小板减少的临床资料。结果112例中,30例依据骨穿或血小板抗体检查诊断为特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)合并妊娠,20例为妊娠期血小板减少症,2例为再生障碍性贫血合并妊娠,2例为药物所致血小板减少,其余为临床疑似ITP合并妊娠。给予糖皮质激素或免疫球蛋白治疗或输注血小板的例数为80例。112例中剖宫产96例,阴道分娩16例,产后大出血6例。6例新生儿出现血小板减低,但无出血征象。结论妊娠期血小板减少以ITP合并妊娠多见,当血小板持续下降或≤50×109/L,应行骨髓穿刺及血小板抗体检查,并给予相应治疗。分娩方式取决于血小板水平及产科相关情况,血小板极低时,可在补充血小板后或在血源充足的情况下行剖宫产。不主张预防性治疗新生儿血小板减少。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.