貌似多发性肌炎的脂质沉积性肌病病理改变

目的：研究貌似多发性肌炎的脂质沉积性肌病的肌肉病理改变,以解释临床现象和探讨发生机制。方法：择取脂质沉积性肌病伴血清肌酶明显升高的 人14例,将临床表现,血清肌酶,肌电图和肌肉病理及肌肉组织化学改变进行总结分析。结果：临床上一般呈急性或亚急性起病,或呈反复发作性病程,肌无力明显,血清肌酶明显升高,激素治疗反应好,肌肉病理可见肌纤维内脂滴明显增多,形成HE染色可见的空泡,ORO染色证实肌纤维内有大量脂滴,其中4例可见个别坏死肌纤维和再生纤维,5例有较严重的肌纤维坏死,对其中3例反复肌肉活检,发现在脂质贮积的基础上,病程中的某一阶段发生明显的肌纤维坏死,其余病例虽有血清肌酶的明显升高,而病理上并未见到明显的肌纤维坏死,部分肌纤维非特异性酯 酶活性增高。结论：有些脂质沉积性肌病与多发性肌炎十分相似,需要借助肌肉病理和肌肉组织化学检查,甚至反复肌肉活检才能确定,肌纤维内脂肪代谢障碍造成肌纤维破坏和肌酶的外漏,可能与细胞内环境改变和细胞膜通过透性加有关。     

脂质沉积性肌病1例报告及相关文献复习

目的:探讨脂质沉积性肌病(LSM)的临床及病理。方法:分析1例确诊为LSM患者的临床表现、病理改变、肌电图和实验室检查结果,并复习相关文献。结果:患者进行性肌无力、血清肌酶升高、病理检查发现肌纤维内脂滴明显增多,脂滴空泡串状排列。结论:LSM是肌纤维内脂肪酸代谢障碍导致的肌病,病理检查是诊断本病的重要依据。     

脂质沉积性肌病的临床与病理分析

目的探讨脂质沉积性肌病(lipidstoragemyopathy,LSM)的临床表现及病理学特点。方法回顾分析7例LSM的临床表现、肌电图及肌肉活检病理改变。结果LSM的主要临床特点为亚急性或慢性起病,近端肌无力,症状呈波动性,血清肌酶有不同程度的升高,多数病人肌电图示肌源性损害,激素治疗有效。病理学特点为肌纤维内可见大量均匀的小筛孔样空泡,部分空泡融合成大泡或形成裂隙状。ORO染色证实筛孔样空泡为大量红染的脂肪颗粒充填,部分肌纤维破裂,伴脂肪颗粒堆积。受累纤维以Ⅰ型纤维为主。电镜证实肌纤维内脂滴堆积,其中1例伴有异常线粒体增多。结论LSM是一种以易疲劳和肌无力为主要临床表现的脂质代谢障碍性肌病,激素治疗可获得良好疗效。肌肉活检病理学检查是诊断LSM的重要手段。     

脂质沉积性肌病的临床与病理分析

目的 探讨脂质沉积性肌病(lipid storage myopathy，LSM)的临床表现及病理学特点。方法 回顾分析7例LSM的临床表现、肌电图及肌肉活检病理改变。结果 LSM的主要临床特点为亚急性或慢性起病，近端肌无力，症状呈波动性，血清肌酶有不同程度的升高，多数病人肌电图示肌源性损害，激素治疗有效。病理学特点为肌纤维内可见大量均匀的小筛孔样空泡，部分空泡融合成大泡或形成裂隙状。ORO染色证实筛孔样空泡为大量红染的脂肪颗粒充填，部分肌纤维破裂，伴脂肪颗粒堆积。受累纤雏以Ⅰ型纤雏为主。电镜证实肌纤维内脂滴堆积，其中1例伴有异常线粒体增多。结论 LSM是一种以易疲劳和肌无力为主要临床表现的脂质代谢障碍性肌病，激素治疗可获得良好疗效。肌肉活检病理学检查是诊断LSM的重要手段。     

脂质沉积性肌病的临床、神经电生理和骨骼肌病理分析

目的 探讨脂质沉积性肌病(LSM)的临床表现、神经电生理及肌肉病理特点.方法 回顾分析16例LSM的临床表现、肌电图和神经传导、肌肉活检病理改变.结果 LSM主要临床特点为亚急性或慢性起病,以近端肌无力为主,症状呈波动性,肌无力重而肌萎缩轻.血清肌酶有不同程度的升高,肌电图多为肌源性损害,激素、核黄素治疗有效.临床上容易误诊为多发性肌炎、肌营养不良症、心肌炎、胃肠道疾病等.肌肉病理学特点为肌纤维内可见大量均匀的小筛孔样空泡,部分空泡融合成大泡或形成裂隙状.ORO染色证实筛孔样空泡被大量红染的脂肪颗粒充填,受累肌纤维以Ⅰ型纤维为主.4例患者行电镜检查可见肌原纤维间有大量脂滴沉积,其中1例伴有异常线粒体增多.结论 LSM是一种以易疲劳和肌无力为主要临床表现的脂质代谢障碍性肌病,肌无力较重而肌萎缩轻.神经电生理改变相对较轻,部分患者肌电图为肌源性损害.激素、核黄素治疗可获得良好疗效,肌肉活检病理学检查是诊断LSM的重要手段.     

脂质沉积性肌病的诊断与鉴别诊断

目的:探讨脂质沉积性肌病(LSM)的诊断与鉴别诊断。方法:分析8例确诊为LSM患者的临床表现、病理改变、肌电图和实验室检查结果。结果:患者进行性肌无力、血清肌酶升高、病理检查发现肌纤维内脂滴明显增多,脂滴空泡呈“申珠”样排列。结论:ISM是肌纤维内脂肪酸代谢障碍导致的肌病,病理检查电镜是确诊LSM的主要依据,同时应与其他肌病鉴别。     

原发性肉碱缺乏致脂质沉积性肌病的临床与病理特点

目的 分析原发性肉碱缺乏致脂质沉积性肌病（LSM）的临床与病理特点。方法 回顾性分析4例可能LSM患者的临床资料。结果 本组患者为亚急性或慢性起病，主要表现为近端肌无力，疲劳不能耐受；血清肌酶有不同程度的升高；肌电图示肌源性损害；病理检查示肌纤维内可见大量细小空泡和裂隙形成；MGT染色无破碎红纤维，油红O染色显示空泡为大量脂滴充填；受累纤维以Ⅰ型纤维为主。电镜证实肌纤维内脂滴堆积，可伴有线粒体的轻度增多。改善能量和糖皮质激素治疗有效。结论原发性肉碱缺乏致LSM是一种以易疲劳和肌无力为主要临床表现的脂质代谢障碍性肌病，病理改变以肌纤维内脂滴堆积为主，一般不伴有线粒体结构的明显异常。糖皮质激素治疗可获得良好疗效。     

脂质沉积性肌病(附1例报道)

目的报道1例临床上少见的脂质沉积性肌病(lipid storage myopathy,LSM)患者的临床资料,结合相关文献分析其临床特点、病理特征及治疗效果。方法对1例LSM患者的临床表现、肌电图、实验室检查、及肌肉活检等方面进行了探讨。结果患者临床表现为四肢近端肌无力和对运动不耐受;肌电图示肌源性损伤;血清肌酶都有不同程度的升高;肌肉活检显示肌纤维内有大量脂滴沉积。予低脂、高肉毒碱饮食,肾上腺皮质激素、B族维生素、辅酶Q10等治疗后,患者症状缓解。结论 LSM是一种以肌无力和运动易疲劳为主要临床表现的脂质代谢障碍性肌病,诊断需依赖症状、体征、肌酶、肉毒碱检查和肌电图、肌活检等综合评价。其中肌活检发现肌纤维内脂质沉积是目前临床上诊断此病的重要方法和指标。肾上腺皮质激素、肉毒碱、维生素、及含有丰富肉毒碱食物等综合治疗对改善临床症状有效。     

脂质沉积性肌病诊断及误诊分析

目的分析脂质沉积性肌病（LSM）的临床及病理特点,探讨脂质沉积性肌病被误诊的原因。方法分析8例确诊为脂质沉积性肌病患者的临床特点、实验室检查、神经电生理及病理学资料。结果LSM的临床特点是四肢近端肌无力和运动不耐受;肌酶谱轻中度甚至重度升高;肌电图表现肌源性损害、神经源性损害或混合性损害;肌肉病理学检查显示肌纤维中大小不等的空泡形成;7例0R0染色显示Ⅰ型肌纤维中大量脂质颗粒沉积,1例显示脂肪成分正常者电镜检查可见肌纤维内大量脂滴沉积,呈串珠状排列。2例进行神经活检,1例正常,1例光镜下部分髓鞘变薄,崩解脱失。电镜下髓鞘板层分离,雪旺氏细胞内出现脂滴沉积。确诊的LSM曾被误诊为多发性肌炎、肢带型肌营养不良、脊肌萎缩症、胶原血管病、慢性吉兰-巴雷综合征、病毒性心肌炎。结论LSM很易被误诊为其他肌病或神经源性肌病,肌肉活检及组化OR0染色可能染色不成功造成阴性结果,电镜检查是诊断LSM的主要依据。     

脂质沉积性肌病二例

目的探讨脂质沉积性肌病(LSM)的临床和肌肉病理特点。方法分析2例LSM的临床特点、辅助检查及肌肉病理资料。结果 LSM的临床表现为进行性肌无力,以近端肌无力为主,伴肌萎缩;发作期血清肌酶轻、中度升高,血脂升高或正常,肌电图多为肌源性损害,合并神经源性损害;肌肉病理为I型纤维受累重,肌纤维内散在大小不等的圆形空泡或缺损(脂质颗粒),线粒体受压变形;对激素治疗反应好。结论临床表现和肌酶检查对LSM的诊断具有重要意义,确诊依靠肌肉病理活检,早期治疗效果好。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Summary of legislation of 1935 of interest to the department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -