孕期保健及营养指导对妊娠期糖尿病孕妇母婴结局及行为习惯的影响

目的探讨孕期系统性、针对性保健及营养指导对妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇母婴结局及行为习惯的影响,为GDM的治疗提供理论依据。方法选取2014年1月-2016年12月成都市金牛区妇幼保健院妇产科收治的320例GDM孕妇为研究对象,采用随机数表法分为对照组和观察组,每组各160例,对照组给予常规孕期保健,观察组在对照组的基础上给予孕期系统性、针对性保健及营养指导。观察两组孕妇干预前后空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖及糖化血红蛋白水平,对比两组孕妇妊娠结局和围生儿结局及两组科学饮食、适当运动、自测血糖、定时产检、讲究卫生等行为习惯的差异。结果干预前,两组空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖及糖化血红蛋白水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预后,两组空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖及糖化血红蛋白水平均明显降低,且观察组低于对照组,两组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组孕妇剖宫产、妊娠期高血压疾病、羊水过多、感染、胎膜早破、产后出血发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组早产、新生儿低血糖、巨大儿、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息、围生儿死亡发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组孕妇合理膳食、适当运动、卫生习惯、定期产检、自测血糖等行为习惯评分均高于对照组,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对GDM孕妇实施孕期系统的、针对性保健及营养指导效果显著,可有效控制血糖,改善母婴结局及孕妇不良行为习惯。     

个体化饮食与运动指导对妊娠期糖尿病患者依从性及妊娠结局的影响

目的 探讨个体化饮食与运动指导对妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患者依从性及妊娠结局的影响。方法 选取2018年12月—2020年6月在慈溪市妇幼保健院确诊GDM患者240例,以1∶2的比例随机分为两组,两组均给予常规治疗,对照组80例予以口头饮食与运动指导,观察组160例予以个体化饮食与运动指导。比较两组孕妇孕期增重情况、孕妇孕期体质量指数(BMI)增加情况、新生儿出生体质量、母婴结局及GDM患者依从性,并于干预前后检测血糖指标、胰岛素分泌情况。结果 观察组孕妇孕期增重、孕妇孕期BMI增加及新生儿出生体质量均低于对照组(均P<0.05)。干预后两组血糖指标[空腹血糖(FPG)、葡萄糖氧化酶法检测2 h血糖(2 h PG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)]检测结果均低于干预前(均P<0.05),且观察组血糖指标检测结果均低于对照组(均P<0.05)。干预后两组患者空腹胰岛素(FINS)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)均低于干预前(均P<0.05),胰岛β细胞分泌功能指数(HOMA-β)均高于干预前(P<0.05),且观察组FINS、HOMA-IR均低于对照组(均P<0.05),HOMA-β高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组孕产妇不良妊娠结局总发生率、新生儿不良妊娠结局总发生率均低于对照组(均P<0.05)。观察组依从性97.50%高于对照组73.75%(P<0.05)。结论 个体化饮食与运动指导更有助于控制GDM患者孕期增重情况、孕妇孕期BMI增加情况、新生儿出生体质量、血糖指标及胰岛素分泌情况,且能改善母婴不良结局、患者依从性。     

综合护理干预对妊娠糖尿病孕妇妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨综合护理干预对妊娠糖尿病（GDM）患者孕期血糖和改善妊娠结局的影响。方法对确诊为GDM的孕妇分为两组,观察组62例实施综合护理干预,包括营养、运动、心理干预;对照组63例实施常规健康教育,分析两组孕妇妊娠末期空腹血糖（FPG）及餐后2h血糖（2hPG）、孕期体重增加值、焦虑和抑郁发生率,妊娠结局的影响。结果与对照组相比,实施综合护理干预的孕妇血糖控制在较好水平,焦虑和抑郁发生率明显减少（P〈0.05）,实验组孕妇产科并发症及围产儿并发症较对照组低（P〈0.05）。结论对GDM患者进行综合护理干预,可降低孕产妇及围产儿并发症的发生率,有利于优生优育。     

实施孕期保健对妊娠期糖尿病孕妇妊娠结局及行为习惯的影响

目的探讨实施孕期保健对妊娠期糖尿病孕妇妊娠结局及行为习惯的影响,为寻求科学干预措施,改善母婴结局提供依据。方法选取该院2014年9月-2015年11月收治的妊娠期糖尿病孕妇124例作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组各62例,其中对照组给予常规保健,观察组给予孕期保健。观察两组空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 hPBG)以及糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)水平、孕妇妊娠结局、围产儿结局以及行为习惯。结果干预后两组FBG、2 hPBG、HbAlc水平显著低于干预前(P0.05),且观察组显著低于对照组(P0.05);观察组羊水过多、剖宫产、生殖道感染、胎膜早破、早产、产后出血发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05),新生儿窒息、低血糖、高胆红素血症、巨大儿、胎儿宫内窘迫发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05),科学饮食、适当运动、自测血糖、定时产检、讲究卫生评分显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结论实施孕期保健能够改变妊娠期糖尿病孕妇不良行为习惯,改善孕妇和围生儿结局。     

孕期个性化营养指导对妊娠期糖尿病患者妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨孕期个性化营养指导对妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)孕妇妊娠结局的影响。方法将2010年10月至2013年5月佛山市顺德区妇幼保健院产科收治的138例GDM患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各69例,观察组给予个性化营养指导;对照组给予常规GDM营养宣教。比较两组患者的体质量增长速率、空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)、餐后血糖(postprandial blood glucose,PBG)、并发症及妊娠结局。结果实施营养指导后,观察组患者的体质量增长速率显著低于对照组(P0.05);PBG、FBG水平优于对照组(P0.05);羊水过多、胎膜早破、产后出血、巨大儿、早产、剖宫产、胎儿宫内窘迫发生率均低于对照组(P0.05)。结论个性化营养指导有利于维持GDM患者围产期的血糖处于正常水平,改善妊娠结局。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者血糖控制不良对母婴妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患者血糖控制不良对母婴妊娠结局的影响。方法选取2018年9月-2019年8月该院收治的240例GDM孕妇进行加强血糖控制干预,在随访期间内依据其血糖是否达标分为血糖控制不良组和良好组;比较两组体质量、体质指数、孕妇妊娠结局及围生儿妊娠结局的差异性。结果 240例GDM孕妇进行加强血糖控制干预后,仍有40.83%的孕妇血糖控制未达标;不良组的每周增重、总增重及体质指数(BMI)增加等水平均大于良好组(P0.01);不良组的妊娠期高血压疾病、羊水过多、胎膜早破、剖宫产、生殖道感染及产后出血等发生率均高于良好组(P0.05);不良组的胎儿窘迫、巨大儿、早产及新生儿窒息等发生率均高于良好组(P0.05)。结论 GDM孕妇进行加强血糖控制干预后,仍有较高比例的孕妇血糖控制未达标,血糖控制未达标者母婴妊娠并发症和不良结局发生率较高。     

营养干预治疗妊娠期糖尿病患者的临床效果

目的分析营养干预对妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患者的临床效果。方法选取该院2014年6月-2015年5月收治的88例GDM患者作为对照组,给予临床常规保健干预;选取该院2015年6月-2016年5月收治的GDM患者96例作为观察组,在对照组基础上实施营养干预。观察比较两组患者治疗前后的血糖水平、能量和营养素摄入水平、孕期体重变化情况及母婴结局。结果观察组血糖控制水平、能量和营养素的摄入、自然分娩率优于对照组,孕妇孕期体重增长和围产期并发症,明显低于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论妊娠期间,采取营养干预调整GDM孕妇血糖,合理摄入能量和营养素,对控制孕期体重,减少GDM并发症,改善妊娠结局有积极的作用。     

体质指数指导的营养干预对妊娠结局的影响

目的:探讨体质指数指导下孕期营养干预对妊娠结局的影响。方法:选择280例在响水县妇幼保健所围保门诊孕期体检的正常单胎初产孕妇,随机分成观察组和对照组,每组140例,两组均给予定期孕期检查直至分娩,观察组在此基础上以体质指数为指导进行营养干预。比较两组妊娠结局。结果:观察组GDM、HDCP、胎膜早破、贫血发生率均低于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01),观察组阴道分娩率明显高于对照组(P<0.05),低体重儿、巨大儿、高胆红素血症新生儿发病率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:体质指数指导下进行营养干预能有效降低妊娠期及分娩期合并症,提高阴道分娩率,降低新生儿并发症的发生。     

动态血糖监测在妊娠期糖尿病患者个体化饮食指导中的应用

目的:探究动态血糖监测在妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)病人个体化饮食指导中的应用效果。方法:选取我院2018-01～2019-01期间GDM病人80例,根据入院顺序分组,各40例。对照组给予常规饮食指导,观察组根据血糖水平给予个体化饮食指导。对比两组体质量情况、妊娠结局及干预前后血糖水平[空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)]。结果:干预后观察组FBG、2hPG、HbA1C较对照组低(P0.05);观察组孕期总增重、孕期BMI增加、新生儿体质量较对照组低(P0.05);观察组羊水过多、巨大儿、剖宫产发生率较对照组低(P0.05)。结论:动态血糖监测应用于GDM病人个体化饮食指导中,可降低血糖水平,改善孕妇、胎儿体质量,改善妊娠结局。     

营养指导与饮食控制对妊娠期糖尿病的价值分析

目的探讨分析营养指导与饮食控制对妊娠期糖尿病的应用价值,总结应用体会。方法以我院2015年1月—2016年1月收治的86例妊娠期糖尿病孕妇作为研究对象,根据随机数字表法将其随机分为观察组与对照组,每组均包括43例孕妇,给予观察组孕妇营养指导与饮食控制,而对照组孕妇则保持日常饮食习惯,不对其饮食及营养进行控制,随访观察并对比分析两组孕妇及围生儿的并发症发生率及妊娠结局等。结果两组孕妇经过治疗后的空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖均有不同程度的改善,与治疗前比较差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05),而治疗后观察组孕妇的改善程度优于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组孕妇并发症的总发生率为13.95%,低于对照组的37.21%,两组比较差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组新生儿的早产率、羊水污染率及新生儿窒息发生率低于对照组,两组比较差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);而两组围产儿死亡率进行比较,差异不具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论合理的营养干预及饮食控制可以有效减少妊娠期糖尿病及其并发症的发生率,因此妊娠期孕妇应合理调配膳食营养,并重视孕期筛查,将血糖控制在正常水平,减少围产期并发症的发生率,确保母婴健康。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.