8例自身免疫性脑炎的病例分析并文献复习

目的探讨自身免疫性脑炎的临床表现、磁共振(MRI)图像、脑脊液特点及治疗转归。方法回顾性分析我院8例(自2012年1月-2016年1月)自身免疫性脑炎患者的临床资料。结果 8例患者平均发病年龄为44岁,其中有4例抗NMDA受体脑炎,3例LGI1蛋白抗体阳性边缘系统脑炎,1例抗GABABR脑炎,所有患者(100%)均有认知功能损害和精神症状;5例(62%)出现癫痫发作;3例(37%)出现不自主运动和自主神经功能障碍。4例(50%)患者脑电图存在异常;4例(50%)患者有磁共振检查异常信号;1例发现肺癌。结论以认知功能损害、精神行为异常、癫痫发作为主要表现的患者,要警惕自身免疫性脑炎的可能,以免误漏诊。     

重症肌无力合并自身免疫性脑炎两例临床分析并文献复习

目的 观察重症肌无力(MG)合并自身免疫性脑炎(AE)的临床特点及疗效,并探讨其共病机制及治疗方法.方法 报道作者医院收治的两例MG合并AE患者的临床资料,结合文献分析其发病特点、实验室检查、疗效及预后等.结果 两例MG患者分别合并抗α-氨基-3-羟基-5-甲基-4-异唑丙酸受体(AMPAR)脑炎和抗富亮氨酸重复序列...     

误诊为病毒性脑炎的富亮氨酸胶质瘤失活1蛋白抗体脑炎1例报道并文献复习

目的 总结1例富亮氨酸胶质瘤失活1蛋白(LGI1)抗体脑炎患者的临床表现和辅助检查特点,以提高临床医师对该病的认识。方法 回顾性分析1例富亮氨酸胶质瘤失活1蛋白(LGI1)抗体脑炎患者的临床资料,并结合文献进行分析。结果 患者,男,67岁,以认知功能障碍、癫痫发作、精神行为异常、顽固性低钠血症为主要临床表现,头部磁共振成像(MRI)显示双侧海马异常信号,脑脊液抗体检测发现LGI1抗体阳性,故确诊LGI1抗体脑炎,给予激素治疗后症状明显改善。结论 对于老年期起病,临床表现为认知功能障碍、癫痫发作、精神行为异常、顽固性低钠血症的患者,应高度怀疑LGI1抗体脑炎的可能。     

重叠抗体自身免疫性脑炎的研究进展

近年来对于重叠抗体自身免疫性脑炎的报道越来越多,其重叠抗体形式多种多样.常见重叠形式为自身免疫性脑炎叠加神经胶质抗体、自身免疫性脑炎与其他全身性自身免疫性疾病并存、自身免疫性脑炎相关重叠抗体,但各类型的临床意义尚未明确.文中收集国内外对重叠抗体自身免疫性脑炎的研究现状,对该类脑炎可能的发病机制、重叠类型、临床表现特点及...     

复发型双阴性抗VGKC抗体自身免疫性脑炎一例

<正>1病例报告患者女,27岁,高中文化。因"反复行为异常、记忆力减退1年,再发3d"于2020-9-14入院。2019年7月无明显诱因突发行为异常、记忆力下降、反应迟钝,就诊于南京医科大学附属脑科医院精神科,行脑电图检查提示各导联可见慢波,脑磁共振平扫检查结果正常,考虑"器质性精神障碍?",给予奥氮平10mg/d口服,共2周,治疗效果不明显,请神经科会诊,考虑自身免疫性脑炎不除外。     

抗NMDAR及抗LGI1相关脑炎急性期癫痫发作、临床特征及短期预后的对照研究

目的回顾性对照研究抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor,NMDAR)及抗富亮氨酸胶质瘤失活1蛋白(Leucinie-rich gliomain activated 1,LGI1)相关脑炎患者急性期癫痫发作、临床特征及短期预后,为临床早期诊断和治疗提供参考。方法连续纳入2018年1月—2020年6月于四川省人民医院神经内科就诊的抗NMDAR及抗LGI1相关脑炎患者,回顾分析患者一般信息、临床表现、急性期癫痫发作情况及发作类型,评估两种自身免疫性脑炎在急性期癫痫发作的特点与短期预后的差异。结果共纳入75例抗NMDAR相关脑炎及抗LGI1相关脑炎患者,其中男41例,女34例,平均年龄(32.8±17.9)岁,平均病程(1.8±1.1)个月,其中抗NMDAR和抗LGI1抗体阳性分别59例和16例。75例中56例(74.7%)在急性期出现了癫痫发作,56例癫痫发作患者中伴有意识障碍38例(67.8%)、自主神经功能障碍5例(8.9%)、氧合能力下降24例(42.9%)、入住神经内科重症监护病房(NICU) 20例(35.7%),与无癫痫发作组比较有统计学差异(P0.05)。抗NMDAR脑炎在急性期癫痫发作中位数年龄为23岁,抗LGI1脑炎为56.5岁(P0.05)。抗NMDAR脑炎和抗LGI1脑炎在急性期癫痫发作均以全面性发作为常见(55.9%vs.53.8%),抗NMDAR脑炎在急性期更多出现反复癫痫发作及癫痫持续状态(P0.05)。在早期合理使用抗癫痫药物(AEDs)及抗免疫等对症支持治疗后,56例患者中70%出院时癫痫得到有效控制,3个月后随访,18例(32.1%)患者停用AEDs,而30例(53.5%)患者仍继续接受AEDs治疗,其中25例患者(44.6%)癫痫无发作。结论抗NMDAR相关脑炎及抗LGI1相关脑炎急性期癫痫发作风险均较高,伴有癫痫发作患者更容易出现意识障碍、氧合能力下降、入住NICU比例更高。抗NMDAR脑炎更常见于30岁左右年轻人群,抗LGI1脑炎更易于60岁左右发病。抗NMDAR脑炎患者更容易出现脑电图异常、平均住院天数更长,在急性期更容易出现癫痫反复发作与癫痫持续状态,及时诊断及干预治疗后,大部分患者癫痫发作能得到良好控制,急性期过后约1/3患者可停用AEDs。     

抗NMDAR脑炎8例临床特点及文献复习

目的 总结抗NMDAR脑炎的临床特点、辅助检查、诊断、治疗及预后。方法 分析2015年1月～2016年12月在武汉大学人民医院神经内科就诊的8例抗NMDAR脑炎患者的临床特点及诊治过程,随访患者观察患者的转归预后。结果 6例患者为青年女性,2例为男性,3例女性患者合并畸胎瘤并切除,3例患者行气管切开,8例患者均有精神症状和不自主运动,8例均预后良好。结论 抗NMDAR脑炎是重症脑炎中常见的类型,需要给予足够的时间来观察患者的疗效,积极控制并发症,早期诊断和治疗可改善患者的预后。     

抗GABA_B R脑炎5例病例报告及文献复习

目的探讨5例抗GABABR脑炎的临床特点及诊治。方法对患者的临床表现、头部影像学、脑电图特点、脑脊液检查等进行回顾性分析及相关文献回顾。结果 5例抗GABABR脑炎患者亚急性起病、病前无感染史,均以抽搐起病,有2例伴有精神症状。1例患者头部MRI右侧海马异常高信号。脑电提示部分性发作。腰椎穿刺:CSF 2例压力升高,蛋白轻度增高或正常,白细胞(20~116×106/L,单核为主),糖正常。CSF+血抗GABABR抗体阳性。肺部CT或PET-CT扫描提示肺部占位。经糖皮质激素或丙种球蛋白治疗好转。结论 (1)头部MRI、脑电图、CSF+血抗GABABR抗体检测利于抗GABABR脑炎早期诊断;(2)抗GABABR脑炎患者应积极查找可能肿瘤,尤其肺部占位,PET-CT检查对于肺CT检查阴性者有益。     

抗LGI1抗体和抗IgLON5抗体双阳性的自身免疫性脑炎(附1例报告及文献复习)

目的 报道抗LGI1抗体和抗IgLON5抗体双阳性的自身免疫性脑炎病例.方法 收集1例自身免疫性脑炎病例的临床表现、影像学、免疫抗体检测资料,结合文献复习进行讨论.结果 患者男性,68岁.主要临床表现为记忆力明显减退,反应迟钝,认人不清、胡言乱语,伴有定向力障碍.血清及脑脊液的抗LGI1抗体IgG阳性(滴度均1∶ 10...     

抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体脑炎2例报道并文献复习

目的探讨抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体脑炎患者的临床特点及诊治。方法收集2例我院诊治的抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体脑炎患者的临床资料,并通过计算机检索中国知网、万方数据库,收集2010年至2013年在我国各种期刊上公开发表的关于抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体脑炎患者的文献。结果本文报道的2例及9篇文献检索的23例患者主要表现为发热、精神行为异常、智能减退、抽搐、不自主运动及表现为睡眠减少、心率快、汗液分泌异常等自主神经功能障碍。本文报道的2例患者男女各1例,年龄分别为15.5岁、14岁,均未发现畸胎瘤;文献检索的23例患者女性14例、男性9例,合并畸胎瘤5例。所有病例均经化验血液和(或)脑脊液抗NMDA受体抗体阳性而确诊,脑脊液可见以淋巴细胞为主的白细胞数轻度升高。头MRI检查及脑电图无特异性所见。本文报道的2例患者尚发现血液抗链球菌溶血素O均升高。本文报道的2例患者及文献检索的20例患者经大剂量激素联合丙种球蛋白治疗后(20/23,86.9%)症状明显改善,2例症状改善不明显,1例死亡。结论抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体脑炎临床表现无特异性,早期易误诊为精神障碍性疾病,脑脊液抗NMDA受体抗体检测有助于早期诊断和治疗,大部分患者免疫治疗有效。本文报道的2例病例尚合并ASO升高,文献中未见报道。     

Three cases of antibody-LGI1 limbic encephalitis and review of literature

Purpose: Antibody-LGI1 limbic encephalitis (LGI1-Ab LE) is an anti-neuronal surface antigen-related autoimmune encephalitis. we report three cases of LGI1-Ab LE, describe the characteristics of clinical manifestation, course of evolution, imaging manifestation and treatment outcomes.

Methods: Data from patients diagnosed with LGI1-Ab LE in the Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, from June 2016 to July 2017, were retrospectively collected and analyzed. We followed up the patients for 90 days.

Results: Two of the three patients were females, the average age of onset is 53 years old. Epilepsy is the most common clinical manifestations, and one of patients developed faciobrachial dystonic seizures (FBDS), which was recently described as a characteristic feature of LGI1-Ab LE. All patients had cognitive impairment in different degrees and abnormal signal of hippocampus in cranial MRI. All serum LGI1 antibodies were positive, whereas one LGI1 antibodies of CSF were negative. All patients accepted first-line immune therapy and had a good outcome.

Conclusion: LGI1-Ab LE, which is an autoimmune disease, is rare clinically and mostly nonparaneoplastic. We suggest that LGI1-Ab LE be considered in any patient with acute or subacute onset, cognitive dysfunction , various types of seizures, accompanied by mental disorders and hyponatremia, MR showed the involvement of the limbic system. It is necessary to have LE-related antibodies tested. Early immunotherapy can significantly improve the patient's overall prognosis. At the same time, we should also pay attention to the possibility of potential tumors.     

小脑幕脑膜瘤的微创手术治疗(7例病例报道及文献复习)

小脑幕脑膜瘤属颅底和脑深部肿瘤,常与重要的神经组织、颅神经、脑干和血管关系密切,且常侵犯静脉窦,因而长期以来一直是对神经外科医生的一个挑战.文献报道多见于省级大医院神经外科中心,地市级医院报道较少.近10年来,随着影像技术如高分辨率CT、MRI、数字减影脑血管造影的发展,对小脑幕脑膜瘤分型的熟习以及运用瘤内切瘤的微创技术,小脑幕脑膜瘤的手术已经变得更彻底和更安全,治疗结果大为改观[1-4].我院2003年6月～2007年10月共收治小脑幕脑膜瘤7例,取得良好治疗结果,报道如下,并对小脑幕脑膜瘤的分型、手术入路和手术要点进行讨论.     

Relapse of herpes encephalitis after acyclovir therapy: report of two new cases and review of the literature

Relapse of herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis following acyclovir therapy has been reported infrequently in children beyond the neonatal period. The pathogenic mechanism of the recurrence is not fully understood. We report two new cases that support a mechanism of latent HSV infection with reactivation of the disease. Our patients were 2 years (#1) and 8 months (#2) old at initial infection. Both presented with fever, lethargy, focal seizures, and focal motor abnormalities. Serum HSV antibodies (Abs) were negative. The patients were treated with acyclovir for 14 and 21 days, respectively. They were readmitted at 1 month, and 4 days after discharge, respectively, with recurrent lethargy, seizures, and choreo-athetoid movements. Serum and CSF HSV Abs were significantly increased. CSF PCR was positive. In patient # 2 acyclovir-sensitive HSV was isolated from a brain biopsy. Both patients were re-treated with acyclovir, but progressed to a neurovegetative state. In our cases, latent HSV infection and reactivation is the most likely explanation for recurrent encephalitis. The immuno-pathogenic mechanisms of the infection recurrence are discussed. Based on the reported cases in the literature, patients younger than 2 years of age and with lower total dose of acyclovir treatments have a higher risk of recurrence.     

Meningioangiomatosis: report of two cases and literature review

Meningioangiomatosis (MA) is a rare benign intracraneal lesion. The majority of cases are sporadic although the association of this lesion with familial neurofibromatosis (NF) type 2 is well known. NF-associated MA may be multifocal and is often asymptomatic and diagnosed at autopsy. Non-associated cases are usually symptomatic, occurs in children and young adults and frequently arise in leptomeninges and underlying cerebral cortex. In the present work, we describe two new non-associated cases of MA in two boys, seven and one year old with seizures that disappeared after surgical excision. Histopathologically, the lesion was predominantly cellular in one case and more fibrous in the other. From the literature review we concluded that sporadic cases present as single lesions which manifest by seizures or persistent headaches. Rarely MA has been described to coexist with meningiomas. Histopathologically, MA is characterized by a plaque-like proliferation of meningothelial and fibroblast- like cells surrounding small vessels and trapping islands of gliotic cortical tissue. The lesion does not show significant atypia, mitosis or necrosis. Although all cases of MA share unifying features, there are different degrees of histological presentation with cases predominantly cellular and others more fibrous and calcified. This could correspond to different stages in the evolution of the MA. Symptoms disappear with the complete excision of the lesion.     

抗GABA_B受体脑炎5例报道及文献复习

目的探讨抗γ-氨基丁酸受体(GABA_BR)脑炎的临床特点及诊治。方法对5例抗GABA_BR脑炎患者临床表现、辅助检查等进行回顾性分析及文献回顾。结果 5例抗GABA_B抗体阳性患者均亚急性起病,表现为难治性癫痫,其中1例以性格改变、2例以抽搐、2例以记忆减退为首发症状。3例患者头部MRI显示边缘系统异常高信号,3例脑电图显示异常,2例脑脊液检查合并其它自身免疫抗体,2例肺部CT或PET-CT扫描提示肺部占位。经给予丙球或激素治疗明显好转。结论 (1)抗GABA_B受体脑炎首发症状多样,主要表现为难治性癫痫。(2)对于怀疑边缘性脑炎(LE)患者应筛查抗GABA_B受体抗体。(3)对抗GABA_B受体抗体阳性的患者应该积极进行肿瘤的筛查。     

Catatonia in encephalitis and nonconvulsive seizures: A case report and review of the literature

A 20-year-old woman was admitted for psychosis. On further investigation, she was found to be have viral encephalitis and generalized nonconvulsive seizures. After the seizures were controlled, she remained in a prolonged catatonic state. Repeated intravenous benzodiazepine administration, improved her cognition dramatically. This case emphasizes that catatonia may occur after encephalitis and nonconvulsive seizures.     

中枢神经细胞瘤5例报告及文献复习

目的探讨提高中枢神经细胞瘤诊疗水平的策略和方法。方法回顾分析2004年8月至2006年4月我院收治的5例中枢神经细胞瘤，总结其临床表现、影像学表现、病理学特征及显微外科手术治疗效果。结果肿瘤位于侧脑室前部或室间孔附近，呈宽基底与侧脑室壁或透明隔相连。肿瘤边缘及内部可见多发囊泡，常见钙化，MRI检查T1WI、T2WI相均表现为等或略高信号，增强后呈轻至中度强化。免疫组织化学染色均显示神经突触素阳性。显微外科手术治疗5例，其中全切除4例，次全切除1例，1例死于术后并发症，4例随访至今未复发。结论中枢神经细胞瘤影像学表现具有一定特征，是术前诊断的重要参考。显微手术切除肿瘤是最佳的治疗手段，预后良好。     

Isolated reversible splenial lesion in tick-borne encephalitis: a case report and literature review

Here, we demonstrate a first case of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) associated with an isolated reversible splenial corpus callosum lesion (IRSL) and highlight the wide range of different clinical entities in which such alterations have been observed. A 42-year-old man showed fever, cephalgia and mild disturbance of coordination and gait. Diagnosis was ascertained by slight CSF-pleiocytosis and positive TBE-IgG as well as by positive intrathekal specific antibody index on follow-up. MRI demonstrated a single ovoid hyperintensity in T2 and DWI with reduction in ADC in the splenium of corpus callosum which was abrogated in follow-up after 6 weeks. Most entities of IRSL presented with excellent prognosis, including our novel case of TBE. We discuss different possible pathomechanisms and the so far unexplained propensity of the splenium for such alterations. Clinicians should be familiar with this phenomenon to avoid unnecessary diagnostic or therapeutic efforts.