赤峰市敖汉旗肺癌危险因素调查分析

目的 探讨赤峰市敖汉旗肺癌主要危险因素,为开展敖汉旗肺癌的防治工作提供科学依据.方法 采用病例对照研究方法,从摸底调查的病人中选取194例病人,按1∶1配比选取符合条件的对照194例进行问卷调查,采用SAS9.13软件进行条件Logistic回归分析,趋势检验采用X检验法.结果 肺癌的主要危险因素为慢性肺病史、吸烟、饮...     

胃癌的环境与遗传危险因素及归因危险度分析

目的分析胃癌的环境与遗传危险因素并进行归因危险度评价。方法采用病例对照研究方法．对南京地区121例原发性胃癌病例进行环境危险因素调查，并对相关酶系基因多态性进行分析．综合评价环境危险因素及遗传危险性在胃癌发生中的归因危险度。结果在南京地区人群中，吸烟、食用腌制食品等两种环境危险因素与遗传危险因子细胞色素氧化酶P4502E1(CYP2E1)和N-乙酰化酶(NAT2)的基因型的人群综合归因危险度达69．7％。胃癌的发生主要是环境危险因素与内在遗传持点共同作用的结果。结论对胃癌的干预应同时考虑环境危险因素和遗传危险性，在了解个体遗传易感性的基础上，对其相应的环境危险因素进行干预，以达到Ⅰ级预防的目的。     

Racial and ethnic differences in risk factors associated with suicidal behavior among young adults in the USA

Objective. The objectives of this study are to examine racial and ethnic differences in suicidal behaviour, its main risk factors, and the effect of the risk factors on suicidal behaviour in young adults in the United States.

Design. Using nationally representative data (n = 10,585) from Add Health, we calculate the prevalence of suicidal behavior and associated risk factors for non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic youth (aged 18–26) using logistic regression models of suicidal ideation stratified by race.

Results. Non-Hispanic White and Hispanic young adults have higher rates of suicidal ideation than their non-Hispanic Black counterparts, but racial/ethnic differences in attempts are not statistically significant. Non-Hispanic Whites and Hispanic young adults are more likely to possess key risk factors for suicide. With the exception of substance use variables (i.e. alcohol and marijuana use) which appear to be more conducive to suicidal ideation in non-Hispanic Black than in non-Hispanic White young adults, the effects of risk factors appear to be similar across race/ethnicity.

Conclusion. The higher prevalence of suicidal ideation in non-Hispanic White and Hispanic young adults may be driven by their greater exposure to risk factors, as opposed to differences in the effects of these risk factors. More research is needed to uncover why non-Hispanic White and Hispanic young adults have higher rates of suicidal ideation than their non-Hispanic Black counterparts; yet, rates of suicide attempts are comparable and non-Hispanic White young adults have the highest rate of completed suicides.     

深圳市成年人心血管代谢危险因素聚集性及与相关人口经济因素的关系分析

目的 了解深圳市成年人心血管代谢性危险因素聚集性及人口经济因素对其的影响。 方法 利用深圳市2018年“慢性病及危险因素”监测数据,分析深圳市成年人“中心性肥胖、血压升高、血糖升高、甘油三酯(TG)升高和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)降低”等五项代谢性危险因素及其同时存在2项及以上聚集情况,并采用多因素logistic回归模型分析人口经济因素对其的影响。 结果 2018年深圳市成年人中≥1项代谢性危险因素的比例为75.6%,存在危险因素聚集性(≥2项)的比例为45.8%。多因素分析显示,男性、年龄越大、文化程度越低、在深居住年限越长,聚集风险越高。 结论 深圳市成年人中近一半有心血管代谢性危险因素聚集情况,建议针对男性、高龄年段、低文化水平和在深居住时间较长的重点人群优先采取干预措施,有效预防心血管病的发生。     

赤峰市敖汉旗食道癌危险因素调查分析

目的探讨赤峰市敖汉旗食道癌主要危险因素,为开展敖汉旗食道癌的防治工作提供科学依据。方法采用病例对照研究方法 ,从摸底调查的病人中选取160例病人,按1：1配比选取符合条件的对照160例进行问卷调查,采用SAS9.13软件进行条件Logistic回归分析,趋势检验采用X~2检验法。结果与结论食道癌的主要危险因素为食道癌家族史、吸烟、饮酒、辛辣食品、缺少新鲜蔬菜、经常吃熏制食品、腌制蔬菜、精神压力大、较大的精神创伤、性格要强。     

胃癌危险因素病例对照研究

目的调查本溪地区胃癌发生危险因素，为胃癌防治提供科学依据。方法采用1：1配对病例对照研究方法，问卷调查2002年2月～2004年2月经病理组织学确诊的新发胃癌298例，对可疑致癌因素进行Logistic回归模型单因素和多因素分析，筛选与胃癌发生有关的危险因素。结果缺乏体育锻炼、精神压抑、吸烟量大、喜食烟熏食品、喜食重盐饮食、过量摄入动物肉类、幽门螺杆菌感染、胃溃疡、恶性肿瘤家族史是胃癌的危险因素，OR值依次为2．181，19．502，2．920，6．985，3．013，12．882，32．624，13．006，5．550。喜食香菇和蘑菇(OR=0．443)、喜食新鲜水果(OR=0．665)是胃癌的保护因素。结论本溪地区胃癌发生主要与幽门螺杆菌感染、精神压抑、胃溃疡史、过量摄入肉类、缺乏体育锻炼等因素有关，应开展幽门螺杆菌检测，提倡保持心理平衡，适当进行体育锻炼；经常进食香菇、蘑菇和新鲜水果，以有效预防胃癌。     

汉族与藏族胃癌发病率及危险因素分析

目的通过横断面调查胃癌发病率及发生危险因素。方法研究纳入病例为9455例,利用单因素分析胃癌发生危险因素,利用多因素logistic回归分析对有统计学意义的因素进一步进行分析。结果藏族人群胃癌发病率显著高于汉族人群(22.87%Vs 13.11%,P0.05),不同民族间胃癌发生危险因素分析发现年龄在两个民族均为危险因素,总甘油三酯,BMI指数及高密度脂蛋白为汉族人群胃癌发生的危险因素,而总胆固醇、性别及脂肪肝为藏族人群胃癌发生的危险因素。结论汉族与藏族人群胃癌发病率与危险因素存在差异。     

宫颈癌危险因素病例对照研究

目的 探讨宫颈癌高发区的相关危险因素。方法 采用以住院患者为基础的病例对照研究方法，对129名经病理确诊的宫颈癌患者和143例非肿瘤病人对照进行有关月经、婚育史、性行为与避孕史、个人卫生习惯等因素的调查。结果 在单因素分析的基础上进行多元Logistic回归分析，最终引入回归方程的变量为家庭经济收入、首次性交年龄、洗澡设施、妇科病史、产次和绝经，而结婚年龄、首次发生性行为和孕育年龄、孕产次等生殖因素，则与宫颈癌发生的危险性呈剂量一反应关系。结论 经济收入低、首次发生性行为的年龄小、既往有妇科病史、孕产次多可增加宫颈癌发生的危险性，特别值得注意的是洗澡和清洗阴部少等不洁卫生习惯可能是导致当地该病高发的原因之一，绝经后妇女宫颈癌发生的危险性较低。     

乳腺癌的危险因素研究进展

乳腺癌是能够通过早期筛查和预防而降低发病率和死亡率的恶性肿瘤,为了预防,国内外学者经过多年的流行病学调查研究已发现诸多乳腺癌的危险因素。该文通过文献法综述了近年发现的乳腺癌危险因素,包括生理因素、心理因素、遗传因素、个人相关病史及服药史、环境及生活方式和生物因素等,这为制定乳腺癌的一级预防的策略提供了依据。     

The association between cheese consumption and cardiovascular risk factors among adults

Background Although current dietary guidelines recommend limiting foods high in fat and saturated fat, such as high‐fat dairy, the effect of cheese consumption on body composition and cardiovascular risk factors is largely unknown. Methods Participants from a US population‐based survey, NHANES III, aged 25–75 years who completed a food frequency questionnaire and had measures of body composition and cardiovascular risk factors were included (n = 10 872). Linear regression was used to compare anthropometrics, blood lipids, blood pressure and blood glucose across categories of cheese consumption (combined full and low‐fat). Results In women, more frequent cheese consumption was associated with higher HDL‐C and lower LDL‐C (p for trend, < 0.05). However, in men, more frequent cheese consumption was associated with a higher body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, HDL‐C and LDL‐C, and diastolic blood pressure (p for trend, < 0.05). Men consuming 30 + servings/month had significantly higher BMI, waist circumference, and diastolic blood pressure compared to nonconsumers (P < 0.05). Conclusions More frequent cheese consumption was associated with less favourable body composition and cardiovascular risk profile in men, but with a more favourable cardiovascular risk profile in women. However, the type of cheese consumed by men and women may have differed resulting in opposing trends on body composition and cardiovascular risk factors.     

Cervical cancer risk factors and predictors of cervical dysplasia among women in south‐west Nigeria

Aim: This study identified predictors of cervical dysplasia and assessed the prevalence of risk factors for cervical cancer among women of different socioeconomic classes in Ogun State, Nigeria. Method: In a two‐phase study, self‐reported information on cervical cancer awareness, risk factors and cervical cancer screening practices was obtained from 278 randomly selected working women. A random subset was screened for dysplasia using visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA). Results: Of the 278 women, 126 (45.3%) were semi‐skilled while 152 (54.7%) were skilled and professional workers. Median age at first sexual intercourse was 19 years (range 13–29) and lower than the median age at first marriage (25 years). Gonorrhoea and genital warts were the commonest reported sexually transmitted infections. Only 12.2% of the women used male condoms as their primary method of birth control and 4.7% of the women had ever had a Papanicolaou smear, a practice that was significantly higher among the professional/skilled compared with semi‐skilled workers (P = 0.031). Of the 125 screened, 20 (16%) had positive VIA. Young age at first sex (≤17 years) (OR = 3.7 (95% CI, 1.07–12.8)) and early first marriage (<25 years) (3.3 (1.00–10.9)) were associated with a positive VIA. Women with lower parity (0–3) had borderline significantly increased risk of having a positive VIA (3.1 (0.9–10.6)). Women currently over 34 years and those without a history of sexually transmitted infections had lower risk of positive VIA (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Acceptable screening services and cervical cancer awareness campaigns that address modifiable risk factors are urgently needed in this community.     

Knowledge of cervical cancer risk factors among Chinese immigrants in Seattle

Chinese American immigrants are a growing part of the United States population. Cervical cancer is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among Chinese Americans. Pap smear testing is less common in Chinese American immigrants than in the general population. During 1999, we conducted a community-based survey of Chinese American women living in Seattle. We assessed knowledge of cervical cancer risk factors and history of Pap smear testing along with socioeconomic and acculturation characteristics. The overall estimated response rate was 64%, and the cooperation rate was 72%. Our study sample included 472 women. Most cervical cancer risk factors were recognized by less than half of our participants. Factors independently associated with knowledge of cervical cancer risk factors included marital status, employment, and education. Respondents with the highest knowledge had greater odds of ever receiving a Pap smear, compared to those respondents with the lowest knowledge (OR 2.5; 95% CI: 1.1,5.8). Our findings suggest a need for increased recognition of cervical cancer risk factors among Chinese American immigrants. Culturally and linguistically appropriate educational interventions for cervical cancer risk factors should be developed, implemented and evaluated.     

安溪县食管癌发病影响因素病例对照调查

目的探讨福建省安溪县食管癌发病的影响因素，为食管癌高发区制定综合防制措施提供理论依据。方法采用1：1配对研究方法，对237例食管癌患者及与之在年龄、性别和居住地相匹配的非癌人群采用统一的调查表进行问卷调查。采用单因素及多因素条件Logistic分析方法分析安溪县食管癌发生的影响因素。结果食盐量(OR 3．704)、性格内向(OR13．511)、吸烟量(OR1．667)、一级亲属食管癌家族史(OR5．687)、病前10～20年前常食用油炸食品(OR2．577)、霉变红薯(OR4．803)、腌菜(OR2．285)是安溪县食管癌发生的危险因素；常饮茶(OR0．234)、饮用清洁水(OR0．142)、常吃豆制品(OR0．407)、水果(OR0．255)是保护因素。结论食管癌是一种由多种致癌因素引起疾病，即在环境危险因素和遗传因素的作用下发生，因此，对其应采取综合性的预防措施。     

食物中总亚硝基化合物及其相关危险因素研究

目的　探索南方食管癌现场中亚硝基化合物综合危险因素。方法　在南方食管癌高发区南澳县和低发区陆丰县各随机选择12 0名35～6 4岁健康男性居民,收集2 4小时膳食和3天12小时夜尿。分别为空白尿样、5 0 0mg脯氨酸+2 0 0mg维生素C(VC)负荷尿样和5 0 0mg脯氨酸负荷尿样。测定总亚硝基化合物(TNOC)、挥发性亚硝胺、亚硝基氨基酸(NAAs)和还原型VC。用非条件logistic模型分析各类亚硝胺摄入水平和排泄水平、NAAs内源性合成能力、VC的营养状况及其对内源性合成的阻断能力等综合因素与食管癌死亡率的关系。结果　非条件logistic回归分析筛选出两个食管癌亚硝胺危险因素—膳食TNOC含量(OR为9 6. 13,95 %CI 1 92 .1～4 8 .115 )和服VC后尿NAAs浓度(OR为1 137,95 %CI为1 0. 0 1～1 2 .98)。结论　膳食TNOC高含量和VC对NOC内源性合成的低阻断能力是南方食管癌高死亡率的两个重要危险因素。     

Identifying risk and protective factors related to depressive symptoms among Northern Plains American Indian women cancer survivors

Cancer is the leading cause of death among American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) women, and depressive symptoms have been linked to higher mortality, but research on depressive symptoms among AIAN cancer patients has been scant. The purpose of this exploratory study was, using the Framework of Historical Oppression, Resilience, and Transcendence, to examine risk and protective factors related to depressive symptoms in American Indian (AI) women cancer survivors. We examined the relationships of adverse childhood experiences (ACE), perceived health status, resilience, and social support with depressive symptoms in Northern Plains AI women cancer survivors. We used a cross-sectional design with purposive sampling of 73 female cancer survivors (aged 18 years or older) between June 2014 and February 2015. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to test three sets of variables in relation to depressive symptoms: (1) sociodemographics, (2) risk factors (ACE and perceived health), and (3) protective factors (psychological resilience and social support). Approximately 47 percent of participants had probable depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms were inversely associated with perceived health, psychological resilience, and social support. These results support bolstering existing social support among AI cancer patients and survivors as well as prevention and intervention efforts that strengthen resilience.     

河北省某医科大学学生弓形虫感染危险因素知晓情况

目的了解医学生献血者弓形虫感染危险因素知晓情况。方法对随机抽取的医学高年级、低年级和新生进行问卷调查,运用X2检验比较各人群的知晓率。结果除“动物尤其猫的粪便污染水源”和“喝未消毒的牛奶”两项弓形虫感染危险因素认知率在3个人群比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,其他问题差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,随年级的增长,认知率相应提高,平均由68．2％增加到80．6％,男生的平均认知率从新生的72．4％提高到高年级的81．7％,而女生由64．8％提高到79．2％（P〈0．05）。结论大学生在校期间接受过相关知识的教育课程,在认知程度上有了明显的提高。     

膳食因素与乳腺癌发病及其预防关系的研究进展

乳腺癌在世界范围内是女性发病率和死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤.近年来随着生活水平的提高,我国从传统的膳食模式转而逐渐趋于西方化,而女性乳腺癌发病率也在迅速增长.由于膳食因素一直被研究者视为乳腺癌发病的一个重要影响因素,该文通过查阅既往文献回顾了肉类、牛奶、大豆类食物和蔬菜水果等膳食因素与乳腺癌发病风险的关系.由于膳食因素作为可调控的危险因素,对于乳腺癌的预防具有重要意义,因此亟需设计良好、大样本的研究来明确如何从膳食因素方面降低乳腺癌的发病风险.     

Pre-conception counselling in primary care: prevalence of risk factors among couples contemplating pregnancy

The outcome of pregnancy can be influenced by several risk factors. Women who are informed about these risks during pre-conception counselling (PCC) have an opportunity to take preventive measures in time. Several studies have shown that high-risk populations have a high prevalence of such risk factors. However, prevalence in the general population, which is assumed to be low risk, is largely unknown. We therefore provided a systematic programme of PCC for the general population and studied the prevalence of risk factors using the risk-assessment questionnaire which was part of the PCC. None of the couples reported no risk factors at all and only 2% of the couples reported risk factors for which written information was considered to be sufficient. Therefore, 98% of all couples reported one or more risk factors for which at least personal counselling by a general practitioner (GP) was indicated. Many of these factors were related to an unhealthy lifestyle. Women with a low level of education reported more risk factors than women with a high level of education. There is a great need for PCC as shown by the fact that almost all couples reported risk factors for which personal counselling was indicated. Pre-conception counselling may reduce the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome by enabling couples to avoid these risks. PCC can be provided by GPs, who have the necessary medical knowledge and background information to counsel couples who wish to have a baby.