基于营养曲线的膳食营养分析

为验证用营养曲线评价膳食营养状况的有效性和实用性,对20名年龄在22～45岁的健康成年人(男8名,女12名)于2004年5月、8月2次分别采用7d记账法、5d称重法进行膳食调查,同时详细记录调查几天内活动种类及其活动时间.按标准方法进行体格检查,采用阻抗法进行人体组织测定.对膳食调查结果进行了营养分析,以营养曲线图的形式给出各种营养素包括胆固醇在内的营养状况描述,并以评价整个膳食营养状况.结果表明采用营养曲线对膳食营养状况进行评定是合理的.     

Food habits and nutritional status assessment of adolescent soccer players. A necessary and accurate approach.

The aim of this study was to assess the food habits and nutritional status of high level adolescent soccer players (N = 33; ages 14-16 yrs) living in their home environment. Body composition (height, mass, skinfolds), biochemical and hematological parameters, performance in soccer-specific tests (sprinting, jumping, intermittent endurance), and dietary intake (weighed food intake method) and related behaviors (nutrient supplement use, daily activity profile) were assessed. Daily energy expenditure and energy intake were 12.5 MJ and 12.6 MJ, respectively. Protein (16% of energy intake; 1.9 g/kg of body mass), lipid (38%), and cholesterol (385 mg) intake were above recommendations, while carbohydrates (45%) were below. The food intake of these adolescents was based on cereals and derivates; meat, fish, and eggs; milk and dairy products; biscuits and confectionery; and oil, butter and margarine, which provided 78% of total energy intake, 85% of proteins, 64% of carbohydrates, 90% of lipids, and 47% of fiber. Although diet provided sufficient iron, 48% of individuals showed iron deficiency without anemia. Based on these results, a well designed nutrition intervention would be advisable for optimizing performance, and especially for promoting healthy eating habits in adolescent soccer players.     

孕妇体成分的营养干预

孕妇妊娠期生理发生变化,导致体成分改变,体重增长.临床表明肥胖孕妇比一般孕妇产科并发症明显增多,且多数是由于营养过剩所造成.本文在体成分分析模型的基础上,结合代谢分析和工程控制理论,利用营养对体成分的凋节作用,提出了以孕妇体成分为控制目标,建立一个基于营养个体化定量的系统,通过测量人体代谢物消耗率和能量转换率可以确定出孕妇各种营养成分的日需要量,最终给出适当的、最为有效的营养干预方法,对孕妇体成分进行控制,使孕妇的体成分保持在理想状态,以减少畸形儿、巨大胎儿的产生,降低孕产妇的并发症.     

Body composition and dietary intake in relation to drug abuse in a cohort of HIV-positive persons

We examined the relationships between drug abuse, weight, body composition, and dietary intake in persons infected with HIV in a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a longitudinal study of nutritional status and HIV. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Dietary data were collected by 3-day food records or 24-hour recalls. We analyzed data from 39 current intravenous drug users (IVDU), 103 past intravenous drug users (past-IVDU), 239 users of nonintravenous drugs (users-NIVD), and 61 nonusers (reference category). In the men, there were no differences in weight, body mass index (BMI), or body composition among the drug-use groups. In the women, there was a trend to lower weight and BMI across the drug use categories: IVDU women had lower average weight (-13.7 kg; p = .006), BMI (-5.6 units; p = .003) and less fat mass than non-users (-9.8 kg; p = .0001). In women, drug users had higher weight-adjusted energy intakes than nonusers, whereas in the men both drug using groups, NIVD and IVDU, had higher energy intakes than nonusers. These data suggest that intravenous drug-abuse is associated with lower weight and fat mass in women with HIV infection despite adequate self-reported energy intake.     

Promising approaches of computer-supported dietary assessment and management—Current research status and available applications

PurposeThe aim of this review was to analyze computer-based tools for dietary management (including web-based and mobile devices) from both scientific and applied perspectives, presenting advantages and disadvantages as well as the state of validation.MethodsFor this cross-sectional analysis, scientific results from 41 articles retrieved via a medline search as well as 29 applications from online markets were identified and analyzed.ResultsResults show that many approaches computerize well-established existing nutritional concepts for dietary assessment, e.g., food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) or dietary recalls (DR). Both food records and barcode scanning are less prominent in research but are frequently offered by commercial applications. Integration with a personal health record (PHR) or a health care workflow is suggested in the literature but is rarely found in mobile applications.ConclusionsIt is expected that employing food records for dietary assessment in research settings will be increasingly used when simpler interfaces, e.g., barcode scanning techniques, and comprehensive food databases are applied, which can also support user adherence to dietary interventions and follow-up phases of nutritional studies.     

Comparison of the Kid's Block Food Frequency Questionnaire to the 24-hour recall in urban Native American youth.

This study evaluated the appropriateness of the Kid's Block Food Frequency Questionnaire (Kid's Block FFQ) for use in a group of urban Native American youth by comparing it to a self-reported 24-hr recall. Subjects were 61 urban Native American youth, aged 9-13 years. Researchers assessed dietary intake using the two methods in random order on the same day. Analyses of diets revealed no significant difference between estimated total energy, protein, fat, and saturated fat between the two methods. Significant differences in estimations for the two tools occurred for carbohydrates and some micronutrients. Results suggest that the Kid's Block FFQ may be less appropriate than 24-hr recall in measuring the dietary intake of Native American youth. A high prevalence of obesity in this population necessitates more accurate dietary assessment tools for this population.     

Risk of macro and micronutrients deficiency in low income preschool children. Valencia, Venezuela

The dietary pattern and energy and nutrient intake as basic indicators of nutritional deficiencies were assessed in 408 preschoolers by three 24-hour recalls and food frequency questionnaire. Socioeconomic status (Graffar/Méndez-Castellano) and nutritional status by corporal dimensions were assessed. Student t test, ANOVA and Chi2 were applied. 95% of the children were living in poverty (62% relative and 32% critical). Nutritional deficit was present in 14% of children, being more prevalent in the group from 4 to 6.99 years of age (p < 0.01). Protein adequacy was significantly higher and iron adequacy was significantly lower in children aged 1 to 3.99 years (p < 0.005), probably related to a higher milk intake, while children aged 4 to 6.99 consumed a larger variety of foods, including corn flour fortified with iron and Vit. A. There was a deficient intake of energy and iron in 52.5%, of Vit. A in 31% and zinc in 88.6% of the children. 90% of the studied population consumed an excessive amount of proteins. The risk of deficiency was low for protein intake in all social classes and high for Vit. A, iron and zinc intake, with a higher risk for children of low socioeconomic level. The food pattern intake was based on 10 food items, suggesting a monotonous alimentation. Cereals and legumes were the main source of proteins, vit A, iron and zinc. Due to a deficient intake of calories and micronutrients, a situation of "hidden hunger" must be considered.     

Nutritional status and lipid profile of HIV-positive children and adolescents using antiretroviral therapy

OBJECTIVE:

To describe nutritional status, body composition and lipid profile in children and adolescents receiving protease inhibitors.

METHODS:

Fifty-nine patients, 23 treated with protease inhibitors (group 1) and 36 not using protease inhibitors (group 2). Their dietary intake, anthropometry, bioimpedance analysis and lipid profile variables were measured.

RESULTS:

There was no difference in nutritional status or body composition between groups at the beginning of the study. After 6 months of follow-up, there was an increase in weight and height in both groups, as well as in waist circumference and subscapular skinfold thickness. In group 2, body mass index and triceps skinfold thickness adequacy were significantly higher after 6 months of follow-up. The groups had similar energy and macronutrient intake at any time point. After 6 months, group 1 had a higher cholesterol intake and group 2 had a higher fiber intake. Triglyceride serum levels were significantly different between the groups, with higher values in G1, at any time point [G1: 153 mg/dl (30–344); 138 (58–378) versus G2: 76 mg/dl (29–378); 76 (29–378)]. After 6 months of follow-up, G1 had higher LDL-cholesterol than G2 [104 mg/dl (40–142) versus 82 (42–145)].

CONCLUSION:

The use of protease inhibitors, per se, does not seem to significantly interfere with anthropometric measures, body composition and food intake of HIV-infected children and adolescents. However, this antiretroviral therapy was associated with a significant increase in triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol in our subjects.     

郑州市某寄宿制幼儿园学龄前儿童营养状况调查

目的了解郑州市某寄宿制幼儿园儿童的膳食结构和营养状况,提出改进意见。方法采用5日连续称重记账法进行膳食调查,同时进行体格检查和营养生化指标的测定。结果郑州市某寄宿制幼儿园学龄前儿童热能和三大营养素的摄入量达到了相应供给量标准,钙、锌、视黄醇当量、硫胺素的摄入量分别是(RDA)52.7%、82.4%、51.4%、81.3%,铁的摄入量为供给量的135.8%,但来源于动物性食物的铁仅达到17%。营养过剩表现较突出,其发生率为17.4%;贫血的患病率为6.27%。结论调整膳食结构,增加副食摄入,增加钙、锌、视黄醇当量、硫胺素、铁的供给,减少动物性脂肪及胆固醇的摄入量,适当增加碳水化合物的摄入,增加来源于动物性食物的血色素铁的供给,增加幼儿的运动量,达到平衡膳食,合理营养。     

Regulation by chronic-mild stress of glucocorticoids, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and adiposity in rats fed on a high-fat diet

Stress has been reported as a widespread problem and several studies have linked obesity and inflammation-related diseases. Moreover, the combination of suffering from chronic stress and high energy intake might be related to the onset of some metabolic diseases. To study the possible relationships between stress, inflammatory status and obesity, a chronic-mild stress (CMS) paradigm with a high-fat dietary intake model (Cafeteria diet) was implemented on male Wistar rats for 11 weeks. Stress and dietary intake effects on animal adiposity, serum biochemical as well as glucocorticoids and inflammation markers were all analyzed. As expected, consuming a high-fat diet increased body weight, adiposity and insulin resistance in non-stressed animals. A decrease of total white adipose tissue (WAT) and an increase of fecal glucocorticoids, as well as angiotensinogen, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression level in retroperitoneal WAT were found only on control-stressed rats. Regarding the serum MCP-1, a decrease was observed on animals under CMS while being fed Cafeteria diet. Furthermore, 11β-hidroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, a glucocorticoid and obesity biomarker in the liver, was influenced by high-fat diet intake but not by stress. Finally, statistical analysis showed a strong relation between MCP-1 expression levels in retroperitoneal WAT, fecal corticosterone and total WAT. This trial proved that CMS induced a glucocorticoid-mediated response, which was reduced by the intake of a Cafeteria diet. These findings suggest that a high-fat diet could protect against a stress condition and revealed a different behavior to a stressful environment depending on the nutritional status.     

Dietary and nutrient intakes of 25 Ningerum (New Guinea) adult males at two times of the year

In nutritional studies of traditional societies, it is often assumed that dietary intakes are sufficiently homogeneous for dietary studies of short duration to be adequate for accurate assessment of group nutrient intake. The present study examines this assumption by considering food and nutrient intakes of 25 adult males in rural Papua New Guinea (PNG). Five-day weighed dietary intakes were carried out on each individual twice, with a 6-month interval between measurements. The two measurements corresponded to the times of year when the climate was wet and wetter. Energy intakes, at 167 and 169 kJ/kg body weight, were within the range of values reported by other authors for adult males in PNG. Intakes of protein, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and calcium were low, while intakes of iron and vitamins A and C were above WHO (FAO/WHO, 1974) recommended daily allowances. Energy and nutrient intakes did not vary between the two times of year, with two exceptions: vitamin C and iron. Intakes of foods and food types varied between wet and wetter times, however. Within- and between-subject coefficients of variation of intakes of energy and six nutrients were used to calculate sample sizes needed to obtain estimates of group intakes at different levels of reliability and number of days of dietary measurement. This varied with the nutrient under consideration and the time of year. At a given level of reliability, accurate estimates of carbohydrate intake could be obtained with smaller sample sizes and/or number of days of observation than for energy, protein, and vitamin C intakes. Longer periods or larger samples would have been needed for the estimation of group vitamin A, fat, and calcium intakes. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Dietary pattern and growth of 10–12-year-old Bolivian girls and boys: Relation between altitude and socioeconomic status

The purpose of the study was to determine the impact of nutrition and physical activity on growth and health of 228 native Bolivian prepubertal girls and boys 10–12 years of age, from high socioeconomic status (HSES) and low socioeconomic status (LSES), living at high altitude (HA) in La Paz (∼4,000 m) and at low altitude (LA) in St. Cruz (∼400 m). In the 4 years of the study, dietary information and daily physical activities were obtained with the 24-hour recall method by interviewing the child and mother. All food items were converted into grams, and nutrients were calculated by using food composition tables for Latin America. Physical activities were estimated in four intensity levels and calculated in terms of energy output. The results show that nutritional intake is influenced by socioeconomic status, but not by altitude. Overall, the energy and nutrient intake of the HSES girls and boys was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.01) than the intake of the LSES children at both altitudes; no sex effect was evident. HSES girls and boys consumed greater amounts of nutrients, especially protein and fat; they were taller but also fatter. The physical activity of LSES children was higher than that of HSES children. The lower energy intake and the higher energy expenditure of LSES children were reflected in their smaller body size. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 9:51–62 © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Nutrition in centenarians

The oldest old are among the fastest growing segment of the population and it is important to understand not only the influence of modifiable lifestyle factors such as diet and nutrition on the achievement of exceptional longevity but also the role, if any, of these factors on maintaining optimal cognitive, mental and physical health into advanced age. This review summarizes studies of dietary intake and patterns of long-lived peoples and presents current knowledge of nutritional status of centenarians as determined with nutritionally relevant biomarkers, providing information on comparative levels of the various biomarkers between centenarians and older adult controls and on the prevalence and predictors of nutritional deficiencies in centenarians. The studies indicate that BMI and nutritional status as indicated by circulating levels of antioxidant vitamins, vitamin B12, folate, homocysteine and 25(OH) vitamin D of centenarians are quite heterogeneous and influenced by region of residency and many of the demographic, dietary and lifestyle factors that influence nutritional status in other older adults. While many of the studies have been small, convenience samples of relatively healthy community-dwelling centenarians, a few have population-based or included participants of varying cognitive functioning. These and future studies examining associations between nutritional status and cognitive, mental and physical function should be instrumental in determining the role of nutrition in promoting longevity and improving the quality of life in these exceptional survivors.     

An expanded view of energy homeostasis: Neural integration of metabolic, cognitive, and emotional drives to eat

The traditional view of neural regulation of body energy homeostasis focuses on internal feedback signals integrated in the hypothalamus and brainstem and in turn leading to balanced activation of behavioral, autonomic, and endocrine effector pathways leading to changes in food intake and energy expenditure. Recent observations have demonstrated that many of these internal signals encoding energy status have much wider effects on the brain, particularly sensory and cortico-limbic systems that process information from the outside world by detecting and interpreting food cues, forming, storing, and recalling representations of experience with food, and assigning hedonic and motivational value to conditioned and unconditioned food stimuli. Thus, part of the metabolic feedback from the internal milieu regulates food intake and energy balance by acting on extrahypothalamic structures, leading to an expanded view of neural control of energy homeostasis taking into account the need to adapt to changing conditions in the environment. The realization that metabolic signals act directly on these non-traditional targets of body energy homeostasis brings opportunities for novel drug targets for the fight against obesity and eating disorders.     

Physiological and psychosocial age-related changes associated with reduced food intake in older persons

Dietary intake changes during the course of aging. Normally an increase in food intake is observed around 55 years of age, which is followed by a reduction in food intake in individuals over 65 years of age. This reduction in dietary intake results in lowered levels of body fat and body weight, a phenomenon known as anorexia of aging. Anorexia of aging has a variety of consequences, including a decline in functional status, impaired muscle function, decreased bone mass, micronutrient deficiencies, reduced cognitive functions, increased hospital admission and even premature death. Several changes during lifetime have been implicated to play a role in the reduction in food intake and the development of anorexia of aging. These changes are both physiological, involving peripheral hormones, senses and central brain regulation and non-physiological, with differences in psychological and social factors. In the present review, we will focus on age-related changes in physiological and especially non-physiological factors, that play a role in the age-related changes in food intake and in the etiology of anorexia of aging. At the end we conclude with suggestions for future nutritional research to gain greater understanding of the development of anorexia of aging which could lead to earlier detection and better prevention.     

Online Dietary Intake Estimation: The Food4Me Food Frequency Questionnaire

Background

Dietary assessment methods are important tools for nutrition research. Online dietary assessment tools have the potential to become invaluable methods of assessing dietary intake because, compared with traditional methods, they have many advantages including the automatic storage of input data and the immediate generation of nutritional outputs.

Objective

The aim of this study was to develop an online food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for dietary data collection in the “Food4Me” study and to compare this with the validated European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC) Norfolk printed FFQ.

Methods

The Food4Me FFQ used in this analysis was developed to consist of 157 food items. Standardized color photographs were incorporated in the development of the Food4Me FFQ to facilitate accurate quantification of the portion size of each food item. Participants were recruited in two centers (Dublin, Ireland and Reading, United Kingdom) and each received the online Food4Me FFQ and the printed EPIC-Norfolk FFQ in random order. Participants completed the Food4Me FFQ online and, for most food items, participants were requested to choose their usual serving size among seven possibilities from a range of portion size pictures. The level of agreement between the two methods was evaluated for both nutrient and food group intakes using the Bland and Altman method and classification into quartiles of daily intake. Correlations were calculated for nutrient and food group intakes.

Results

A total of 113 participants were recruited with a mean age of 30 (SD 10) years (40.7% male, 46/113; 59.3%, 67/113 female). Cross-classification into exact plus adjacent quartiles ranged from 77% to 97% at the nutrient level and 77% to 99% at the food group level. Agreement at the nutrient level was highest for alcohol (97%) and lowest for percent energy from polyunsaturated fatty acids (77%). Crude unadjusted correlations for nutrients ranged between .43 and .86. Agreement at the food group level was highest for “other fruits” (eg, apples, pears, oranges) and lowest for “cakes, pastries, and buns”. For food groups, correlations ranged between .41 and .90.

Conclusions

The results demonstrate that the online Food4Me FFQ has good agreement with the validated printed EPIC-Norfolk FFQ for assessing both nutrient and food group intakes, rendering it a useful tool for ranking individuals based on nutrient and food group intakes.     

Factors Associated With Study Attrition Among HIV-Infected Risky Drinkers in St. Petersburg,Russia

Background: Participant attrition in HIV longitudinal studies may introduce bias and diminish research quality. The identification of participant characteristics that are predictive of attrition might inform retention strategies. Objective: The study aimed to identify factors associated with attrition among HIV-infected Russian risky drinkers from the secondary HIV prevention HERMITAGE trial. We examined whether current injection drug use (IDU), binge drinking, depressive symptoms, HIV status nondisclosure, stigma, and lifetime history of incarceration were predictors of study attrition. We also explored effect modification due to gender. Methods: Complete loss to follow-up (LTFU), defined as no follow-up visits after baseline, was the primary outcome, and time to first missed visit was the secondary outcome. We used multiple logistic regression models for the primary analysis, and Cox proportional hazards models for the secondary analysis. Results: Of 660 participants, 101 (15.3%) did not return after baseline. No significant associations between independent variables and complete LTFU were observed. Current IDU and HIV status nondisclosure were significantly associated with time to first missed visit (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 1.39; 95% CI, 1.03-1.87; AHR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.03-1.86, respectively). Gender stratified analyses suggested a larger impact of binge drinking among men and history of incarceration among women with time to first missed visit. Conclusions: Although no factors were significantly associated with complete LTFU, current IDU and HIV status nondisclosure were significantly associated with time to first missed visit in HIV-infected Russian risky drinkers. An understanding of these predictors may inform retention efforts in longitudinal studies.