护士从事互联网居家护理服务工作体验的研究

目的 了解护士从事互联网居家护理服务的工作体验,为推行“互联网+护理服务”工作提供参考。方法 2019年4月—6月,选取南昌市某医院从事互联网居家护理服务的9名护士进行深度访谈,将获取的资料采用Colaizzi 7步分析法进行分析。结果 护士的工作体验归纳为动机、对未知环境的担忧、工作适应、感恩和对管理者的期望5个主题,其中动机主题包括工作能力被承认、自我价值得到体现和薪酬满意;对未知环境的担忧主题包括担忧自身安全和担忧护理质量;工作适应主题包括角色适应良好、工作量增加和具备相应的护理能力;感恩主题包括护患关系和谐及获得家庭和团队支持;对管理者的期望主题包括加强组织支持和增加培训教育。结论 护士积极主动从事互联网居家护理服务工作,获得来自家庭和团队的支持,护患关系和谐;同时对自身的安全保障及患者的护理服务质量存在担忧,建议管理者从医院和平台层面增加对护士的组织支持,加大培训力度,提高护士医疗风险的应对能力。     

Patient safety and human error: the big picture

For most of the past century, health care literature including many books written about health care and its quality have documented the problems of errors in health care delivery. That outcomes of care have differed significantly among hospitals has also inferred that perhaps the "best practices" or the appropriate resources may not have been used, although most of these study results have be adjusted for case mix. The Institute of Medicine's recent publication, "To Err is Human," represents their review of studies quantifying medical errors in health care and their recommendations for eliminating such errors to the extent possible. One should note that, while using the term "medical," it does not infer that all errors are made by physicians. It recommends shifting the focus of study from blaming the health providers to studying the "system" in which health care is provided, believing that most of the errors committed are not reckless but rather result from system variables. The Institute of Medicine's recommendations are broad and cover a variety of quality assurance mechanisms. It recommends mandatory reporting of these errors to a central agency via a state mechanism, with better and broader legislation to make peer review, for purposes of studying errors with a view toward making change in the system, privileged information, and not subject to subpoena. The American Medical Association and American Nurses Association, in their testimony before the US Senate Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education and Related Agencies, on December 13, 1999, support the recommendations in general with a few reservations.     

A "near-miss" model for describing the nurse's role in the recovery of medical errors.

Approximately 44,000 patients die each year as a result of medical errors. Nurses play an important role in ensuring patient safety and preventing adverse outcomes. As frontline providers of care, nurses are in key positions to intercept a medical error before it affects a patient. The Eindhoven model for investigating a "near-miss" situation has been used successfully in the chemical industry to elucidate the concept of human recovery, that is, the ability of operators to detect, localize, and correct system faults. In this article, we propose applying the Eindhoven model to the clinical setting, in which nurses play the role of operators by identifying, interrupting, and correcting medical errors. After describing the model, we present clinical scenarios to illustrate how it can be applied. More research is needed to explicate the nurse's role in managing medical errors. Interventions to decrease medical errors require insight into strategies that frontline clinicians can use to identify and mitigate potentially harmful incidents. The Eindhoven model can help researchers, administrators, and clinicians to conceptualize the role for nurses in developing such interventions.     

Turning the tide on medical errors in intensive care units: a human factors approach.

Errors occur in all nursing settings. The current healthcare climate tends to focus on individuals as the cause of errors rather than addressing issues that may be inherently wrong with the healthcare system that predisposes the individual to make errors. Human factors engineering (HFE), which is focused on removing human factors as much as possible from errors, has the potential to greatly impact medical errors in intensive care units. Applied in other high-risk industries, HFE has been critical in understanding and preventing errors at a systems level. Knowledge concerning the role systems play in errors and improvements to medical systems using HFE is intended to empower nurses to be advocates for systems change, resulting in a safer work environment and a safer healthcare delivery system.     

Do medical inpatients who report poor service quality experience more adverse events and medical errors?

PURPOSE: Service quality deficiencies are common in health care. However, little is known about the relationship between service quality and the occurrence of adverse events and medical errors. We hypothesized that patients who reported poor service quality were at increased risk of experiencing adverse events and medical errors. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Patients were interviewed during and after their admissions regarding problems experienced during the hospitalizations. We used this information to identify service quality deficiencies. We then performed a blinded, retrospective chart review to independently identify adverse events and errors. We used multivariable methods to analyze whether patients who reported service quality deficiencies (obtained by patient report) experienced any adverse event, close call, or low risk error (ascertained by chart review). RESULTS: The 228 participants (mean age 63 years, 37% male) reported 183 service quality deficiencies. Of the 52 incidents identified on chart review, patients experienced 34 adverse events, 11 close calls, and 7 low risk errors. The presence of any service quality deficiency more than doubled the odds of any adverse event, close call, or low risk error (adjusted odds ratio = 2.5; 95% confidence interval = 1.2-5.4). Service quality deficiencies involving poor coordination of care (adjusted odds ratio = 4.4; 95% confidence interval = 1.4-14.0) were associated with the occurrence of adverse events and medical errors. CONCLUSIONS: Patient-reported service quality deficiencies were associated with adverse events and medical errors. Patients who report service quality incidents may help to identify patient safety hazards.     

A magnet nursing service approach to nursing's role in quality improvement

The heightened focus on quality and the rise of health care consumerism are manifestations of numerous interrelated dynamics, especially including the aging of the "baby boomers" and greater prevalence of chronic conditions, the explosion of biomedical scientific knowledge and technology, changes in prevailing methods of health care financing, a recent prolonged period of economic prosperity, widespread concerns about patient safety, return of disproportionate health care cost, and the democratization of medical knowledge consequent to widespread use of the Internet. Quality improvement in nursing was first introduced by Florence Nightingale during the Crimean War. Today, nursing quality continues to look at process, but has evolved to an emphasis on patient care outcomes. This article discusses nursing quality structure, processes, and outcomes at a large, teaching, tertiary medical center in Los Angeles, California. The medical center is one of two designated magnet nursing services in California. Nursing's role in achieving clinical and service quality for patients, communities, and staff are essential characteristics of magnet-designated nursing service organizations.     

Enhanced clinical consulting--moving toward the core competencies of laboratory professionals

The large menu of laboratory assays available today makes it increasingly difficult for the non-specialist to order all necessary tests, avoid medical errors, and still contain cost. Curbside consultations, "intelligent" laboratory information systems, and medical information from the Internet cannot fully fill the need for expert advice on test selection and interpretation of laboratory results. In this communication, we show the need for a more active role for laboratory physicians to select and interpret tests, demonstrate that existing attempts to deal with this issue are insufficient, and describe the model system which we have instituted at our institution. We combine reflexive testing algorithms with narrative interpretations provided by medical laboratory professionals and thereby enable physicians to obtain relevant laboratory results and to arrive at a definitive diagnosis without having to order individual tests. In our experience, such an arrangement can significantly improve the quality of care and reduce the cost per case by decreasing the time to diagnosis, the number of tests ordered, and the number of patient visits. In addition, interpretations provide a new source of professional revenue for the expert laboratory physician. This leads to a new role for laboratory professionals, in which their expertise in the selection and interpretation of laboratory tests is fully utilized.     

Internet education of African American consumers on quality of care

This article describes a study using the Internet to teach African American consumers about quality of health care. By reading information on quality of care, consumers can learn ways to assess the care they are receiving, develop strategies needed to participate effectively in communicating with their health care providers, and make informed decisions in their own best interests. We developed an educational intervention using 5 Internet documents on quality of care and evaluated its effectiveness on learning, value of the information, and satisfaction with the instruction between consumers who read the information alone and those who read the information and interacted with a nurse. Participants indicated they learned a great deal from the information at the Web sites and reported that it would be helpful in assessing their own health care. They more frequently described quality care in terms of health outcomes, self care behaviors, and patient education after the Internet instruction, reflecting important concepts contained in the documents.     

Patient Concerns about Medical Errors in Emergency Departments

OBJECTIVE: Despite large numbers of emergency encounters, little is known about how emergency department (ED) patients conceptualize their risk of medical errors. This study examines how safe ED patients feel from medical errors, which errors are of greatest concern, how concerns differ by patient and hospital characteristics, and the relationship between concerns and willingness to return for future care. METHODS: Multiwave telephone interviews of 767 patients from 12 EDs were conducted. Patients were asked about their medical safety, concern about eight types of medical errors, and satisfaction with care. RESULTS: Eighty-eight percent of patients believed that their safety from medical errors had been good, very good, or excellent; 38% of patients reported experiencing at least one specific error-related concern, most commonly misdiagnosis (22% of all patients), physician errors (16%), medication errors (16%), nursing errors (12%), and wrong test/procedure (10%). Concerns were associated with gender (p < 0.01), age (p < 0.0001), ethnicity (p < 0.001), length of stay (p < 0.001), ED volume (p < 0.0001), day of week (p < 0.0001), and hospital type (p < 0.0001). Concerns were highly related to a patient's willingness to return to the ED. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of ED patients felt relatively safe from medical errors, yet a significant percentage of patients experienced concern about a specific error during their emergency encounter. Concerns varied by both patient and hospital characteristics and were highly linked to patient satisfaction. The selective nature of concerns may suggest that patients are attuned to cues they perceive to be linked to specific medical errors, but efforts to involve patients in error detection/prevention programs will be challenging given the stressful and intimidating nature of ED encounters.     

Nurse practitioners help to provide quality, cost-effective care to patients with cancer

Since their role was conceived more than 30 years ago, nurse practitioners (NPs) have demonstrated their ability to provide effective, accessible, cost-effective health care for a range of primary healthcare services, including preventing illness, managing chronic illness, and treating minor episodic health problems. In recent years, the job market has increased for NPs in specialty areas, such as oncology, as physicians and medical administrators have recognized the quality and cost-effectiveness of the role.     

Quality and safety in the intensive care unit

Ensuring patient safety is becoming increasingly important for intensive care unit practitioners. The intensive care unit is particularly prone to medical errors because of the complexity of the patients, interdependence of the practitioners, and dependence on team functioning. This review provides historical perspectives, research foundations, and a practical "how to" guide to improving care in the intensive care unit. It also considers the organizational structure, the processes of care, and the occurrence of adverse outcomes in this setting. Effective intensive care unit quality and safety programs capitalize on institutional resources and have multidisciplinary input with clear leadership, input from quality improvement initiatives, a responsible yet nonpunitive culture, and data-driven assessment and monitoring to reduce medical errors. Intensive care unit practitioners need to capitalize on the benefits that patients and their families bring to the patient safety discourse. This provides opportunities for better understanding the risks of the intensive care unit and improving the consent process.     

Patients with eventually fatal chronic illness: their importance within a national research agenda on improving patient safety and reducing medical errors

In September 2000, the Quality Interagency Coordination (QuIC) Task Force invited the RAND Center to Improve Care of the Dying and Americans for Better Care of the Dying to testify at its National Summit on Medical Errors and Patient Safety Research. In their testimony, the organizations urged the QuIC to consider the special vulnerability and needs of individuals at the end of life in crafting their research agenda. Patients at the end of life are particularly vulnerable to medical errors and other lapses in patient safety for three reasons: (1) substantially increased exposure to medical errors; (2) more serious effects from errors because they cannot protect themselves from risks and have less reserve with which to overcome the effects; and (3) pervasive patterns of care that run counter to well-substantiated evidence-based practices. A national research agenda on preventing medical errors and increasing patient safety must include a focus on how to improve shortcomings affecting these vulnerable patients. The QuIC's preliminary research agenda, released in October 2000, included patients coming to the end of life. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, the lead federal agency for researching patient safety and medical errors, released between November 2000 and April 2001 six Requests for Applications for research into medical errors.     

Efficacy of clinical laboratory: Therapeutic TAT,safety, and medical errors

Health care services rely on continued technological advances and management of the operational systems for optimum reduction of medical errors. Significant gains in health care outcomes as indicated by recorded increases in life expectancies have been achieved due to the availability and application of technological advances for medical services. The inadequacies in the application of these systems for maximum benefit of the health care systems have however been the subject of recent publications dealing with patient safety and medical errors [1], [2], [3], [4]. Estimates by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) indicate that approximately 44,000–98,000 deaths occur each year as a consequence of inadequate safety and failure to prevent errors in the health care system. This puts medical errors in the top four leading causes of deaths per the IOM report. Other studies in the USA states of Colorado, Utah, and New York suggest that medical errors occur in 2–4% of hospitalizations. The paper by Raab et al. denoted a 6.7% discrepancy between original report and secondary case review, and 5% of the discrepancies have modest to significant effect on patient care [Raab SS, Grzybicki DM, Zarbo RJ, Meier FA, Geyer SJ, Jensen C. Anatomic pathology databases and patient safety. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2005;129:459–66]. This presentation focuses on the health care safety and medical errors relative to clinical laboratory. The impact of laboratory operations with resultant delays in test turn around times (TAT) and other laboratory errors on the health care services are presented. The role of governmental (US Department of Health and Human Services) and non-governmental regulatory agencies (CAP, AACC, IFCC, CLSI, etc) in mitigating these clinical laboratory errors is discussed. The use of payment system as a mechanism for improving the quality of laboratory services is also presented to illustrate the checks and balance systems aimed at reduction of medical errors. The presentation will conclude with the recommendation that majority of the clinical laboratory delays in turn around time and other errors can be prevented with appropriate analytical systems and operational processes under the overall guidance of the right regulatory agencies.     

The laboratory is a key partner in assuring patient safety

Medical errors have a great impact on patient outcomes. They can cause serious injury to patients or even result in their deaths. However, morbidity and mortality can sometimes be prevented by the timely and effective action of health care workers. Several IOM Reports have focused on the problem of errors in the United States health care system and identified gaps that need to be addressed. As part of the overall health care system, clinical laboratories are vulnerable to medical errors. Because of significant efforts on the part of both the laboratories and the manufacturers of laboratory equipment and reagents, the errors in the analytic phase of the total testing process now represent the smallest portion of testing errors. Currently, laboratory testing errors occur most frequently in the preanalytic phase. The primary reason for the high prevalence of preanalytic errors is that, at the present time, it is difficult to monitor all preanalytic variables and to implement necessary improvement processes, particularly when some of the variables (like phlebotomy) are not under the control of the laboratory. Considerable efforts have been made by laboratory professionals and other stakeholders to decrease testing errors. Minimal quality requirements have been set through regulations for both laboratory testing and the manufacture of medical equipment and reagents. At the same time, nonregulatory approaches have greatly affected the quality of laboratory testing. These include laboratory standards, various quality improvement programs, voluntary reporting of adverse events, and, in the near future, the National Report on the Quality of Laboratory Services. The introduction of successful approaches from other industries, such as Six Sigma and Lean, also will help reduce the rate of laboratory errors. The clinical laboratory has done more than most other sectors of health care to decrease the occurrence of medical errors, making it a key partner inpatient safety.     

Medical errors,incidents, accidents and violations

Atul Gawande: 'The real problem isn't how to stop bad doctors from harming, even killing their patients. It's how to prevent good doctors from doing so.'A. Gawande: When doctors make mistakes. The New Yorker, 1st February 1999; 40-55.Errors are an integral part of human behaviour and performance, and in this respect, medical/ surgical practice is no exception. Undoubtedly medical errors account for substantial patient morbidity and mortality. The subject is complicated due to complex and at times confusing taxonomy and the lack of agreed definitions and classification of medical/ surgical errors. It is not possible to eliminate errors from clinical practice but we can improve the quality of medical care by adopting error-tolerant operating medical systems (E-TOMS) based on progress in cognitive psychology, human factors, and human reliability assessment made during the past 30 years. E-TOMS should enable detection, reporting and targeted reduction of errors, and together with effective team dynamics, good clinical governance incorporating root-cause analysis of adverse events during the delivery of health care should improve the quality of care that we can provide for our patients.     

安全文化在手术室护理管理中的应用体会

目的：探讨安全文化在手术室护理管理中的作用。方法：深圳市龙岗中心医院2005年起建立并逐步健全手术室护理安全文化建设,分析其具体实施措施和取得的临床护理效果。结果：自开展此项活动以来,手术室护理质量得到了极大的提高。无一例相关手术室护理的医疗事故发生,日常护理差错事故发生率也明显降低,患者手术前后的护理满意率得到了极大的提高。结论：在日常护理工作中严格按照护理安全制度执行,重视患者的护理安全,将安全文化融入到整体的护理工作当中,以提升医院的整体质量水平,营造良好的医疗诊治环境。     

Patient safety in the NICU: a comprehensive review

Patient safety is a worldwide priority aimed at preventing medical errors before they cause death, harm, or injury. Medical errors impact 1 in 10 patients worldwide (WHO), and their implications may include death, permanent, or temporary harm, financial loss, and psychosocial harm to the patient and in some cases to the caregiver. The unique aspects and the complexity of the neonatal intensive (NICU) environment, in addition to the vulnerability of the neonatal population increase the risk for medical errors. The following article offers an overview of safety issues specific to neonatal intensive care and provides strategies and examples on how to ensure safe practice. In particular, the authors focus on strategies to improve the team process. Practice recommendations and research implications are presented.     

Drivers of medical errors in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU): A qualitative analysis

Infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are particularly susceptible to medical errors. This qualitative study sought to determine the drivers of medical errors in the NICU and suggestions for preventing medical errors among NICU registered nurses (RNs) and respiratory therapists (RTs). Qualitative analyses consisted of categorizing data based on themes. Themes that emerged from the qualitative analyses were also informed by the socio-ecological model, including themes related to organizational, interpersonal, and individual factors. The themes included organizational categories of fear, workload, staff, and pay; the interpersonal category of communication; and individual categories of natural causes, fear, and concentration. These themes can be used to inform future research studies to develop interventions in a multi-level framework to reduce medical errors in the NICU.