窒息新生儿和早产儿血降钙素基因相关肽及血压的动态变化

为探讨重度窒息新生儿、早产儿血浆降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）和血压的动态变化及临床意义，对20例足月重度窒息儿，18例早产儿及22例足月正常新生儿后第1、3、7天的血浆CGRP水平及BP值进行测定。结果显示，窒息组第1、3天血浆CGRP水平显著高于对照组（P＜0．05）。第7天与对照组差异无显著性（P＞0．05）；其BP值结果则相反；早产儿组第1、3、7天血浆CGRP水平和对照组相比差异均无显著性（P均＞0．05），BP值则均低于对照组（P均＜0．05）；窒息组中，第7天血浆CGRP值较高1、3天显著下降（P均＜0．05），BP值则相反；正常组和早产组的CGRP值在生后1、3、7均间均无显著变化（P均＞0．05），其BP值则逐渐升高（P均＜0．05）。提示CGRP参与新生儿窒息后病理生理过程，血浆CGRP的升高可能是窒息后机体自我保护机制之一；早产因素对血浆CGRP值影响不大；血浆CGRP不参与BP生理性增高过程。     

窒息新生儿血肌红蛋白变化的研究

目的探讨足月窒息新生儿出生早期血肌红蛋白(Mb)及血肌酸激酶(CK)浓度变化的临床意义。方法选择2005年3月至2006年5月本院新生儿科出生3 h内入院的足月窒息新生儿,分为轻度窒息组和重度窒息组,测定生后0~3 h Mb和CK水平,同时检测生后0~6 h第一次尿Mb,记录生后24 h内尿量,与无宫内窘迫、窒息及产伤的正常对照组(15例)及脐血对照组(25例)进行比较。结果窒息新生儿(42例)出生早期CK与Mb均高于两个对照组,重度窒息组高于轻度窒息组[Mb:(1071.8±736.1)μg/L比(266.8±189.9)μg/L,CK:(2990.7±625.8)IU/L比(995.7±595.1)IU/L,P均<0.05];CK与Mb浓度呈正相关(重度窒息组r=0.468,轻度窒息组r=0.577,P均<0.05);正常对照组和脐血对照组CK与Mb差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);重度窒息组血、尿Mb与生后1 m in Apgar和第1个24 h尿量均呈负相关(r分别为-0.657和-0.628,P均<0.05)。结论应密切监测窒息新生儿出生后Mb和CK浓度变化,关注新生儿窒息后肌肉损伤的发生及重度窒息儿出生早期尿量变化。     

围产期窒息母儿血浆催乳素水平变化研究

为探讨窒息新生儿母、儿血浆催乳素( PRL)水平变化与相关性及其意义,采用放射免疫分析法对 25例围产期窒息儿及 20例正常对照组母血、脐血及新生儿血浆 PRL水平进行测定并进行动态观察.结果显示窒息组母血、脐血及新生儿血浆 PRL水平均显著高于正常对照组( P均 <0.01);重度窒息组母血、脐血及新生儿血浆 PRL水平均高于轻度窒息组,差异具有显著性( P<0.01, <0.001, <0.01),窒息儿母血、脐血及新生儿血浆 PRL水平具有显著的正相关关系( r=0.54,P<0.05).窒息新生儿复苏后血浆 PRL水平显著增高,生后第 2 d PRL水平逐渐下降,生后第 10 d血浆 PRL水平虽高于正常对照组,但差异无显著性( P>0.05).提示围产期窒息新生儿血浆、脐血、母血 PRL水平显著增高,其可能的机理是窒息时缺氧缺血导致脑组织释放兴奋性氨基酸增加,进而刺激垂体前叶释放 PRL,导致血浆及脐血 PRL水平增高.因此认为,血浆 PRL水平可作为判断新生儿窒息程度及由窒息缺氧所致新生儿脑损伤恢复状况的一项参考指标.     

内分泌系统疾病

910254 467例新生儿生后7天内血清皮质醇水平及窒息后动态观察/赵孟陶…//临床儿科杂志.-1990,8(4).-260,245选择足月正常儿、足月小于胎龄儿、早产儿及双胎早产儿、新生儿467例,分无窒息组313例,窒息组154例。生后24～120小时三个时间段血清皮质醇水平随日龄增长而逐渐下降,于生后124小时皮质醇水平趋于稳定。无窒息组生     

不同分娩方式足月新生儿生后早期血糖变化

目的探讨不同分娩方式足月新生儿生后早期微量血糖的变化。方法选择2011年12月—2012年2月娩出的足月新生儿,其中剖宫产60例(择期剖宫产36例,应急剖宫产24例),自然分娩44例,监测分娩即刻孕母末梢血糖,新生儿脐血血糖及其生后0.5、2、6、12、24 h动态血糖。结果剖宫产儿脐血及0.5、2、6、12、24 h的血糖值均明显低于自然分娩儿,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);且择期剖宫产儿脐血及2、6 h的血糖值均低于应急剖宫产儿,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),而生后0.5 h血糖值择期剖宫产儿高于应急剖宫产儿,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),生后12、24h的血糖值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);分娩前空腹低血糖母亲的剖宫产儿的脐血及生后0.5、2、6、12、24 h的血糖值均低于自然分娩儿,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论部分足月新生儿存在生后早期发生低血糖的可能,剖宫产儿发生低血糖的可能性大于自然分娩儿,自然分娩和择期剖宫产儿低血糖多发生在生后2 h左右,而应急剖宫产儿多发生在0.5 h左右;与自然分娩相比孕母分娩前空腹低血糖对剖宫产儿的影响更大。     

新生儿脐血促红细胞生成素和内皮素测定的临床意义

目的 探讨新生儿脐血促红细胞生成素(EPO)和内皮素(ET)水平及其对缺氧因素预测的价值.方法 选择本院新生儿174例.其中健康足月新生儿依据分娩方式分为自然分娩组20例和选择性剖宫产组11例.77例无缺氧史新生儿依据孕期分为大于胎龄儿20例,小于胎龄儿加例,适于胎龄儿37例;依据胎龄分为早产儿31例,足月儿31例,过期儿15例.有缺氧高危因素的新生儿66例分为4组:重度窒息组15例,羊水混浊组25例,子癎组15例,母亲糖尿病组11例.采用放免法测定各组新生儿脐血EPO、ET水平.结果 自然分娩组EPO、ET与选择性剖宫产组比较均无统计学意义(Pa>0.05);小于胎龄儿组EPO、ET较适于胎龄儿低;出生重度窒息组ET与健康足月新生儿比较增高;羊水Ⅲ度混浊组EPO较缝康足月新生儿显著增高.子癎组EPO较健康足月新生儿显著增高,母亲糖尿病组EPO较健康足月新生儿显著增高(Pa<0.01).结论 脐血EPO、ET水平受孕期、体质量等因素的影响,其对围生期缺氧因素的预测有重要的临床意义.     

新生儿低血糖症的早期监测临床价值

目的 探讨新生儿低血糖症发生的危险因素，为临床防治提供依据。方法 对住院的506例新生儿于入院时进行血糖筛查。结果 低血糖27例，总发生率为5．3％，其中早产儿为20．9％，低出生体重儿为25．5％，巨大儿为17．6％，均显著高于足月正常体重儿的2．1％。新生儿窒息易引起低血糖。在低血糖治疗时，早产儿、低出生体重儿较足月正常体重儿更易发生一过性高血糖。结论 对存在早产、低出生体重、巨大、窒息等低血糖危险因素的新生儿，均应早期监测血糖，并尽早喂养或鼻饲。     

小于胎龄儿生后早期肾脏功能初探

目的对小于胎龄儿(SGA)生后早期肾脏功能进行回顾性对照研究,以探寻SGA儿早期肾功能损害的诊断方法。方法选择早产SGA儿40例、足月SGA儿33例作为研究组,并以早产适于胎龄儿(AGA)80例、足月儿AGA 33例作为对照组。比较各组入院48 h内血清尿素氮(BUN)、血清肌酐(SCr)、估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)、血压、单位体重尿量以及蛋白尿的发生情况。结果早产儿SGA组的BUN低于AGA组(P0.05),两组间SCr、eGFR、血压的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。与足月儿AGA组比较,SGA组的SCr较高、eGFR较低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);两组间BUN、血压的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。早产儿或足月儿AGA与SGA之间单位体重尿量的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。早产儿AGA与SGA之间蛋白尿发生率的差异无统计学意义(P0.05),足月儿AGA与SGA组均无蛋白尿发生。结论 SCr、eGFR对评估SGA早期肾脏损害较为敏感。足月儿SGA较AGA肾脏功能减低。     

超声声脉冲辐射力成像技术评价缺氧缺血后新生儿早期脑损伤的初步研究

目的探讨超声声脉冲辐射力成像技术(ARFI)评价缺氧缺血后新生儿早期脑损伤的临床应用价值。方法选择2009年1月至2010年1月出生3天内入住我院新生儿重症监护病房的适于胎龄儿,足月HIE组、早产脑损伤组、足月对照组和早产对照组各40例。采用SiemensAcuson S2000超声诊断系统,生后4～7天常规行颅脑二维超声及彩色多普勒检查,于ARFI模式下启动声触诊组织量化(VTQ)功能测量颅脑双侧顶叶、丘脑及大脑镰的VTQ值,并对各组进行比较。结果 (1)足月HIE组及早产脑损伤组双侧顶叶及丘脑、大脑镰VTQ值均大于同胎龄对照组(P均<0.05)。(2)早产儿脑损伤组双侧顶叶及右侧丘脑VTQ值大于足月HIE组(P均<0.05)。(3)早产对照组双侧顶叶VTQ值大于足月对照组(P均<0.05)。(4)VTQ值随足月儿HIE病情加重呈增加趋势。结论 ARFI能实时、敏感探测新生儿脑部不同部位正常与病变时VTQ值,有望成为新生儿特别是早产儿脑损伤早期诊断手段之一。     

尿神经导向因子-1和肾损伤分子-1对窒息后新生儿急性肾损伤的诊断价值探讨

目的 分析尿神经导向因子-1(Netrin-1)和肾损伤分子-1(Kim-1)的变化对新生儿窒息引起的急性肾损伤(AKI)的早期诊断价值。方法 选取足月窒息新生儿80 例(轻度窒息组34 例,重度窒息组46 例),以及正常足月新生儿40 例(无窒息组)。分别收集三组新生儿出生后12 h、13~48 h 内尿标本,采用酶联免疫法(ELISA)检测尿Netrin-1 及Kim-1 的水平,同时抽取外周静脉血检测血肌酐(Scr)水平。结果 窒息组患儿生后48 h 内的尿Netrin-1 及Kim-1 水平明显高于无窒息组,生后13~48 h 内的Scr 水平高于无窒息组(P<0.05);AKI 组患儿生后48 h 内的尿Netrin-1、Kim-1、Scr 均高于非AKI 组(P<0.05);12 h 内的尿Netrin-1、Kim-1 预测窒息后AKI 的AUC 值分别为0.878(95%CI 0.775~0.981,P<0.01)和0.899(95%CI 0.829~0.969,P<0.01);新生儿窒息后12 h 内的尿Netrin-1、尿Kim-1、Scr 分别呈明显正相关(P<0.05)。结论 窒息新生儿发生AKI时尿Netrin-1 和Kim-1 水平明显增高;尿Netrin-1 和Kim-1 可作为早期判断窒息后AKI 的指标。     

Absent circadian variation of blood pressure in patients with anorexia nervosa

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether circadian rhythm of blood pressure (BP) is altered in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), and if so, to determine whether it is reversible after refeeding.Study design: Ambulatory BP monitoring was performed on 17 female inpatients with AN (mean age, 13.3 +/- 1.9 years) at the time of admission and serially during refeeding; 17 age-matched normal weight, normotensive female inpatients served as control subjects. RESULTS: Patients with AN had lost an average of 23.4% +/- 11.5% of body weight before the illness. Weight after refeeding was 105.6% +/- 9. 2% of that before illness. Mean 24-hour systolic BP (SBP) (96.5 +/- 8.6 mm Hg) and diastolic BP (DBP) (53.4 +/- 5.8 mm Hg) were significantly lower in patients with AN compared with those of control subjects (SBP, 106.1 +/- 6.5 mm Hg; DBP, 60.2 +/- 5.8 mm Hg). Although awake SBP and DBP were also lower in patients with AN, asleep SBP and DBP were not statistically different from those of control subjects. Night/day BP ratio in the control group was 0.93 +/- 0.06 in systolic and 0.92 +/- 0.09 in diastolic. Those values were significantly elevated in patients with AN (systolic 1.00 +/- 0. 09 and diastolic 1.00 +/- 0.09). After refeeding, the ratio decreased to 0.88 +/- 0.09 and 0.90 +/- 0.08,respectively (both P <. 05 vs baseline). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with AN, circadian variation of BP is absent. This reverts to normal after refeeding.     

Pathogenesis of early neonatal hypocalcemia: studies of serum calcitonin, gastrin, and plasma glucagon

In 64 maternal-infant pairs, we tested the hypotheses that serum calcitonin, serum gastrin, and plasma glucagon concentrations are elevated in infants at risk for early neonatal hypocalcemia, and that elevated serum gastrin and plasma glucagon result in elevated serum calcitonin and low serum calcium values in neonates. Serum Ca declined significantly in neonates at 24 hours of age, and was inversely correlated with serum calcitonin. Cord serum calcitonin, gastrin, and plasma glucagon concentrations rose significantly at 24 hours of age. Cord calcitonin was significantly higher in preterm compared with term infants, and there was no significant difference between asphyxiated and nonasphyxiated preterm neonates; in term neonates cord calcitonin concentration was inversely correlated with Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes. Cord calcitonin was not correlated with cord gastrin or glucagon. Cord and 24-hour gastrin and glucagon values were not related to prematurity; cord glucagon, but not gastrin, was related to birth asphyxia. We conclude that (1) serum calcitonin, gastrin, and plasma glucagon values rise postnatally; cord calcitonin is elevated in preterm and in asphyxiated term infants; serum calcitonin concentration does not correlate with the elevated serum gastrin and plasma glucagon values; and at 24 hours of age, decreased serum Ca is correlated with serum calcitonin, and hence calcitonin might play a role in the pathogenesis of early neonatal hypocalcemia.     

Circadian blood pressure pattern in full-term newborn infants

A fully automatic noninvasive device (Dinamap) was used for monitoring blood pressure (BP) and heart rate repetitively over 48 h in 21 full-term newborn infants (9 males and 12 females), aged 4 days in order to clarify the occurrence of a circadian rhythm (CR). The data collected were analyzed by computer statistical analysis. Mean values and standard error of BP and heart rate measured at hourly intervals in males and females were computed and plotted as chronograms. However, each newborn infant was analyzed for a CR of BP and heart rate by the single cosinor fit of a 24-hour cosine curve. The analysis of the chronograms revealed that the values of systolic and diastolic BP show an hour-by-hour significant fluctuation in male infants, but not in female infants. CR development of BP is present only in a minority of newborn infants and reveals sex and interindividual differences. CR of heart rate is absent in all infants. The physiological significance of these findings was discussed, and the importance of knowing the physiological variances of BP in infants in order to obtain a correct clinical evaluation was stressed.     

Tracking of blood pressure and its impact on graft function in pediatric renal transplant patients

We studied tracking of BP and its impact on GFR in 44 PRTP followed for 56 months. Three months PT 77% had elevated SBP percentile. First year SBP and DBP correlated positively with final values (p < 0.0001, 0.0002, respectively). Pretransplant and three month PT SBP correlated positively (p = 0.02). At one yr, SBP and DBP were inversely associated with GFR (p = 0.002, p < 0.0001, respectively). SBP and BMI were positively associated at all time points. DBP was significantly higher in deceased recipients throughout the study period. Final DBP was higher (p = 0.03) and GFR lower (p = 0.04) in African-American patients. Patients with end-stage renal disease caused by glomerular disease had higher SBP (p = 0.03) and DBP (p = 0.04) than those with congenital malformations. GFR at one-yr PT (p = 0.02) and end of study (p = 0.003) was significantly lower in patients with high BP. Moreover, patients who maintained a normal systolic BP throughout the study had a significantly higher final GFR than those who were hypertensive at both time points [84 (normal BP throughout) vs. 52 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (high BP throughout), p = 0.02]. We conclude that PT hypertension is common in PRTP and predicts lower GFR.     

Birth asphyxia alters neonatal intestinal motility in term neonates.

As an extension of an earlier study showing that manometry can identify preterm newborns at risk for feeding intolerance, the authors investigated whether abnormalities of intestinal motor activity underlie the feeding intolerance seen in asphyxiated newborns. Low-compliance perfusion manometry was recorded within the first postnatal week in 25 term neonates admitted consecutively for respiratory diseases. Eleven of these neonates were identified to have experienced birth asphyxia because three concurrent features were present: 1-minute Apgar score of less than 2; 5-minute Apgar score of less than 4; and recurrent seizures within the first 48 postnatal hours. The remaining 14 neonates, who did not have any of these three characteristics, were considered to be nonasphyxiated control neonates. Motor activity differed in nonasphyxiated and asphyxiated neonates during fasting and feeding. During fasting, asphyxiated neonates had less migrating activity than nonasphyxiated neonates. In addition, episodes of motor quiescence and clustered phasic activity were less well organized in asphyxiated neonates. Both groups of neonates displayed a change in motor activity in response to a feeding infusion; however, the response was initiated significantly sooner in asphyxiated than in control neonates. All of the 11 asphyxiated neonates were intolerant of enteral feedings during the first poststudy week, but no control neonate was feeding intolerant. Six of the asphyxiated neonates were reevaluated 1 to 2 weeks later. During this latter study, motor activity in these asphyxiated neonates was similar to that of nonasphyxiated neonates; 5 of 6 of these neonates subsequently tolerated enteral feedings. It is speculated that changes in motor activity underlie the feeding intolerance that asphyxiated neonates typically exhibit.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Arm and leg blood pressures--are they really so different in newborns?

Controversy still exists over differences between upper and lower limb blood pressures (BP) in neonates. We measured upper arm and calf systolic (S) and diastolic (D) BP and heart rate (HR) using 2 Dinamap 847 instruments simultaneously every half minute for several measurement periods of 5-10 min. Nine healthy term newborns were studied in active (AS) and quite (QS) sleep on post-natal days 1 and 5. The results were examined using unbalanced analyses of variance. Arm SBP was 62.3 +/- 1.6 mmHg and DBP 35.5 +/- 1.0 mmHg on day 1 in AS and QS. Calf values were not significantly different but were slightly higher (by 2-3 mmHg) in AS. Arm SBP and DBP rose by 8.5 and 5 mmHg, respectively, between days 1 and 5 but calf pressures rose less. Calf SBP and DBP were significantly lower (by 4.6 and 3.4 mmHg, respectively) than the arm values in QS on day 5. Arm SBP and DBP were dependent on post-natal age but not on sleep state while calf SBP and DBP and HR were dependent on both. Mean HR rose with age from 114 to 117.6 bpm in QS and from 118.6 to 122.4 bpm in AS. Our non-invasive BP measurements were similar to available invasive data. We postulate that differences in arm and calf vasoreactivity account for the different dependence on sleep state and for the unequal changes in arm and calf BE from days 1 to 5.     

Periodic Variations in Skin Perfusion in Full-Term and Preterm Neonates Using Laser Doppler Technique

ABSTRACT. In 37 full-term and preterm infants periodic oscillations of skin blood flux were studied by means of laser Doppler technique during the first week of life. The development of rhythmic oscillations of skin blood flux was similar in all infants. On the first postnatal day rhythmic oscillations were present in the heel skin of all full-term and preterm infants, but were rarely observed in the back and thigh skin. These flux motion patterns were not influenced by small changes in skin temperature. On day 4 rhythmic oscillations became predominant in all body regions. The oscillation frequencies of blood flux in the back, thigh and heel skin of full-term neonates reached the lower range of adult values at the end of the first postnatal week, whereas the oscillation frequencies in the preterm infants were still below the range of full-term neonates.     

Periodic variations in skin perfusion in full-term and preterm neonates using laser Doppler technique.

In 37 full-term and preterm infants periodic oscillations of skin blood flux were studied by means of laser Doppler technique during the first week of life. The development of rhythmic oscillations of skin blood flux was similar in all infants. On the first postnatal day rhythmic oscillations were present in the heel skin of all full-term and preterm infants, but were rarely observed in the back and thigh skin. These flux motion patterns were not influenced by small changes in skin temperature. On day 4 rhythmic oscillations became predominant in all body regions. The oscillation frequencies of blood flux in the back, thigh and heel skin of full-term neonates reached the lower range of adult values at the end of the first postnatal week, whereas the oscillation frequencies in the preterm infants were still below the range of full-term neonates.     

Serum growth-promoting activity in human newborns. Relationship of thymidine activity with birth weight and the length of gestation

Thymidine Activity (TA) was measured by the effect of serum upon incorporation of 3H-thymidine into human lectin-activated lymphocytes in 54 newborns: 32 full-term, 11 pre-term and 11 with intra-uterine growth retardation (IGR). Capillary blood was collected at 0-6 hours, with routine samplings. TA values were lower in preterm (0.476 +/- 0.079 U/ml) than in IGR (0.910 +/- 0.118 U/ml, p less than 0.01) and in full-term neonates (1.237 +/- 0.60, p less than 0.001), and also in IGR newborns than in newborns of normal weight (p less than 0.025). In preterm neonates TA was significantly correlated with gestational age (r = 0.715, p less than 0.02), but no such correlation existed in IRG and full-term neonates. When TA values were plotted against birth weight, a correlation was found in preterm (r = 0.715, p less than 0.02) and in IGR newborns (r = 0.714, p less than 0.02), but not in full-term neonates. Longitudinal study up to 21 days did not show significant changes in full-term newborns, while in preterm and IGR neonates TA increased progressively to reach normal values at the 21st day. The correlations observed in newborns between TA, birth weight and gestational age, and the postnatal normalization in newborns with low birth weight, show that TA directly reflects the nutritional state of the fetus.     

Effects of magnesium sulphate on amplitude-integrated continuous EEG in asphyxiated term neonates

In this study it is hypothesized that magnesium sulphate in asphyxiated full-term neonates could lead to a gradual improvement in background pattern of the amplitude integrated EEG (aEEG), an early marker of hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury. In a double-blind, randomized, controlled pilot study of 22 asphyxiated full-term neonates 8 received magnesium sulphate, reaching serum Mg2+ levels of 2.5 mmol/L. Magnesium sulphate had no immediate effect on aEEG-patterns. At 12 h of age, aEEG was more depressed compared with aEEG at 3 h in 6 of the 8 magnesium-treated neonates, and in 3 of the 14 placebo-treated neonates (Mg2+ vs placebo: p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney). No further significant changes in aEEG were seen between 12 and 24 h. Outcome was unfavourable in 4 of the 8 magnesium-treated neonates, and in 8 of the 14 placebo-treated neonates. Conclusion: Magnesium sulphate did not have a positive effect on aEEG patterns in this small group of asphyxiated term neonates.