SDS增感—火焰原子吸收光谱法直接测定可乐型饮料中微量铜

本文介绍利用阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）作增感剂，在研究了SDS对Cu的增感效果及抑制样品基体负干扰作用的基础上，提出了用火焰原子吸收光谱法直接测定可乐型饮料中微量铜的改进方法，试验结果令人满意。     

泡沫浮选法去除废水中铬离子的表面活性剂研究

目的:为找到泡沫浮选法去除废水中铬离子活性较好的表面活性剂,对表面活性剂种类进行探索。方法:对泡沫浮选法去除废水中铬离子的表面活性剂选择进行了研究,实验在间歇式泡沫浮选塔中进行,对阳离子型、阴离子型、非离子型和两性型等不同性质的多种表面活性剂的浮选效果进行了考察。结果:泡沫浮选法去除废水中铬离子的表面活性剂,阳离子型和非离子型表面活性剂效果最差,阴离子表面活性剂效果最好。结论:阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠效果最好。     

混合表面活性剂增敏原子吸收光谱法测定血清铜

研究了６种表面活性剂单独或任意两种混合使用对火焰原子吸收光谱法测定血清铜的吸光度的影响。结果显示，聚乙烯醇单独或与其它表面活性剂混合使用均使吸光度减小，吐温－２０、乳化剂ＯＰ、溴化十六烷基三甲铵、阿拉伯树胶、十二烷基硫酸钠单独或混合使用均使铜的吸光度增加，其中吐温－２０与十二烷基硫酸钠混合使用效果最好，吸光度增加５０％，且空白值为零。建立了吐温－２０与十二烷基硫酸钠混合表面活性剂增敏火焰原子吸收光谱法测定血清微量铜的方法，相对标准偏差ＲＳＤ为１．３５％～２．１１％，回收率为９８．００％～９８．１３％，检出限为０．０５２４μｍｏｌ／Ｌ。     

海水中阴离子表面活性剂的萃取-分光光度法测定

为提高阴离子表面活性剂测定的灵敏度,简化操作步骤,作者详细研究了乙基紫-甲苯萃取法,建立了定量海水中阴离子表面活性剂的测定方法,以十二烷基硫酸钠为例,可一次萃取完全。本法表观摩尔吸光系数为92500,标准曲线在0～2.0×10~(-5)M的浓度范围内呈良好的线性。大量共存的氯离子的干扰可采用0.08 M盐酸洗有机相加以除去。共存海水中的其它主要离子和硼酸对测定无干扰。海水中10 ppb～0.3 ppm的阴离子表面活性剂能准确地进行定量。方法回收率为91～99%。主要试剂和仪器: 8.8×10~(-3)M乙基紫溶液,十二烷基硫酸钠(SLS)溶液,0.5 M醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲溶     

合成洗涤剂对人体的影响

近年来,我国合成洗涤剂工业发展十分迅速,产品质量和数量都达到历史最高水平。花色品种不断更新,肥皂的功能大有被合成洗涤剂取而代之的趋势,各种洗涤剂充满市场。随着人民生活水平的提高,合成洗涤剂的消费量大幅度上升。因此,合成洗涤剂的污染问题亦受到了注意。合成洗涤剂主要成份是表面活性剂和多种添加剂组成的。表面离子活性剂中阴离子表面活性剂应用最广,常见的有烷基苯磺酸钠,烷基磺酸钠、十二烷基硫酸钠等。这些阴离子表面活性剂有一部分不易分解,摄入体内可遂步蓄积。当超过一定浓度时,就会污染水质或者影响人体健康。所以,对合成洗涤剂的潜在危险值得注意。合成洗涤剂包括洗衣粉、液体洗涤剂,洁洁灵     

导数同步荧光法同时测定铝和锌

本文介绍的方法是铝和锌在表面活性剂溴化十六烷基三甲胺存在下与8-羟基喹啉-5-磺酸形成荧光络合物,然后用导数同步荧光法同时测定铅和锌的络合物。由于采用了导数同步荧光测定技术提高了重叠光谱的分辨率,增加了主要光谱的强度。本法具有快速,简便,灵敏等优点。     

环境水样中表面活性剂的光度分析进展

表面活性剂由极性的亲水基和非极性的憎水基两部分组成，是能够显著降低水的表面张力的物质。通常将表面活性剂分为阴离子型、阳离子型、两性型和非离子型四种。常用的阴离子表面活性剂为十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）、十二烷基磺酸钠（SDS）和十二烷基硫酸钠（SLS）等；常用的阳离子表面活性剂为溴化十六烷基三甲铵（CTMAB）、溴化十六烷基吡啶（CPB）、氯化十六烷基吡啶（CPC）、     

蒽醌类抗肿瘤抗生素与DNA相互作用探究

目的探究蒽醌类抗肿瘤抗生素与DNA的相互作用以及研究的方法。方法采用光谱法,包括吸收光谱、荧光光谱、电化学法等考察蒽醌类抗肿瘤抗生素与DNA的相互作用后引起的光谱行为的改变。结果在紫外、可见光的测定中发现嵌插结合通常引起减色效应,使最大吸收波长向长波方向移动;在（牛血清白蛋白）BSA浓度一定的条件下,随着盐酸表柔比星浓度的增加,BSA的内源荧光强度有规律的降低（发射峰的峰位λem=344nm和峰形不变）;多柔比星的最大激发波长λex=478 nm,最大发射波长λem=596 nm,pH=3.0时激发光谱和发射光谱的荧光强度达到最大值。结论多柔比星与DNA的相互作用最明显,现在临床上使用最广泛。     

SKALARSan++连续流动分析仪测定水中阴离子表面活性剂

目的建立SKALARSan++连续流动分析仪测定水中的阴离子表面活性剂的方法。方法澄清水样直接取样,污水、废水需过滤或者超声前处理,用SKALARSan++连续流动分析仪测定水中阴离子表面活性剂的含量。结果在浓度为(0.050~0.500)mg/L范围内,线性关系良好,相关系数达到0.999 1;最低检出限为4.1μg/L;目标物的加标回收率为95%~110%;精密度RSD小于6%。对水质阴离子表面活性剂标样进行分析,测定结果在标准值参考范围内。结论此方法可用于水中阴离子表面活性剂的含量测定,具有操作简单、分析速度快、试剂消耗少、准确度高、对操作人员危害小等特点,且能满足大批量样品的快速分析,对使用Skalar San++连续流动分析仪测定水体中阴离子表面活性剂所出现的问题加以说明并进行了探讨。     

阴离子表面活性剂的龙胆紫褪色光度测定法

在弱酸性的邻苯二甲酸氢钾-HCl缓冲介质中,阴离子表面活性剂(AS)与龙胆紫(CV)染料反应,形成离子缔合物,溶液颜色发生明显改变。最大褪色波长为578 nm[十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)体系]、574 nm[十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)体系],在此波长处,阴离子表面活性剂的浓度与体系吸光度呈良好线性关系,从而建立测定阴离子表面活性剂的光度法。在最大褪色波长处,AS的浓度在0~2.79×10-5mol/L(SDS体系)、0~2.90×10-5mol/L(SDBS体系)范围内遵守比耳定律,表现摩尔吸光系数为1.72×104L/(mol.cm)(SDS体系)、1.86×104L/(mol.cm)(SDBS体系),检出限为8.90×10-7mol/L(SDS体系)、7.81×10-7mol/L(SDBS体系)。该方法具有较高的灵敏度和良好的选择性,用于水样中AS的测定,结果满意。     

Gel and anion exchange chromatographic properties of copper-containing metallothioneins

Chromatographic properties of copper-binding proteins (copper-containing metallothioneins) induced in rat liver and kidney by the injection of either copper in the liver and kidney or cadmium in the kidney were compared with those of metallothioneins, with low or no copper content, induced by the injection of cadmium or zinc in the liver both on a Sephadex G-75 column and on a DEAE Sephadex A-25 column. The copper-containing metallothioneins were eluted at a slightly slower rate on a Sephadex G-75 column and at a higher buffer concentration on an anion exchange column than the metallothioneins with low or no copper content regardless of the inducing metals, copper or cadmium. The different Chromatographie properties of the metallothioneins with high and low copper contents may be explained by the more compact conformation of the proteins with high copper contents than those with low or no copper contents and by the changes of electrostatic charge with coordination by copper.     

Effects of surfactants on the dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes

The influence of surfactants on a perchloroethene (PCE) dechlorinating mixed culture was investigated in laboratory experiments. Surfactants (Steol CS-330, Aerosol MA 80-I, alpha olefin sulfonate 14 to 16, Neodol 25-7, Tween 80, alkyl polyglycoside, C16TAB [trimethylammonium bromide], and sodium dodecyl sulfate) were evaluated for their effects on the rate and extent of PCE reductive dechlorination and their potential biodegradation by the mixed culture. Limited, if any, surfactant biodegradation was observed for the surfactants tested, and all surfactants impaired dechlorination in either the rate of PCE dechlorination or the terminal dechlorination products observed. Based on initial testing, a nonionic surfactant, Tween 80, and an anionic surfactant, Steol CS-330, were selected for additional investigation. Dechlorination of PCE to dichloroethene (DCE), vinyl chloride (VC), and ethene (ETH) occurred in all Tween 80-amended microcosms, with a depressed rate of ETH production as the only adverse effect. Steol CS-330, however, inhibited dechlorination beyond DCE at all surfactant concentrations exceeding 25 mg/L. Attempts to acclimate a culture to Steol CS-330 were unsuccessful. Inhibition of VC and ETH production was reversible on dilution of the surfactant to a concentration of 10 mg/L or less, indicating that surfactant interactions with the enzyme system responsible for reductive dechlorination of DCE may be the cause of inhibition.     

Joint-action ecotoxicity of binary mixtures of glutaraldehyde and surfactants used in hospitals: use of the Toxicity Index model and isoblogram representation

Glutaraldehyde and surfactants are widely used in hospitals and these substances have been detected in urban sewer networks and in surface water. The ecotoxicity of hospital wastewater has been reported in the literature, which identifies detergents and disinfectants as the main causes of toxicity. The aim of this study was to determine the combined effects of glutaraldehyde and three surfactants on Daphnia magna. Three binary mixtures were studied in five predefined ratios: glutaraldehyde with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS--an anionic surfactant), then Triton X-100 (TX-100--a nonionic surfactant), and finally cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CATB--a cationic surfactant). The joint-action toxicity of binary mixtures was studied by acute bioassays on Daphnia magna. Two complementary methods were used to evaluate the combined effects of the mixtures on the selected organism: the Toxicity Index model (a quantitative method for analyzing the combined effects of binary and multiple mixtures) and the isobole representation (a qualitative method that has the advantage of being illustrative). An additive effect was observed between glutaraldehyde and surfactants for all the ratios studied and additive action could be an efficient method for evaluating the effect of hospital wastewater on Daphnia magna.     

Toxic effects of tetraethyl lead and its derivatives on the chrysophytePoterioochromonas malhamensis. VIII. Comparative studies with surfactants

The toxic effect of triethyl lead (TriEL) on the phytoflagellatePoterioochromonas malhamensis (Chrysophyceae) was compared with those of eight surfactants some of which represent environmental pollutants. The surfactants typically inhibited algal growth and caused cytolysis in the concentration range from 12 to 310 M. TriEL was cytolytic, similar to the surfactants, while lethal concentrations of inorganic lead did not cause cytolysis. The cationic and zwitterionic surfactants and SDS 1 and TriEL selectively inhibited mitosis and cytokinesis of the alga and caused the formation of giant multinucleated cells, suggesting selective interaction on the algal microtubules (MTs). However, DOC, TX100, and TX405 had no selective effects on these parameters. The most active surfactant, SDS, inhibited MT assemblyin vitro and caused an instant and complete disassembly if applied to MTs that were preassembled without surfactant. TX100, which was inactive in the algae, showed no effect in thein vitro MT assay, even if applied in ten times higher concentrations than SDS.The observations indicate that the surfactants did not act chaotropically on the alga's cell membranes. It is postulated that the cytolytic effect of the surfactants (and of TriEL) was mainly governed by combined hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions with the lipid phase of the membranes, with cationic surfactants being much more effective than others. The selective action of some of the surfactants (like that of TriEL) was presumably caused by a selective interaction with protein structures. As the active surfactants were all applied in concentrations below their respective critical micelle concentrations, gross solubilization or denaturation of membrane and other proteins was most likely not involved in the observed selective effects. The results suggest that not only TriEL, but also the active surfactants (besides possible interference with cell membranes) selectively interferred with MTs and that this was the primary mechanism of their selective toxic action inP. malhamensis.     

功能纺织品实验动物安全性及功效性研究

目的观察负离子布料的安全性及动物功效。方法采用局部封闭涂皮实验法(BT法)进行豚鼠变态反应试验。动物与负离子布料接触一定时间后,立即进行小鼠游泳试验10 min,测定运动前后的小鼠血乳酸数值及变化情况,并在进行小鼠负重游泳试验后,测定小鼠红细胞计数、红细胞压积与血红蛋白。结果负离子布料的豚鼠试验未见皮肤变态反应;离子布料可降低运动后休息20 min血乳酸值(P0.05),降低运动前后血乳酸变化值(P0.05);并可升高红细胞压积(P0.05)。结论离子布料对皮肤是安全的;对清除运动后血乳酸的堆积,缓解体力疲劳有一定作用;且可提高机体的携氧能力。     

Identification and determination of ionic surface active agents

A general colorimetric method has been developed to analyze either anionic or cationic surfactants in fresh water. An appropriate dye will react with ionic surfactant to form a chloroform-soluble, colored complex in the presence of chloroform. The color intensity of the vigorously rocked and subsequently settled chloroform layer is proportional to the concentration of the dye-ionic surfactant complex, and can then be measured by making spectrophotometric readings of the chloroform solution at the optimum wavelength of the instrument used. When cationic surfactants are to be analyzed, methyl orange shall be used as a dye; when anionic surfactants are to be analyzed, azure A or methylene blue shall be used as a dye. Other chemical reagents, apparatus and spectrophotometers, however, can be nearly identical for either cationic surfactant or anionic surfactant measurement. This new analytical method is stoichiometric, and can be easily performed by a laboratory technician within a very short period of time.     

Copper Acute Toxicity Tests with Schizothorax o’connori Lloyd and Schizothorax waltoni Regan: A Biomonitor of Heavy Metal Pollution in a High Altitude Area?

A study has been conducted to determine the composition of surfactants in runoff water in the semi-urban area of Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. Runoff samples were collected from five different locations with contrasting functional activities and the colorimetric method was used to analyze the concentrations of surfactants as methylene blue active substances (MBAS) for anionic surfactants and as disulphine blue active substances (DBAS) for cationic surfactants. The results showed that the highest surfactant concentrations of MBAS and DBAS in runoff water were recorded in the samples collected at the residential area, with the concentrations of 3.192 ± 0.727 and 0.170 ± 0.028 μmol/L, respectively. Anionic surfactants as MBAS were found to dominate the concentration of surfactants in both runoff and rainwater. The concentrations of both anionic and cationic surfactants in runoff water were recorded as being higher than in rainwater.     

Calcium carbonate depresses iron bioavailability in rats more than calcium sulfate or sodium carbonate.

Calcium carbonate supplements depress iron bioavailability when consumed with meals. Our objective was to determine whether this effect is due to the calcium, the carbonate or a combination of the two. A rat hemoglobin repletion assay and an in vitro digestion procedure were used to assess the effects of four salts (calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, sodium carbonate and sodium sulfate) on iron bioavailability. The salts were added to purified rat diets (for the hemoglobin repletion study) or to iron-fortified infant formula (for the in vitro study) at three different levels. Calcium carbonate had the greatest depressive effect on iron bioavailability, depressing hemoglobin iron gain in a dose-related manner. Calcium sulfate and sodium carbonate also depressed hemoglobin iron gain but to a lesser extent and only in rats fed diets containing the highest level of these two salts. Sodium sulfate did not affect hemoglobin iron gain. Significant interactions between cation, anion and salt concentration were found, suggesting that both the cation and the anion in calcium carbonate contribute to the iron absorption-depressing action of this salt. Results from the in vitro experiments were similar to the in vivo results.     

Review: Development of a fluid phase measure of acetaldehyde for biological samples

The measurement of acetaldehyde is difficult in part because of volatility at room temperatures, the small amounts in biological samples, and reactivity with proteins. During studies of adduct formation with hemoglobin it became apparent that an assay based on modification of charged groups would be difficult for acetaldehyde adducts. The changes induced by physiologic concentrations of acetaldehyde were small and overshadowed by changes induced by increased levels of minor hemoglobin species resulting from the inhibition of glycolysis at or below the aldolase step. This inhibition produces increased glucose and phosphorylated glycolytic intermediates that react with hemoglobin resulting in fast eluting components on ion exchange. Studies of radioactive acetaldehyde-reacted hemoglobin documented that dilution of hemoglobin, separation into dimers, monomers, peptides, or amino acids, increased loss of radioactivity with potential for loss and inter- and intrachain exchange. We therefore developed a fluid phase assay that relies on the reaction of free or the liberation of bound acetaldehyde in the presence of heat, HCl, and NH₄₊ with 1,3-cyclohexanedione to form a fluorophore (1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10-decahydro-9-methylacridine-1,8-dione) that can be separated from other reacted aliphatic aldehydes on a C18 column. Measurement of hemoglobin- or whole blood-associated acetaldehyde levels (WBAA) by high performance liquid chromatography can distinguish between drinking and nondrinking humans, mice, and pigs well after the last drink. We have recently applied the assay to samples of tissue and breath.     

Extractable substances (anionic surfactants) from membrane filters induce morphological changes in the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus (Chlorophyceae)

The effect of filtration of medium through different kinds of filters (glass fiber, mixed esters of cellulose and nitrocellulose) on the morphology in the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus was examined. Several compounds potentially released from membrane filters were further investigated, and among them, two anionic surfactants were found to be morphologically active. Exposure to the anionic surfactants resulted within 2 d in the transformation of unicellular populations of Scenedesmus in populations dominated by colonies. Growth rates between control and surfactant-exposed populations were identical, and the morphological effect occurred at surfactant concentrations far below the reported no-observed-effect concentration for growth inhibition, stressing the need for inclusion of morphological appearance of Scenedesmus in algal toxicity testing to improve the assessment of ecological risks.