血管内皮细胞生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂

血管生成是人体肿瘤生长和转移的必要条件，抑制肿瘤细胞介导的血管生成已成为近年来寻找新型抗肿瘤药物的一个主要研究方向，血管内皮细胞生长因子（VEGF）是体内活性最强，专属性最高的促血管生成因子，故成为寻找血管生成抑制剂的重要靶点，其中靶向VEGF受体酪氨酸激酶的抑制剂令人最为关注，本文综述VEGF及其受体酪氨酸酶抑制剂的研究进展，探讨了各类抑制剂的构效关系。     

海洋血管生成抑制剂研究进展

通过抑制血管生成来治疗血管发生相关疾病是近年来癌症治疗领域中新兴的治疗手段.目前发现较多的血管生成抑制剂多为内源性蛋白类的血管生成抑制剂.关于海洋生物来源的、具有血管生成抑制作用的生物活性物质大多近三年才见报道.现对目前已发现的、具有血管生成抑制作用的海洋生物活性物质进行概述,主要为生物碱类、芳香族氨基酸衍生大环聚合物及环缩肽类、萜类、多糖类等.海洋作为孕育活性物质的宝库,在血管发生抑制剂研究开发方面具有巨大的潜力.     

肝纤维化中星状细胞促血管生成分子机制的研究

肝纤维化进程中存在明显的病理性血管生成与重构,阻碍了肝纤维化的逆转与恢复。血管生成及其信号调控系统已成为肝纤维化治疗的潜在靶标,血管生成抑制剂在一些实验研究中已显示出较好的抗肝纤维化疗效。肝星状细胞是肝脏中的周细胞,可以表达血管内皮生长因子、血小板衍生生长因子、瘦素、血管生成素-1等多种血管生成因子,多途径地促进病理性血管生成过程。该文对近年来肝星状细胞促进肝纤维化血管生成分子机制的研究作一综述,可以为抗肝纤维化研究提供新的视角,有助于发现新的治疗靶标。     

非小细胞肺癌分子靶向治疗的最新研究进展

随着肿瘤生物学、基因组学和分子生物学的发展,靶向治疗的研究和临床应用已成为当前肺癌领域的热点。本文对国内外有关非小细胞肺癌分子靶向治疗的靶点和主要药物进行了综述。首先概括了表皮生长因子受体抑制剂,其次总结了肿瘤血管生成抑制剂,包括抗血管内皮生长因子单克隆抗体、血管内皮抑素和金属蛋白酶抑制剂的研究,最后对新的靶点EML4-ALK抑制剂的研发进行了跟踪。未来肺癌靶向治疗药物的开发和临床应用会达到更加成熟的阶段。     

血管生成抑制因子抗肿瘤作用的研究进展

病理性血管生成是肿瘤生长和转移的关键步骤之一,因而阻断或抑制新血管生成是抗肿瘤的有效策略[1]。近年来人们对肿瘤血管的形成机制进行了广泛研究,已证明血管的生成受多种促进和抑制因子的调节,相继有多种促血管生成分子和抗血管生成分子被分离鉴定[2]。以血管生成为靶点治疗肿瘤已成为肿瘤治疗研究的热点,有多种血管生成抑制剂已进入临床试验阶段。本文对几种很有应用前景的血管生成抑制因子的研究现状作一综述。EndostatinEndostatin即血管内皮抑素,是1997年在鼠内皮细胞瘤细胞培养液中提取并命名的一种蛋白。它由胶原ⅩⅧC末端区内18…     

反应停治疗多发性骨髓瘤临床疗效观察

多发性骨髓瘤(MM)是一种常见的血液系统恶性肿瘤,约70%患者化疗有效,但多次化疗易产生耐药,成为难治性骨髓瘤.近年来的研究发现,血管生成抑制剂反应停(酞胺哌啶酮,Thalido-mide)作为血管新生抑制剂治疗血液肿瘤病最早在MM得到证实[1].为探讨反应停治疗MM的疗效及不良反应,我院自2002年7月-2008年1月观察10例多发性骨髓庙患者,应用反应停治疗MM,取得较好疗效,现报告如下:     

肿瘤血管生成机制及抗血管生成药物的研究进展

目的：介绍肿瘤血管生成的机制及其抑制剂的研究进展.方法：查阅国内外相关文献进行总结和归纳.结果：肿瘤血管生成的机制目前发现的有5类：芽生式、套叠式、充塞式、内皮祖细胞的参与、马赛克式及血管生成拟态.目前有一批FDA批准上市的血管生成抑制剂（如贝伐单抗、sunitinib malate和sorafenib等）已用于肿瘤的治疗,还有更多的药物正在研究之中.结论：研究肿瘤血管生成的机制对进一步研究肿瘤血管生成抑制剂有着重要的指导作用.     

靶向血管生成的抗肿瘤海洋药物的研制策略

实体瘤的生长、发育以及转移都依赖于新生血管生成提供营养,阻断肿瘤的血管生成成为新型抗肿瘤药物研究的重要方向.针对血管生成的不同生物学过程发展新型的血管生成抑制剂为肿瘤的治疗形成了新的研究领域.迄今为止,多种以血管生成为靶点的抗肿瘤药物已经在国内外上市.海洋生物是新型药物的重要分子库,由海洋生物中发现的多种血管生成抑制剂显示了独特的分子结构与作用机制.现对发现的数种海洋来源的血管生成抑制剂的作用机制进行论述,提出了研发新型抗肿瘤药物的发展战略.     

具有抗肿瘤血管生成作用的VEGFR2抑制剂的研究进展

肿瘤血管生成是肿瘤生长与转移的重要过程。血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)和它们的受体(VEGFR1, 2, 3)调控内皮细胞的增殖与迁移,在很多肿瘤内高表达。对VEGFR的抑制已成为许多癌症的有效疗法。VEGFR2在肿瘤血管生成中起重要作用,VEGFR2磷酸化是肿瘤血管生成的重要过程,抑制这个过程是利用VEGF信号通路治疗癌症的主要机理之一。使用抗体和小分子与VEGF结合或者干扰不同的VEGFR结构域可以阻断VEGF信号通路。许多小分子VEGFR2抑制剂得到开发,大部分为多靶点抑制剂,FDA已批准一系列VEGFR2抑制剂上市。本文对已上市及进入临床研究晚期的VEGFR2小分子抑制剂及其活性、临床应用进行了综述,并对它们的构效关系作出了简要分析。发挥多靶点抑制剂的优点,规避其带来的毒副作用,是有希望的研究方向。     

抗肿瘤药L in ifan ib

血管生成是毛细血管从已存在的血管网络中生长出来的生理过程,可满足组织生成时的营养供给,对于肿瘤的维持或生长至关重要,因此,血管生成抑制剂被认为是癌症治疗的有效手段。     

Endostatin: the logic of antiangiogenic therapy.

The hypothesis that tumor growth and metastasis is angiogenesis-dependent was proposed by Judah Folkman in 1971. Its major implication is that blocking angiogenesis could be a strategy for arresting tumor growth. This hypothesis is now supported by extensive experimental evidence, and hence the angiogenic switch and microvascular endothelial cells recruited by the tumor have emerged as important targets in cancer therapy. A large number of proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors have been discovered. At least three angiogenesis inhibitors have received FDA approval in the US, with Avastin (anti-VEGF-antibody) also approved in 26 other countries. The recognition that antiangiogenic therapy is becoming the fourth therapeutic modality in addition to surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy underlines the urgent need to understand the systems biology of the antiangiogenic response. A particularly important question for cancer therapy is whether antiangiogenic therapy will also face the same drug resistance as one sees with other treatment modalities. Recently, the cellular signaling induced by the endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor - endostatin - was dissected revealing that the antiangiogenic response is characterized by a large number of individual genetic signals, which are highly coordinated and interdependent. The objective of this review is to elucidate the multifaceted nature of tumor angiogenesis, and to discuss the subtle but important distinctions that exist between variations in tumor responsiveness that evolve with antiangiogenic therapy and the classic resistance that frequently develops with conventional therapy. Furthermore, this review discusses the implications of current findings for cancer treatment and potential ways of overcoming or predicting tumor resistance to these agents.     

自噬与肿瘤化疗耐药的研究进展

恶性肿瘤是导致人类死亡的主要原因之一。放疗、化疗、靶向治疗及免疫治疗是临床肿瘤治疗的常用方法,其中化疗在控制肿瘤生长方面发挥着重要作用,但化疗耐药严重影响着肿瘤患者的预后。自噬是细胞通过溶酶体降解其大分子并破坏细胞器的一种生物自我消化过程,可维持细胞稳定并保护细胞,大量证据证明,自噬与肿瘤的发生、转移、靶向治疗和耐药密不可分。本文通过分析部分基础实验及临床试验,分析自噬与肿瘤耐药之间的关联,探讨自噬在肿瘤化疗耐药中的相关分子机制,以期为研发特异性靶向阻滞自噬抗肿瘤药物提供新的思路。     

Spectrum of radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear oncology

A major field of interest in nuclear medicine is in vivo tumor characterization and measurement of biological processes at cellular and molecular levels by means of positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Functional imaging with radiopharmaceuticals represents a useful noninvasive tool to evaluate the biological status of the tumor and its progression. The properties of radiopharmaceuticals are exploited for initial staging of cancer, assessment of recurrent or residual disease and, more recently, considerable progress has been made in the field of the evaluation of tumor response to treatment. PET and SPECT can both detect changes in tumor activity caused by therapy or disease progression before any detectable change in tumor volume. Measurement of tumor response to therapy using PET and SPECT is the subject of intense investigations because it may result in individualization of treatment and may have a prognostic value for long-term outcome. This review focuses on the various methods used to monitor anticancer therapy with a variety of clinically approved or investigational tracers. We summarize the mechanisms of radiopharmaceutical uptake based on certain physiological activities affected by treatment: proliferation, apoptosis, hypoxia, angiogenesis and multidrug resistance (MDR).     

1,25二羟维生素D3治疗肿瘤研究进展

肿瘤的多药耐药是肿瘤治疗失败的主要原因之一,如何逆转肿瘤的多药耐药是目前治疗的一个重点问题。1,25二羟维生素D3对肿瘤具有预防和治疗的作用,近年的研究表明1,25二羟维生素D3联合化疗药物、放疗和内分泌治疗等方法时,可以增强这些治疗方法的效果,降低甚至逆转肿瘤细胞对化放疗的抵抗性。     

药物代谢酶在肿瘤耐药性中的研究进展

肿瘤化学治疗法是目前肿瘤治疗最常用且最有效的方法之一,而在肿瘤化疗过程中出现的耐药现象是导致化疗失败的主要原因。肿瘤耐药的产生机制复杂多样,其中药物代谢酶在肿瘤耐药的发生发展中也极为重要。目前研究显示,有多种药物代谢酶如Ⅰ相代谢中的细胞色素P450酶、环氧合酶等,Ⅱ相代谢中的谷胱甘肽转移酶、葡萄糖醛酸转移酶、葡萄糖神经酰胺合成酶、还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸（NADPH）依赖型醌还原酶等以及一类被称作Ⅲ相反应酶类的药物外排泵,如P-糖蛋白等与肿瘤多药耐药的发生密切相关。本文就近年来有关的药物代谢酶与肿瘤耐药的相关性研究作一综述。     

Detection of apoptosis and drug resistance of human breast cancer cells to taxane treatments using quartz crystal microbalance biosensor technology

Taxanes are used for the treatment of many human cancers, as first- and second-line chemotherapeutics. In the course of treatment many patients develop resistance or hypersensitivity to one form of taxane and require a different taxane to rescue the therapeutic benefit of the drug. There is currently no method to reliably predict tumor responses to taxanes prior to therapy or when resistance or hypersensitivity develops. We adapted the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) biosensor technique to study responses of human mammary epithelial tumor cells to taxanes. Studies indicate that stable frequency and resistance levels are reached at 24 h. Cells in the QCM can then be treated with taxanes and responses monitored in real time via frequency and resistance changes reflecting alterations of cell mass distribution and viscoelastic properties. Distinct shifts in frequency and resistance accurately predicted apoptosis or resistance to treatment, as determined in parallel convention assays. QCM analysis accurately predicted docetaxel was more effective than paclitaxel and MCF-7 cells were more resistant to taxanes compared to MDA-MB-231 cells. These studies suggest "signature" patterns for taxane responsivity could be compared to those of patient biopsy samples to predict therapy outcome prior to treatment for initial therapy or to rescue therapy efficacy.     

Potential and caveats of TRAIL in cancer therapy.

Induction of apoptosis in tumor cells is a major goal for chemotherapy and radiation treatment strategies. However, disordered gene expression often leads to apoptosis resistance rendering tumor cells insensitive to various conventional treatments. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a recently identified cytokine of the TNF superfamily that induces apoptosis in tumor cells upon binding to different receptors. Remarkably, the majority of tumor cell lines are sensitive to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, while most nontransformed cell types are TRAIL-resistant. Furthermore, a combination treatment of TRAIL with ionizing irradiation or chemotherapeutic agents induces apoptosis in a highly synergistic manner, particularly in those cells that are otherwise resistant to a sole treatment. In contrast to other TNF members, TRAIL apparently does not exert overt systemic toxicity in murine and primate models, although unexpected concerns about a potential hepatotoxicity of TRAIL have been recently raised. While the molecular mechanisms of TRAIL sensitivity and resistance are poorly understood, TRAIL seems to be a promising biological agent for combination therapy with chemotherapeutic drugs or irradiation.     

Translational Nano-Medicines: Targeted Therapeutic Delivery for Cancer and Inflammatory Diseases

With the advent of novel and personalized therapeutic approaches for cancer and inflammatory diseases, there is a growing demand for designing delivery systems that circumvent some of the limitation with the current therapeutic strategies. Nanoparticle-based delivery of drugs has provided means of overcoming some of these limitations by ensuring the drug payload is directed to the disease site and insuring reduced off-target activity. This review highlights the challenges posed by the solid tumor microenvironment and the systemic limitations for effective chemotherapy. It then assesses the basis of nanoparticle-based targeting to the tumor tissues, which helps to overcome some of the microenvironmental and systemic limitations to therapy. We have extensively focused on some of the tumor multidrug resistance mechanisms (e.g., hypoxia and aerobic glycolysis) that contribute to the development of multidrug resistance and how targeted nano-approaches can be adopted to overcome drug resistance. Finally, we assess the combinatorial approach and how this platform has been used to develop multifunctional delivery systems for cancer therapy. The review article also focuses on inflammatory diseases, the biological therapies available for its treatment, and the concept of macrophage repolarization for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.KEY WORDS: aerobic glycolysis, hypoxia, inflammatory disease, macrophage repolarization, multidrug resistance, targeted biological therapies     

Tumor endothelial markers as a target in cancer

Introduction: Several anti-angiogenic agents have been developed and some of them have been clinically applied in the tumor therapy. Anti-angiogenic therapy faces some hurdles: inherent or acquired resistance, increased invasiveness, and lack of biomarkers. Characterization of tumor endothelial markers may help to target endothelium and to identify potential predictive factors of response to anti-angiogenic therapies. Numerous surrogates, angiogenic and endothelium markers have emerged from recent pre-clinical studies, including physiological and soluble molecules in plasma and from platelets, circulating cells, tumor tissue factors and imaging markers. However, no wholly validated biomarkers currently exist to predict the success or the failure of the anti-angiogenic therapy of cancer. Therefore, the research of suitable and validate biomarkers is currently ongoing.

Areas covered: This review provides an overview of the status of our knowledge concerning tumor endothelial markers, therapeutics targeting, possible resistance mechanisms and predictive value of these biomarkers and discuss future strategies to use and identify them in the anti-angiogenic therapy.

Expert opinion: Anti-angiogenesis is a milestone to improve the treatment of several types of cancer and predictive biomarkers for a response to anti-endothelium therapy are one of the most important challenges for anti-angiogenesis research.