努力提高急诊显微外科修复的技术水平

肢体复杂组织缺损是创伤的严重后果，其修复往往富有挑战性，成为创伤骨科医生面临的治疗难题。随着显微外科技术的发展，自体组织游离移植成为修复肢体组织缺损的有效方法，在临床上得到日益广泛的应用，尤其是随着预构皮瓣、桥式交叉吻合血管游离组织移植和游离组织组合移植等一系列显微外科新技术的问世，肢体复杂组织缺损的二期修复已不再是可望不可得的祈求，许多原来由于缺乏有效治疗方法而不得不考虑截除的残肢都得到保留和有效的修复，并不同程度地恢复了功能。     

复合组织移植一期修复上肢创伤后组织严重缺损

目的 探讨上肢严重损伤后多种组织缺损的早期修复方法，保全肢体的外形和功能。方法 对上肢创伤后组织严重缺损19例患，彻底清创后，利用显微外科技术将自体神经、血管、骨骼、皮瓣和肌皮瓣等多种组织复合移植一期修复。结果 19例均获成功，患肢得以保全、大部分功能得到恢复。结论 多种组织复合移植一期修复上肢创伤后组织的严重缺损，是目前保全患肢并恢复其功能的有效方法。     

急诊显微外科修复肢体复杂组织缺损

目的：报道急诊复合组织游离移植和游离组织组合移植修复肢体复杂组织缺损的临床效果。方法：组织移植包括单侧背阔肌肌皮瓣游离移植、带蒂转移，废弃肢体复合组织瓣游离移植，带伸趾肌腱足背皮瓣游离移植，背阔肌肌皮瓣与腓骨组合移植，以及双侧背阔肌肌皮瓣组合移植等。结果：移植组织共３０例，其中完全成活２４例，部分皮肤坏死经换药后愈合５例，失败１例。经８～１８个月随访，所有经修复的肢体均保留或恢复了有用的功能。结论：急诊显微外科修复组织缺损是可行、安全和有效的。     

皮肤与骨骼复合缺损的修复

目的：探讨显微外科修复肢体骨与皮肤复合缺损的技术和效果。方法：39例肢体骨与皮肤复合缺损患接受显微外科手术：游离移植背阔肌肌皮瓣，而后髂骨植骨4例，移植髂骨皮瓣7例，移植腓骨皮瓣6例，组合移植背阔肌肌皮瓣与游离腓骨20例，组合移植双侧背阔肌肌皮瓣与游离腓骨2例。结果：移植组织完全成活30例，9例移植的（肌）皮瓣远端皮肤发生局部浅表坏死，经换药后愈合。移植骨术后12－18周与宿主骨牢固连接。平均随访3年6个月，修复肢体均恢复有用功能。14例12岁以下儿童，修复后下肢生长正常，未发生肢体不等长现象。结论：严格手术指征，准确操作、酌情选择不同皮瓣与骨复合组织移植的显微外科修复是治疗骨与皮肤缺损的有效手段。     

组织工程与组织器官缺损修复

创伤、肿瘤等原因造成的组织、器官缺损和功能障碍是危害人类健康的重要原因,而缺损组织、器官的修复和功能重建也是目前临床外科面临的主要难题。大面积的缺损通常都需要采用自体或异体组织、器官移植进行修复,自体移植存在着“以创伤修复创伤”的遗憾,而异体移植中供体来源不足、免疫排斥是主要的缺陷。组织工程学(tissue engineering)的提出、建立和发展,为解决这一难题提供了新的途径,它的基本原理是将少量种子细胞经体外扩增后与生物材料复合,构建出新的组织或器官,用于替代和修复病变、缺损的组织器官,重建生理功能。从20世纪80年代初…     

人工血管复合皮瓣移植修复濒临截肢肢体

目的：报道急诊人工血管复合皮瓣移植修复濒临截肢肢体的临床效果。方法：采用Ｇｏｒｅ－Ｔｅｘ膨体泡沫聚四氯乙烯（ｅＰＴＦＥ）人工血管复合游离脐旁皮瓣、游离或带血管蒂的背阔肌皮瓣移植，修复上肢皮肤、软组织及肌肉缺损，同时重建前臂血管。结果：修复严重创伤上肢５例，游离脐旁皮瓣移植２例，游离背阔肌皮瓣移植２例，带血管蒂背阔肌皮瓣移植１例及采用直径５ｍｍｅＰＴＥＥ５条重建桡或尺动脉，皮瓣全部成活，肢体血运良好。经５～２０个月随访，所有经复合人工血管及皮瓣修肢体均得到保留及恢复基本功能。结论：采用人工血管复合皮瓣移植修复濒临截肢肢体，通过显微外科技术，可重建其活力及功能。     

皮肤与骨骼复合缺损的修复

目的 探讨显微外科修复肢体骨与皮肤复合缺损的技术和效果。方法 39例肢体骨与皮肤复合缺损患者接受显微外科手术修复:游离移植背阔肌肌皮瓣,而后髂骨植骨4例,移植髂骨皮瓣7例,移植腓骨皮瓣6例,组合移植背阔肌肌皮瓣与游离腓骨20例,组合移植双侧背阔肌肌皮瓣与游离腓骨2例。结果 移植组织完全成活30例,9例移植的(肌)皮瓣远端皮肤发生局部浅表坏死,经换药后愈合。移植骨术后12～18周与宿主骨牢固连接。平均随访3年6个月,修复肢体均恢复有用功能。14例12岁以下儿童,修复后下肢生长正常,未发生肢体不等长现象。结论 严格手术指征,准确操作,酌情选择不同皮瓣与骨复合组织移植的显微外科修复是治疗骨与皮肤缺损的有效手段。     

严重创伤濒临截肢体的显微外科修复

１９８９－１９８２年，应用显微外科技术，修复严重创伤濒临截肢肢体１８例，结果，优７例，良８例，一般３例，文章具体描述骨、血管、皮肤缺损的修复方法，讨论了手术适应证和濒临截肢肢体的概念：只有通过显微技术，采用多种组织游离移植，才能重建其活力和功能的严重复合性损伤肢体。     

足组织缺损的显微修复

１９８４年～１９９４年共收治各种足部组织创伤缺损２３６例，均采用显微外科技术进行组织移植修复，其中单纯皮瓣移植修复１８７例，复合皮瓣移植修复４９例。吻合血管游离移植修复９７例，带血管蒂移位修复１３９例。４例前足缺损者用带肩胛骨的复合皮瓣移植修复，６例足跟严重缺损者用带血管的腓骨复合皮瓣移植修复。经１～１０年随访，皮瓣、复合皮瓣、移植或再植的骨骨各全部成活，愈合良好，足功能基本得到恢复，可行走、负重，１８６例恢复了原工作。认为，恢复足部结构完整与重建足跟、足底的感觉是获得良好功能的关键     

严重创伤濒临截肢肢体的显微外科修复

１９８９～１９８２年，应用显微外科技术，修复严重创伤濒临截肢肢体１８例。结果：优７例，良８例，一般３例。文章具体描述骨、血管、皮肤缺损的修复方法，讨论了手术适应证和濒临截肢肢体的概念：只有通过显微技术，采用多种组织游离移植，才能重建其活力和功能的严重复合性损伤肢体。     

不同方式的小腿外侧皮瓣修复严重肢体组织缺损(附23例报告)

目的探讨应用不同方式的小腿外侧皮瓣修复严重肢体组织缺损的治疗方法。方法对23例严重肢体组织缺损的患者,根据不同部位、程度及缺损面积大小,分别选择应用不同方式的小腿外侧皮瓣移植技术进行修复,即吻合血管的游离皮瓣移植术、带血管蒂的岛状皮瓣转位移植术和带血管蒂的交腿皮瓣移植术。结果23例皮瓣完全成活,2例出现了循环危象,经积极治疗后缓解,皮瓣边缘表皮部分坏死。术后随访6个月~4年,部分病例恢复了保护性感觉。19例患者对肢体功能和外形均表示满意,4例表示能接受。结论应用三种不同方式的小腿外侧皮瓣修复严重肢体组织缺损是一种简单、安全、有效的治疗方法,可以大大减少了肢体的截肢率和并发症,是治疗严重肢体组织缺损的一种理想方法。     

火器性四肢组织缺损的显微外科修复

目的 对四肢组织缺损进行修复与功能重建。方法 自１９７９年以来,采用显微外科,修复与重建外多种新术式,对８００例四肢战伤性皮肤,肌肉,骨骼,血管及神经损伤进行修复与功能重建。结果 对３０例战作骨缺损,采用吻合血管的骨移植,全部获得成功,对１５０例周围神经火器伤,采用神经束间缝合及束间移植术,其总优良率传统方法为优;对５００例周围血管火器伤,早期进行血管吻合和血管移植术,血管通畅率为９１％,对１２０     

自体组织工程化皮肤修复全层皮肤缺损的实验研究

目的为制成含表皮细胞与成纤维细胞的双层皮肤替代物,直接用于修复全层皮肤缺损.方法选用长枫杂交仔猪10只,酶消化法获取皮肤表皮细胞与成纤维细胞,将原代培养处于对数生长期的表皮细胞、成纤维细胞分别与30%氧化异丙烯F-127 混匀成细胞悬液后,种植聚羟基乙酸(polyglycolic acid,PGA)形成细胞-生物材料复合物,用于修复自体动物背部直径4 cm全层皮肤缺损,以单纯生物材料(PGA+氧化异丙烯)充填的创面作为对照组.修复术后1,2,4,8周取材,通过组织学和基底膜特殊染色等方法对新生组织进行评价.结果第1周新生组织即出现表皮与真皮2层结构,特殊染色观察到连续的基底膜.第2周表皮与真皮均较前增厚.修复后第8周组织工程化皮肤的形态结构均与正常皮肤相似.对照组则无皮肤形成,仅见大量肉芽组织.结论应用组织工程技术,以PGA+氧化异丙烯为表皮细胞、成纤维细胞载体构建的组织工程化皮肤可修复全层皮肤缺损.     

Effects of a cultured autologous chondrocyte-seeded type II collagen scaffold on the healing of a chondral defect in a canine model.

Using a previously established canine model for repair of articular cartilage defects, this study evaluated the 15-week healing of chondral defects (i.e., to the tidemark) implanted with an autologous articular chondrocyte-seeded type II collagen scaffold that had been cultured in vitro for four weeks prior to implantation. The amount and composition of the reparative tissue were compared to results from our prior studies using the same animal model in which the following groups were analyzed: defects implanted with autologous chondrocyte-seeded collagen scaffolds that had been cultured in vitro for approximately 12 h prior to implantation, defects implanted with autologous chondrocytes alone, and untreated defects. Chondrocytes, isolated from articular cartilage harvested from the left knee joint of six adult canines, were expanded in number in monolayer for three weeks, seeded into porous type II collagen scaffolds, cultured for an additional four weeks in vitro and then implanted into chondral defects in the trochlear groove of the right knee joints. The percentages of specific tissue types filling the defects were evaluated histomorphometrically and certain mechanical properties of the repair tissue were determined. The reparative tissue filled 88+/-6% (mean+/-SEM; range 70-100%) of the cross-sectional area of the original defect, with hyaline cartilage accounting for 42+/-10% (range 7-67%) of defect area. These values were greater than those reported previously for untreated defects and defects implanted with a type II collagen scaffold seeded with autologous chondrocytes within 12 h prior to implantation. Most striking, was the decreased amount of fibrous tissue filling the defects in the current study, 5+/-5% (range 0-26%) as compared to previous treatments. Despite this improvement, indentation testing of the repair tissue formed in this study revealed that the compressive stiffness of the repair tissue was well below (20-fold lower stiffness) that of native articular cartilage.     

离断肢体合并大面积软组织缺损的皮瓣修复

目的 报道应用大型肌皮瓣一期或二期修复断肢合并大面积软组织缺损的临床效果.方法 对9例由压砸、捻挫或撕脱造成肢体离断合并皮肤软组织缺损的患者,再植后,应用游离或带蒂的胸脐、脐旁皮瓣,小腿内侧皮瓣、小腿外侧骨皮瓣,游离背阔肌皮瓣进行修复.结果 9例患者皮瓣及再植肢体全部成活,随访10个月～4年,皮瓣外观质地良好,再植肢体恢复了一定功能.结论 应用组织瓣移植对复杂性断肢合并组织缺损进行修复和重建疗效可靠.     

组织工程技术修复皮肤缺损的动物实验

目的　探索应用组织工程技术修复包括皮下组织的皮肤缺损的方法。方法　长枫杂交仔猪 2 0只 ,取腹部 2cm× 2cm全厚皮肤 ,酶消化法获取表皮细胞与成纤维细胞。经原代培养 ,将处于对数生长期的表皮细胞、成纤维细胞分别与 30 %氧化异丙烯F 1 2 7(pluronicF 1 2 7)混匀成细胞悬液后 ,种植于聚羟基乙酸 (polyglycolicacid ,PGA)形成细胞 生物材料复合物 ,用于修复自体背部直径 4cm皮肤缺损 ,以单纯生物材料 (PGA 30 %氧化异丙烯F 1 2 7)修复作为对照组。术后 1、2、4、8周取材 ,通过组织学方法评价新生组织。结果　实验组 :第 1周 ,形成含表皮与真皮两层结构的组织工程化皮肤 ;第 2周 ,表皮与真皮均较前增厚 ;第 8周 ,组织工程化皮肤的结构与正常皮肤相似 ,仅缺乏毛发、毛囊和汗腺等附属器。对照组 :则无皮肤形成 ,仅见大量肉芽组织。结论　以原代培养的表皮细胞与成纤维细胞作为种子细胞 ,PGA 30 %氧化异丙烯F 1 2 7为细胞载体的方法可修复皮肤缺损。     

毛发移植在修复眉缺损中的临床效果

目的 探讨实施自体毛发移植术对眉缺损的修复效果。方法 选取我院2021年1月-2022年12月收 治接受修复手术的150例眉缺损患者为研究对象。150例患者均接纳自体毛发移植术治疗,记录毛囊数量、 手术时间并发症发生率、成活率、毛发脱落率以及再植次数以及患者满意度。结果 150例患者中,所钻取 毛囊数量50~600个毛囊;35~180 min完成修复术;二次眉毛接种者有14人;受区眉毛成活率70%~90%;全 部病例的供区组织恢复效果良好,术区无并发症发生;满意度为99.33%。结论 对眉缺损患者实施自体毛 发移植术的整体修复效果良好,且具有较强的安全性,成活率较高,值得临床应用。     

Current concepts in tissue engineering technique for repair of cartilage defect

Hunter's observation in 1743 that cartilage "once destroyed, is not repaired," has not essentially changed for 250 years. At present, there is no well-established procedure for the repair of cartilage defect with articular cartilage, which has the same biochemical and biomechanical properties as the surrounding normal intact cartilage. In 1994, transplantation of human autologous chondrocytes in suspension, as reported by Brittberg et al., provided a potential procedure for articular cartilage repair. We have improved their procedure and developed a new technique which creates new cartilage-like tissue by cultivating autologous chondrocytes embedded in Atelocollagen gel for 3 weeks before transplantation. These improvements maintained the chondrocyte phenotype, evenly distributed chondrocytes throughout the osteochondral defects, and decreased the risk of leakage of grafted chondrocytes into the defects. Good clinical results suggest that this technique should be a promising procedure for repairing articular cartilage defect.     

Human autologous culture expanded bone marrow mesenchymal cell transplantation for repair of cartilage defects in osteoarthritic knees

OBJECTIVE: There is no widely accepted method to repair articular cartilage defects. Bone marrow mesenchymal cells have the potential to differentiate into bone, cartilage, fat and muscle. Bone marrow mesenchymal cell transplantation is easy to use clinically because cells can be easily obtained and can be multiplied without losing their capacity of differentiation. The objective of this study was to apply these cell transplantations to repair human articular cartilage defects in osteoarthritic knee joints. DESIGN: Twenty-four knees of 24 patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) who underwent a high tibial osteotomy comprised the study group. Adherent cells in bone marrow aspirates were culture expanded, embedded in collagen gel, transplanted into the articular cartilage defect in the medial femoral condyle and covered with autologous periosteum at the time of 12 high tibial osteotomies. The other 12 subjects served as cell-free controls. RESULTS: In the cell-transplanted group, as early as 6.3 weeks after transplantation the defects were covered with white to pink soft tissue, in which metachromasia was partially observed. Forty-two weeks after transplantation, the defects were covered with white soft tissue, in which metachromasia was observed in almost all areas of the sampled tissue and hyaline cartilage-like tissue was partially observed. Although the clinical improvement was not significantly different, the arthroscopic and histological grading score was better in the cell-transplanted group than in the cell-free control group. CONCLUSIONS: This procedure highlights the availability of autologous culture expanded bone marrow mesenchymal cell transplantation for the repair of articular cartilage defects in humans.