Comparison of the Efficacy of Drug-eluting Stents Versus Bare-metal Stents for the Treatment of Left Main Coronary Artery Disease

Background:

Recent studies reported that percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation was safe and feasible for the treatment of left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease in select patients. However, it is unclear whether drug-eluting stents (DESs) have better outcomes in patients with LMCA disease compared with bare-metal stent (BMS) during long-term follow-up in Chinese populations.

Methods:

From a perspective multicenter registry, 1136 consecutive patients, who underwent BMS or DES implantation for unprotected LMCA stenosis, were divided into two groups: 1007 underwent DES implantation, and 129 underwent BMS implantation. The primary outcome was the rate of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs), including cardiovascular (CV) death, myocardial infarction (MI), and target lesion revascularization (TLR) at 5 years postimplantation.

Results:

Patients in the DES group were older and more likely to have hyperlipidemia and bifurcation lesions. They had smaller vessels and longer lesions than patients in the BMS group. In the adjusted cohort of patients, the DES group had significantly lower 5 years rates of MACE (19.4% vs. 31.8%, P = 0.022), CV death (7.0% vs. 14.7%, P = 0.045), and MI (5.4% vs. 12.4%, P = 0.049) than the BMS group. There were no significant differences in the rate of TLR (10.9% vs. 17.8%, P = 0.110) and stent thrombosis (4.7% vs. 3.9%, P = 0.758). The rates of MACE (80.6% vs. 68.2%, P = 0.023), CV death (93.0% vs. 85.3%, P = 0.045), TLR (84.5% vs. 72.1%, P = 0.014), and MI (89.9% vs. 80.6%, P = 0.029) free survival were significantly higher in the DES group than in the BMS group. When the propensity score was included as a covariate in the Cox model, the adjusted hazard ratios for the risk of CV death and MI were 0.41 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.21–0.63, P = 0.029) and 0.29 (95% CI: 0.08–0.92, P = 0.037), respectively.

Conclusions:

DES implantation was associated with more favorable clinical outcomes than BMS implantation for the treatment of LMCA disease even though there was no significant difference in the rate of TLR between the two groups.     

Predictive Ability of the SYNergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with TAXus and Cardiac Surgery Score II for Long-term Mortality in Patients with Three-vessel Coronary Artery Disease Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Treated with Second-generation Drug-eluting Stents

Background:

The SYNergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with TAXus and cardiac surgery Score II (SS-II) can well predict 4-year mortality in patients with complex coronary artery disease (CAD), and guide decision-making between coronary artery bypass graft surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, there is lack of data regarding the utility of the SS-II in patients with three-vessel CAD undergoing PCI treated with second-generation drug-eluting stents (DES). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the ability of the SS-II to predict long-term mortality in patients with three-vessel CAD undergoing PCI with second-generation DES.

Methods:

Totally, 573 consecutive patients with de novo three-vessel CAD who underwent PCI with second-generation DES were retrospectively studied. According to the tertiles of the SS-II, the patients were divided into three groups: The lowest SS-II tertile (SS-II ≤20), intermediate SS-II tertile (SS-II of 21–31), and the highest SS-II tertile (SS-II ≥32). The survival curves of the different groups were estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship between the SS-II and 5-year mortality. The performance of the SS-II with respect to predicting the rate of mortality was studied by calculating the area under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. The predictive ability of the SS-II for 5-year mortality was evaluated and compared with the SS alone.

Results:

The overall SS-II was 27.6 ± 9.0. Among patients in the lowest, intermediate and the highest SS-II tertiles, the 5-year rates of mortality were 1.6%, 3.2%, and 8.6%, respectively (P = 0.003); the cardiac mortality rates were 0.5%, 1.9%, and 5.2%, respectively (P = 0.014). By multivariable analysis, adjusting for the potential confounders, the SS-II was an independent predictor of 5-year mortality (hazard ratio: 2.45, 95% confidence interval: 1.38–4.36; P = 0.002). The SS-II demonstrated a higher predictive accuracy for 5-year mortality compared with the SS alone (the area under the ROC curve was 0.705 and 0.598, respectively).

Conclusion:

The SS-II is an independent predictor of 5-year mortality in patients with three-vessel CAD undergoing PCI treated with second-generation DES, and demonstrates a superior predictive ability over the SS alone.     

Early Results of Coronary Endarterectomy Combined with Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Patients with Diffused Coronary Artery Disease

Background:

It is still a challenge for the cardiac surgeons to achieve adequate revascularization for diffused coronary artery disease (CAD). Coronary endarterectomy (CE) offers an alternative choice of coronary artery reconstruction and revascularization. In this study, short-term result of CE combined with coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) was discussed in the treatment for the diffused CAD.

Methods:

From January 2012 to April 2014, 221 cases of CABG were performed by the same surgeon in our unit. Among these cases, 38 cases of CE + CABG were performed, which was about 17.2% (38/221) of the cohort. All these patients were divided into two groups: CE + CABG group (Group A) and CABG alone group (Group B). All clinical data were compared between the two groups, and postoperative complications and in-hospital mortality were analyzed. The categorical and continuous variables were analyzed by Chi-square test and Student''s t-test respectively.

Results:

Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and peripheral vascular disease were more common in group A. In this cohort, a total of 50 vessels were endarterectomized. Among them, CE was performed on left anterior descending artery in 11 cases, on right coronary artery in 29 cases, on diagonal artery in 3 cases, on intermediate artery in 2 cases, on obtuse marginal artery in 5 cases. There was no hospital mortality in both groups. The intro-aortic balloon pump was required in 3 cases in Group A (3/38), which was more often than that in Group B (3/183). At the time of follow-up, coronary computed tomography angiogram showed all the grafts with CE were patent (50/50). There is no cardio-related mortality in both groups. All these patients were free from coronary re-intervention.

Conclusions:

Coronary endarterectomy + CABG can offer satisfactory result for patients with diffused CAD in a short-term after the operation.     

非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术

目的报告微创非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术(OPCAB)的临床应用和初步体会.方法25例冠心病患者(男23例,女2例;年龄52～75岁,平均63.2岁)中三支病变19例,双支病变4例,左主干病变2例.均在全麻常温下经胸骨正中切口行OPCAB,人均搭桥3.32支.联合应用左乳内动脉和大隐静脉20例,全动脉化搭桥3例,序贯式搭桥16例.结果全组手术均顺利进行,无手术死亡.术后平均呼吸机辅助时间6.2 h,8例病人(31%)未输血,术后患者心绞痛症状均消失,心功能改善.结论OPCAB安全、经济、有效,是一种值得推广的微创心脏手术方法.     

Short- and Long-term Outcomes in Patients with Connective Tissue Diseases Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background:

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with connective tissue diseases (CTDs). Risk factors and clinical characteristics in these patients are not equivalent to those in traditional CAD patients. The objective of this study was to report short- and long-term clinical outcomes in a consecutive series of patients with CTD who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation.

Methods:

The study group comprised 106 consecutive patients with CTD who underwent PCI in Beijing Friendship Hospital between January 2009 and June 2012. Medical records were analyzed retrospectively including clinical basic material, coronary angiogram data, and the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) during the short- and long-term (median 3 years) follow-up.

Results:

Ninety-two of the patients (86.8%) had one or more traditional CAD risk factors. Multivessel disease was present in more than 2/3 of patients (73.6%). The left anterior descending coronary artery was the most commonly affected vessel (65.1%). Five bare-metal stents and 202 drug-eluting stents were implanted. After a median follow-up period of 36 months, thirteen patients (12.3%) died from cardiac causes, the rate of stent thrombosis was 9.4%, and the rate of target vessel revascularization (TVR) was 14.2%. Multivariate analysis revealed that hypertension (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.07, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30–7.24, P = 0.041), anterior myocardial infarction (HR = 2.77, 95% CI: 1.06–7.03, P = 0.04), longer duration of steroid treatment (HR = 3.60, 95% CI: 1.43–9.08, P = 0.032), and C-reactive protein level >10 mg/L (HR = 3.98, 95% CI: 1.19–12.56, P = 0.036) were independent predictors of MACEs.

Conclusions:

Patients with CTD and CAD may have severe coronary lesions. PCI in these patients tends to result in an increased rate of stent thrombosis and TVR during long-term follow-up, which may be influenced by traditional and nontraditional risk factors.     

介入治疗冠状动脉左主干病变临床研究

目的研究经皮冠脉介入术（PCI）和冠脉旁路移植术（CABG）对冠状动脉左主干病变的疗效和安全性.方法回顾性收集2005年5月至2008年10月在昆明医学院附一院及云南省内部分医院心内科住院治疗的30例左冠状动脉主干病变行PCI治疗的患者为PCI组,另收集2007年3月至2008年10月在昆明医学院附一院心外科住院治疗的16例冠状动脉搭桥治疗左主干病变患者为CABG组.观察PCI组及CABG组患者的临床特征.并对上述两组患者进行随访,观察死亡、非致死性心肌梗死、靶血管血运重建术、脑血管事件等终点事件的发生情况及心绞痛复发情况.结果两组的临床特征基本相近.PCI组有5例（16.7%）左主干末端分叉病变达到Ⅲ级病变,而CABG组8例（50.0%）左主干末端分叉病变达到Ⅲ级病变,P=0.045,差异有统计学差异.PCI组中药物洗脱支架（DES）应用占绝对优势（97.0%）,左主干病变支架置入成功率为100%.两组在心绞痛复发率、再次心肌梗死、血运重建率、主要不良心脏事件（MACE）发生率、主要不良心脑事件（MACCE）发生率均无统计学意义.PCI组中急性冠脉综合症（ACS）与非ACS远期疗效比较在心绞痛复发率（29.4%VS0.0%,P〈0.05）及MACE发生率（41.2%VS7.6%,P〈0.05）差异有统计学意义.结论 （1）经选择无保护左主干病变PCI治疗的疗效与CABG治疗左主干病变比较PCI是可行和安全的,并取得较好的近远期疗效.（2）急性冠脉综合征可能是影响心绞痛复发率及MACE的因素之一.     

药物洗脱支架治疗冠状动脉无保护左主干病变远期临床效果分析

目的 探讨药物洗脱支架(drug-eluting stent,DES)治疗冠状动脉无保护左主干(unprotected left main artery,ULM)病变远期临床效果.方法 回顾性分析211例冠心病ULM病变患者临床特点,并观察置入DES后远期主要心脑血管事件(major adverse cardiac and cerebral events,MACCE)发生情况.结果 211例ULM病变患者中不稳定型心绞痛145例(68.7%),ULM病变在远段分叉部占75.4%,151例(71.6%)ULM患者存在多支病变.单支架治疗分叉病变119例(74.8%).平均随访(28.9±11.8)个月.38例(18.0%)发生MACCE,23例(10.9%)靶血管再次血运重建,10例(4.7%)心肌梗死,3例(1.4%)脑卒中,9例(4.3%)死亡.远段与非远段ULM病变DES治疗后远期MACCE发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(Log-rank P=0.62).单支架与双支架治疗左主干远段病变DES治疗后远期MACCE发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(Log-rank P=0.795).合并2型糖尿病ULM病变DES治疗后远期MACCE发生率明显高于单纯ULM患者,差异有统计学意义(Log-rank P=0.026).结论 对冠状动脉ULM病变选择性使用DES行介入治疗安全有效,远期疗效良好.2型糖尿病是ULM病变支架术后远期MACCE的独立预测因子.     

冠状动脉搭桥术后胸骨哆开的原因分析与诊治

目的:探讨冠心病患者冠状动脉搭桥术(CABG)后胸骨哆开的原因、诊断、治疗及预防.方法:回顾分析2001年1月-2011年6月我院CABG术后并发胸骨哆开的病例,总结探讨其病因及预防、早期诊断、治疗经验.结果:期间我院心外科共实施CABG术1 452例,其中11例患者于术后5-11 d出现胸骨哆开,发生率0.76％.11例中10例经二次开胸行胸骨固定术,1例保守胸带外固定,同时积极治疗伴发病及加强支持治疗,全部治愈,伤口平均愈合时间(15.09±4.41)d.结论:术前重视胸骨哆开的预防,术中加强胸骨保护、改进缝合技术,可减少其发生率.对术后胸骨哆开病例早发现、早诊断、及时重新固定,预后良好.     

Sequential Vein Bypass Grafting is Not Associated with an Increase of Either In-hospital or Mid-term Adverse Events in Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Background:The impact of sequential vein bypass grafting on clinical outcomes is less known in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).We aimed to evaluate the effects of sequential vein bypass...     

非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术22例麻醉体会

目的总结非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术（OPCABG）患者的麻醉处理体会。方法回顾性分析22例0PcABG的麻醉资料。结果所有患者均顺利完成手术,全麻时间（175±45）min,无一例改体外循环,无麻醉并发症和手术死亡,术后心功能明显改善。结论非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术对麻醉要求较高,麻醉处理关键是维持血流动力学稳定和心肌氧供与氧耗平衡,良好的麻醉管理为手术的顺利完成提供了安全保障。     

冠脉搭桥术主动脉开放前不同温血灌注方法对比研究

目的探讨升主动脉开放前不同方法的终末温血灌注在冠脉搭桥手术（CABG）中对心肌的保护作用。方法将40例首次体外循环（CPB）下CABG患者随机分为终末低钾温血灌注组（Ⅰ组）和终末CPB温血灌注组（Ⅱ组），每组各20例。升主动脉开放前3～5min，Ⅰ组用4：1温血低钾停搏液、Ⅱ组用不含停搏液的CPB温血行主动脉根部加血管桥灌注。结果两组升主动脉开放后的心脏复跳率，术后正性肌力药物的应用、机械通气时间和ICU停留时间以及术后24h肌酸磷酸激酶同工酶水平均无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论温血低钾停搏液和CPB温血终末灌注均有利于CABG患者的心肌保护。     

药物洗脱支架治疗左主干病变

冠状动脉搭桥术曾被认为是左主干病变治疗的首选,近年来随着药物洗脱支架的应用和操作技巧、器械的进步,越来越多的临床试验证实药物洗脱支架治疗左主干病变具有完全可行的疗效。现在左主干病变不再是介入治疗的禁忌证。本文从介入治疗左主干病变的适应证,药物洗脱支架及冠状动脉搭桥术治疗左主干病变的疗效对比加以阐述。     

全动脉化非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术的临床应用

目的探讨全动脉化非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(冠脉搭桥术)的手术技术、安全性和近中期手术效果。方法 2004年3月～2012年4月接受全动脉化非体外循环冠脉搭桥术(包括微创冠脉搭桥)患者35例,人均搭桥2.7支(1～4支)。其中常规开胸非体外循环冠脉搭桥30例,胸腔镜辅助下微创冠脉搭桥5例。同期行体外循环下全动脉化冠脉搭桥8例,同期行一根乳内动脉和静脉做常规非体外循环冠脉搭桥248例,比较不同手术方式的死亡率、并发症、桥血管数目和近中期疗效等。结果全动脉化非体外循环冠脉搭桥术后仅1例患者因胸骨感染死亡,34例症状明显改善顺利出院,随访效果均良好,无心绞痛发作,心功能明显改善。结论全动脉化非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术临床效果较好,并发症及死亡率较体外循环下搭桥少,总的风险更低,但因患者病变、病情及各种因素,本术仍不能完全取代冠状动旁路移植术。     

左主干行冠状动脉旁路移植手术中远期效果分析

目的 总结2002~2008年行冠状动脉旁路移植手术的冠心病左主干患者远期桥血管通畅率。 方法 2002~2008年冠心病左主干患者行冠状动脉旁路移植术共73例,男性57例,女性16例,患者年龄65.7±8.1岁。包括心肌梗死31例、左心室室壁瘤11例,合并瓣膜病变4例,术前使用主动脉气囊反搏(IABP)5例。行急诊冠状动脉旁路移植术共5例,冠状动脉旁路移植术+瓣膜置换术共4例,冠状动脉旁路移植术+室壁瘤切除并左心室成形术共6例,机器人冠状动脉旁路移植术1例。其中体外循环下手术65例,非体外循环手术8例。左乳内动脉与左前降支吻合,大隐静脉与靶血管吻合,静脉吻合口超过两个(含)时做序贯吻合。术后随访行冠状动脉64-CT或冠状动脉造影复查桥血管通畅率。 结果 术后死亡2例(病死率2.7%),死因分别为恶性心律失常和多器官衰竭。痊愈出院71例,随访患者53例,失访18例,随访率74.6%,随访时间4个月~11年,平均随访时间73.2±30.2个月。随访期间死亡8例,其中3例为心源性死亡,心源性病死率5.7%,余者为其他疾病死亡。10例再发心绞痛,2例心肌梗死,2例脑梗死。 39例患者行桥血管CT或造影,动脉桥通畅率97.4%,静脉桥通畅率82.8%。 结论 冠心病左主干患者病情重,行冠状动脉旁路移植术可有效改善冠脉血运,远期效果良好。     

心电图aVR和V_1导联在左主干慢性病变中的诊断价值

目的探讨体表心电图aVR和V1导联特征性变化对左主干慢性病变的诊断价值。方法选取172例确诊心绞痛患者,其中左主干(LM)病变组64例,前降支(LAD)6#段病变组108例,对其心电图和冠状动脉造影资料进行对比分析。结果①LM组aVR导联ST段抬高幅度显著大于LAD组(0.068mV±0.075mV∶0.026mV±0.045mV)(P<0.01),抬高的比率显著大于LAD组(62.50%∶27.78%,P<0.01);aVR导联ST段抬高幅度与V1导联ST段抬高幅度差值(ST aVR↑～ST V1↑)>0的比率在两组间差异有显著性意义(50.00%∶13.89%,P<0.01);②aVR导联ST段抬高对左主干病变诊断的特异性72.22%,ST aVR↑～ST V1↑>0的诊断特异性86.11%。结论体表心电图中aVR导联ST段抬高、ST aVR↑～ST V1↑>0,可作为预测慢性左主干病变的指标。     

老年左主干病变患者介入治疗预后及影响因素

目的 探讨老年无保护左主干（ULMCA）病变患者介入治疗预后及不良事件危险因素。方法 入选单中心年龄≥60岁行PCI治疗的ULMCA病变患者,收集基线资料并随访。记录随访中发生的主要不良心脑血管事件（MACCE）,绘制Kapaln-Meier曲线,并采用Cox回归法分析不良预后的影响因素。结果 共182例完成随访,中位随访时间21.5（13,36.5）个月,无MACCE中位生存时间为66个月。共发生MACCE43例（23.63%）,其中死亡12例（6.59%）、非致死性心肌梗死1例（0.55%）、非致死性脑血管意外1例（0.55%）、靶血管血运重建29例（15.93%）,72.09%的MACCE发生在术后2年内。多因素校正的Cox回归分析显示：左主干支架直径（HR=0.37,95% CI：0.17~0.82,P=0.014）、分叉部病变（HR=1.92,95% CI：1.01~3.62,P=0.045）、吸烟指数>1000年支（HR=3.78,95% CI：1.29~11.05,P=0.015）是MACCE的独立危险因素;EuroSCORE Ⅱ≥2%（HR=3.96,95% CI：1.15~13.61,P=0.029）是全因死亡的独立危险因素。结论 老年ULMCA病变患者PCI术后总体预后良好,但术后2年内需特别警惕MACCE发生。左主干支架直径较小、左主干分叉部受累、吸烟指数>1000年支、EuroSCORE Ⅱ≥2%者预后较差。     

冠脉支架置入术与冠脉搭桥术治疗严重冠心病的对比研究——SYNTAX研究

1文献来源 Serruys PW, Morice MC, Kappetein AP, et al.Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronaryartery bypass grafting for severe coronary artery disease [J]. N Engl J Med, 2009,360 （10） ：961 - 972.     

Effect of Transcatheter Embolization by Autologous Fat Particles in the Treatment of Coronary Artery Perforation During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background:

Coronary artery perforation (CAP) is a rare but severe complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect and safety of transcatheter embolization by autologous fat particles in the treatment of CAP.

Methods:

Once the CAP was confirmed, a little autologous subcutaneous fatty tissue was obtained from the groin of the patient and then was made into 1 mm × 1 mm fat particles. The perforated vessel was embolized by fat particles via a micro-catheter. There were eight patients undergoing transcatheter embolization by autologous fat particles in the treatment of CAP during PCI in Peking University Third Hospital from February 2009 to June 2014, and the clinical data of these patients were collected and analyzed retrospectively.

Results:

The lesion morphology of the patients was classified based on the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force classification, there were one patient with Class B2 lesion and seven patients with Class C lesions (there were five patients with chronic total occlusion lesions). According to the Ellis classification of CAP, there were six patients with Class II perforations and two patients with Class III perforations. The causes of perforation included that seven patients induced by guide wire and one patient by balloon predilation. Three patients had pericardial effusion. All of the eight patients with CAP underwent transcatheter embolization by autologous fat particles. Coronary angiography confirmed that all of them were embolized successfully. There was no severe complication after the procedure. The coronary angiography of one patient at 1 week and another patient at 2 years after the embolization showed that the embolized arteries had recanalized. The median follow-up time was 20.3 months (8.8–50.2 months), the event-free survival rate was 100%.

Conclusions:

Transcatheter embolization by autologous fat particles was an effective, safe, cheap, and easy way to treat the perforation of small vessels during PCI.     

冠脉支架置入术与冠脉搭桥术治疗严重冠心病的对比研究——SYNTAX研究

1 文献来源 Serruys PW, Morice MC, Kappetein AP, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary-artery bypass grafting for severe coronary artery disease [J]. N Engl J Med, 2009,360(10):961- 972.