新型冠状病毒感染者核酸和抗体检测结果分析

目的了解新型冠状病毒(novel coronavirus 2019,2019-nCoV)感染者不同时期、不同类型标本中病毒核酸和抗体的检测情况,为完善新型冠状病毒肺炎(简称新冠肺炎)诊疗和防控方案提供科学依据.方法2020年2月26-27曰采集娄底市71例新冠肺炎确诊病例和25例无症状感染者的粪便、血液和咽拭子,应用R...     

COVID-19疫情对北京市公立医院住院服务量的影响及其恢复情况分析

目的：了解COVID-19疫情对北京市公立医院住院服务的影响,为卫生健康管理决策提供参考。方法：采用描述性方法分析2020年上半年北京市公立医院出院量的变化情况,并利用ARIMA乘积季节模型假设未发生COVID-19情况下对2020—2021年的出院量进行预测,通过比较其与实际状态下出院量的差异,评估COVID-19疫情对住院服务的潜在影响。结果：2020年1—6月出院总量较2019年同期减少69.1万人次（48.0%）;外地患者出院量较去年同期下降28.2万人次（65.5%）,其中循环系统疾病与恶性肿瘤患者出院人次数下降最多。ARIMA模型结果显示,2020年1—6月实际出院总量与外地患者出院量较预测值分别减少77.3万人次（50.8%）与33.2万人次（69.1%）,住院服务的恢复压力不断增加。结论：疫情后期北京市住院医疗服务秩序的恢复将面临更为复杂的挑战,建议卫生健康部门充分利用互联网与现代化信息技术手段,在做好常态化防控的同时,重点做好外地患者与重点专科医院的住院需求应对。     

新型冠状病毒感染者末次核酸阴性前后的传染性分析

目的研究新型冠状病毒(新冠病毒)感染者末次核酸阴性前后密切接触者(密接)的感染率, 评估动态核酸检测结果在判断新冠病毒感染者传染性中的作用。方法采用回顾性队列研究的方法, 收集新冠病毒感染者的动态核酸检测结果。选择新冠病毒感染者在首次核酸检测阳性前有核酸阴性结果者为研究对象, 对感染者的密接以及密接的密接(次密接)进行持续隔离医学观察, 评估密接和次密接的发病风险。结果共纳入宁波市2起本土疫情的89例新冠病毒感染者, 均为确诊病例。追踪调查了5 609名密接, 密接的总感染率为0.20%。感染者末次核酸阴性前的密接无感染, 末次核酸阴性后的密接感染率为1.33%, 且均为与指示病例共同居住生活者。感染者涉及的所有次密接均未感染。结论新冠病毒感染者末次核酸阴性前无传染性, 末次核酸阴性后开始具有传染性。     

基于信息化的新型冠状病毒肺炎出院患者随访管理体系构建

随着防控措施的加强、对疾病认识的加深以及诊疗方案的不断完善与改进,新型冠状病毒肺炎患者的治愈率显著提升,出院人数不断增多。华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院响应国家要求,通过构建基于信息化的新型冠状病毒肺炎出院患者随访管理平台,实现了出院患者的随访管理和复诊工作,可供其他医疗机构和相关卫生主管部门借鉴参考。     

Addressing Barriers to COVID-19 Vaccination Among Older U.S. Veterans

Efforts are being made to ensure that COVID-19 vaccination among older adults is as complete as possible. Dialogue-based interventions tailored to patients’ specific concerns have shown potential for effectiveness in promoting vaccination. We implemented a quality improvement project intended to help patients in an outpatient geriatrics clinic overcome barriers to COVID-19 vaccination. We offered tailored conversations by telephone in which we discussed the barriers to vaccination that the patients were facing and offered to provide relevant information and/or logistical assistance. Of the 184 patients reached by phone, 125 (68%) endorsed having already been vaccinated and 59 (32%) did not. About one third of the unvaccinated patients were willing to participate in tailored conversations (20 patients?=?34% of the unvaccinated). In follow-up calls 30 days after the intervention we found that four of these 20 patients had received COVID-19 vaccination, one patient was scheduled for vaccination, 10 continued to be deciding about vaccination, four had decided against it and one could not be reached. Dialogue-based interventions that are conducted by telephone and are tailored to the specific barriers to vaccination being faced by older adults may have some effectiveness in encouraging vaccination against COVID-19. The effectiveness of such interventions may be decreased in populations that already have high vaccination rates and in which many patients have already formed strong opinions regarding vaccination against COVID-19. Completion of Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles is a feasible way to design, implement and work to optimize quality improvement efforts related to COVID-19 vaccination.

     

新型冠状病毒肺炎出院患者核酸复检阳性分析

目的了解新型冠状病毒肺炎(简称新冠肺炎)治愈患者出院后14 d内核酸复检阳性率,分析复检阳性影响因素和传播风险,为有效管理出院患者提供依据.方法对86例出院患者的随访信息和核酸检测结果进行分析,计算出院后14 d内的核酸复检阳性率,分析性别、年龄、感染来源、临床严重程度、病程和住院时间等因素与复检阳性的统计学关联.结果...     

武汉市一起新冠确诊病例出院后家庭再现病例调查

  目的  分析新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)确诊病例出院后家庭再现病例的流行病学特征,为家庭聚集性疫情防控提供依据。  方法  采用现场流行病学调查方法,收集疫情相关人员基本信息、暴露史、发病情况和临床诊疗资料等,分析家庭聚集性疫情感染来源和传播模式。  结果  本起家庭聚集性疫情中,有3名病例和1人核酸检测阳性。感染来源最大可能来自医院暴露,后续家庭内传播。首发病例C出院时可能未“痊愈”,家庭内再现病例的发病时间可能远早于其报告的“发病”时间,未发现支持出院后传播的证据。  结论  建议强化流行病学调查,并综合临床、实验室等结果进行综合研判,落实密切接触者集中隔离医学观察和病人家庭终末消毒。     

Chemokine receptor gene polymorphisms and COVID-19: Could knowledge gained from HIV/AIDS be important?

Emerging results indicate that an uncontrolled host immune response, leading to a life-threatening condition called cytokine release syndrome (also termed “cytokine storm”), is the major driver of pathology in severe COVID-19. In this pandemic, considerable effort is being focused on identifying host genomic factors that increase susceptibility or resistance to the complications of COVID-19 and translating these findings to improved patient care. In this regard, the chemokine receptor-ligand nexus has been reported as potentially important in severe COVID-19 disease pathogenesis and its treatment. Valuable genomic insights into the chemokine receptor-ligand nexus have been gained from HIV infection and disease progression studies. Applying that knowledge, together with newly discovered potential host genomic factors associated with COVID-19, may lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment outcomes in COVID-19 patients.     

Magnesium-to-Calcium Ratio and Mortality from COVID-19

Obesity, type 2 diabetes, arterial hypertension, decrease in immune response, cytokine storm, endothelial dysfunction, and arrhythmias, which are frequent in COVID-19 patients, are associated with hypomagnesemia. Given that cellular influx and efflux of magnesium and calcium involve the same transporters, we aimed to evaluate the association of serum magnesium-to-calcium ratio with mortality from severe COVID-19. The clinical and laboratory data of 1064 patients, aged 60.3 ± 15.7 years, and hospitalized by COVID-19 from March 2020 to July 2021 were analyzed. The data of 554 (52%) patients discharged per death were compared with the data of 510 (48%) patients discharged per recovery. The ROC curve showed that the best cut-off point of the magnesium-to-calcium ratio for identifying individuals at high risk of mortality from COVID-19 was 0.20. The sensitivity and specificity were 83% and 24%. The adjusted multivariate regression model showed that the odds ratio between the magnesium-to-calcium ratio ≤0.20 and discharge per death from COVID-19 was 6.93 (_95%CI 1.6–29.1) in the whole population, 4.93 (_95%CI 1.4–19.1, p = 0.003) in men, and 3.93 (_95%CI 1.6–9.3) in women. In conclusion, our results show that a magnesium-to-calcium ratio ≤0.20 is strongly associated with mortality in patients with severe COVID-19.     

糖皮质激素在SARS、MERS治疗中的应用进展及对COVID-19治疗的启示

采用局部通风为主、屋顶全面通风为辅的方式对某铁路车辆检修焊接车间进行烟尘危害治理。分别在治理前后,对车间的电焊烟尘、砂轮磨尘、其他粉尘进行时间加权平均浓度、短时间接触浓度的检测。治理前各粉尘浓度均不同程度超标,治理后全部达标,且所有岗位治理前后粉尘浓度差异均有统计学意义（户＜0.05）。工业物联网技术的利用在烟尘危害控制自动化、远程化、可视化上有所提高。     

COVID-19 Vaccines in Children with Cow’s Milk and Food Allergies

The COVID-19 pandemic is the most challenging global health crisis of our times. Vaccination against COVID-19 plays a key role to control the current pandemic situation. The risk of allergic reactions to new COVID-19 vaccines is low. However, there is a debate on the safety in allergic patients following post marketing findings by different agencies. Our aim is to understand from current experiences whether children with cow’s milk or food allergy are at higher risk than a general population for allergic reactions to COVID-19 vaccines. Current data indicate that patients with a history of allergy to cow’s milk or other foods, even if severe, should receive COVID-19 vaccine in a setting with availability of treatments for anaphylactic reactions and under medical supervision. Recipients should be discharged after a protracted observation period of 30 min if no reaction developed.     

2015—2018年某地上岗前职业健康检查职业禁忌证检出情况分析

采用描述性流行病研究方法，对2015—2018年某地上岗前职业禁忌证的构成和职业病危害因素分布进行统计学分析。结果显示，噪声、苯及苯系物作业和各类特殊工种的上岗前职业禁忌证检出率较高；双耳高频平均听阈N40dBHL而被列为噪声作业上岗前职业禁忌证者占56.98%。提示《职业健康监护技术规范》(GBZ188—2014)仍需完善，以最大限度地保证劳动者的职业健康。     

Clinical Manifestations,Imaging Procedures and Laboratory Parameters among Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Ilam Province,Western Iran

BackgroundCOVID-19 is the last global threat which WHO confirmed it as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. In the Middle East, Iran was the first country where the SARS-Cov-2 was detected. The epidemiological and economic challenges of Iran make this country a particularly relevant subject of study. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical, radiological and laboratory findings in hospitalized COVID-19 confirmed cases in Ilam province, western of Iran.MethodsOverall, 2204 hospitalized RT-PCR confirmed patients with COVID-19 were considered in this study. Electronic medical records, including clinical symptoms, radiological images, laboratory findings, and the comorbidities of patients with COVID-19 were collected and analyzed. In addition, the medication regimens used in these patients were evaluated. The patients were classified in discharged and died groups according to their outcomes. Then, clinical, radiological and laboratory findings as well as treatment regimens and underlying diseases were compared in these two groups.ResultsAmong the patients, 1209 (54.85%) were male and 995 (45.14%) were female. Pneumonia, dyspnea and cough, were the most common clinical data in both discharged and died groups. Among the comorbidities, COPD, and cancer were significantly more common in the dead patients than in the living. The results of laboratory tests showed that blood creatinine, BUN, ESR, Na+, WBC, and neutrophil count have increased in deceased group compared to the survivors. However, the lymphocyte count decreased in deceased patients. The evaluation of radiographs demonstrated that there were significant correlations between bilateral pneumonia, ground glass opacity, bilateral patchy shadowing, and pleural effusion with death.ConclusionThe current investigation indicated the special profile of COVID-19 in west of Iran. Discharged and dead patients with COVID-19 had distinct clinical, radiological and laboratory features, which were separated by principal component analysis. Identifying these characteristics of the disease would translate into the implementation of practical measures to improve results.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎病人营养中添加谷氨酰胺双肽可行性分析

研究新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情中,对于感染2019新型冠状病毒(SARS-Co V-2)的病人,是否应该在营养制剂中添加谷氨酰胺双肽。本文通过资料整理、文献回顾,综述了谷氨酰胺双肽的作用,探讨了其对COVID-19的潜在风险和临床获益。得出结论:(1)对于轻中症COVID-19病人,可视病人免疫状态决定是否添加谷氨酰胺。(2)对于COVID-19合并ARDS的病人,若病情稳定且无肝肾功能衰竭,可考虑补充谷氨酰胺。(3)对于重症恢复期的病人,应考虑肠内补充谷氨酰胺。(4)对于儿科病人,目前尚缺乏明确谷氨酰胺补充使病人获益的证据,应谨慎使用。营养制剂中添加谷氨酰胺双肽对COVID-19病人病情的影响需要进一步的临床研究。     

COVID-19 severity in obese patients: Potential mechanisms and molecular targets for clinical intervention

With the global spread of SARS-CoV-2, millions of people have been affected leading to the declaration of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic by the WHO. Several studies have linked the severity of COVID-19 cases and increased fatality in patients with obesity and other comorbid conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and kidney disease. Obesity, a metabolically deranged condition, establishes a low-grade chronic inflammation in the body, which affects different organs and promotes the development of several other diseases. The ways in which SARS-CoV-2 infection aggravates the already overloaded body organs with inflammation or vice versa has perplexed the researchers. As a result, there is an intensified search for the clear-cut mechanism to understand the link of obesity with the increased severity of COVID-19 in obese patients. In this article we have discussed various mechanisms linking obesity, inflammation, and COVID-19 to enhance the understanding of the disease process and help the clinicians and scientists develop potential cellular, molecular and metabolic targets for clinical intervention and management of COVID-19 severity in obese patients.     

一起新型冠状病毒肺炎家庭聚集性流行病学分析

目的 针对郑州市一起新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)家庭聚集性疫情进行流行病学调查分析,探讨可能的传播模式和潜伏期传染性,为及时控制传染源、遏制疫情扩散提供科学依据。方法 采用描述性流行病学方法对8例病例进行流行病学调查分析,通过实时荧光定量PCR方法对采集的呼吸道标本进行病毒核酸检测。结果 2例具有共同武汉暴露史的病例,分别于1月31日、2月1日发病;其他6位家庭成员中1例于1月30日发病,1例于1月31日发病,3例于2月1日发病、1例于2月3日发病。结论 此次COVID-19家庭聚集性疫情,2例原发病例通过家庭共同暴露传染给其余6位家庭成员,5例续发病例发病日期早于或与原发病例同日发病,提示潜伏期具有传染性,早期居家隔离措施可能导致家庭聚集疫情风险。     

The dynamic association between COVID-19 and chronic disorders: An updated insight into prevalence,mechanisms and therapeutic modalities

The devastating pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused thousands of deaths and left millions of restless patients suffering from its complications. Increasing data indicate that the disease presents in a severe form in patients with pre-existing chronic conditions like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, respiratory system diseases, and renal diseases. This denotes that these patients are more susceptible to COVID-19 and have higher mortality rates compared to patients with no comorbid conditions. Several factors can explain the heightened susceptibility and fatal presentation of COVID-19 in these patients, for example, the enhanced expression of the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) in specific organs, cytokine storm, and drug interactions contribute to the increased morbidity and mortality. Adding to the findings that individuals with pre-existing conditions may be more susceptible to COVID-19, it has also been shown that COVID-19 can induce chronic diseases in previously healthy patients. Therefore, understanding the interlinked relationship between COVID-19 and chronic diseases helps in optimizing the management of susceptible patients. This review comprehensively described the molecular mechanisms that contribute to worse COVID-19 prognosis in patients with pre-existing comorbidities such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal and renal diseases, blood disorders, autoimmune diseases, and finally, obesity. It also focused on how COVID-19 could, in some cases, lead to chronic conditions as a result of long-term multi-organ damage. Lastly, this work carefully discussed the tailored management plans for each specific patient population, aiming to achieve the best therapeutic outcome with minimum complications.     

High-Dose Cholecalciferol Booster Therapy is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Mortality in Patients with COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Multi-Centre Observational Study

The worldwide pandemic of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has posed the most substantial and severe public health issue for several generations, and therapeutic options have not yet been optimised. Vitamin D (in its “parent” form, cholecalciferol) has been proposed in the pharmacological management of COVID-19 by various sources. We aimed to determine whether COVID-19 mortality was affected by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels, vitamin D status, or cholecalciferol therapy, and to elucidate any other predictors of COVID-19 mortality. Patients hospitalised with COVID-19 were opportunistically recruited from three UK hospitals, and their data were collected retrospectively. Logistic regression was used to determine any relationships between COVID-19 mortality and potential predictors, including 25(OH)D levels and cholecalciferol booster therapy. A total of 986 participants with COVID-19 were studied, of whom 151 (16.0%) received cholecalciferol booster therapy. In the primary cohort of 444 patients, cholecalciferol booster therapy was associated with a reduced risk of COVID-19 mortality, following adjustment for potential confounders (OR_adj 0.13, 95% CI 0.05–0.35, p < 0.001). This finding was replicated in a validation cohort of 541 patients (OR_adj 0.38, 95% CI 0.17–0.84, p = 0.018). In this observational study, treatment with cholecalciferol booster therapy, regardless of baseline serum 25(OH)D levels, appears to be associated with a reduced risk of mortality in acute in-patients admitted with COVID-19. Further work with large population studies needs to be carried out to determine adequate serum 25(OH)D levels, as well as multi-dose clinical trials of cholecalciferol therapy to assess maximum efficacy.     

Tracking COVID-19 burden in India: A review using SMAART RAPID tracker

Objective: India has seen a rapid rise in COVID-19 cases. Examine spatiotemporal variation of COVID-19 burden Tracker across Indian states and union territories using SMAART RAPID Tracker.Method: We used SMAART RAPID Tracker to visually display COVID-19 spread in space and time across various states and UTs of India. Data gathered from publicly available government information sources. Data analysis on COVID-19 conducted from March 1 2020 to October 1 2020. Variables recorded include COVID-19 cases and fatality, 7-day average change, recovery rate, labs and tests. Spatial and temporal trends of COVID-19 spread across Indian states and UTs is presented.Result: The total number of COVID-19 cases were 63, 12,584 and total fatality was 86,821 (October 1 2020). More than 85,000 new cases of COVID-19 were reported. There were 1,867 total COVID-19 labs throughout India. More than half of them were Government labs. The total number of COVID-19 tests was 76,717,728 and total recovered COVID-19 cases was 5,273,201. Results show an overall decline in the 7-day average change of new COVID-19 cases and new COVID-19 fatality. States such as Maharashtra, Chandigarh, Puducherry, Goa, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh continue to have high COVID-19 infectivity rate. Discussion: Findings highlight need for both national guidelines combined with state specific recommendations to help manage the spread of COVD-19. Conclusion: The heterogeneity represented in India in terms of its geography and various population groups highlight the need of state specific approach to monitor and combat the ongoing pandemic. This would further facilitate the tailored approach for each state to mitigate and contain the spread of the disease.