Incidental Left Atrial Blood Cyst in a Patient Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Blood cysts of the heart are benign cardiovascular tumors found incidentally in approximately 50% of infants who undergo autopsy at less than 2 months of age. These congenital cysts, frequently present on the atrioventricular valves of infants, are exceedingly rare in adults. Nonetheless, in adults, cardiac blood cysts have been found on the mitral valve, papillary muscles, right atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle, and aortic, pulmonic, and tricuspid valves. Reported complications include left ventricular outflow obstruction, occlusion of the coronary arteries, valvular stenosis or regurgitation, and embolic stroke.In high-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis, transcatheter aortic valve replacement has emerged as an alternative to surgical replacement. Transesophageal echocardiography plays a fundamental role in evaluating the feasibility of intraprocedural transcatheter aortic valve replacement, in measuring aortic annular size, in guiding placement of the prosthetic device, and in looking for possible complications. The embolic risk of rapid pacing and transcatheter aortic valve replacement in a patient with an intracardiac blood cyst is unknown, and such a case has not, to our knowledge, been reported heretofore. We present the case of a 78-year-old woman with severe aortic stenosis, in whom a blood cyst was incidentally found in the left atrium upon transesophageal echocardiography. She underwent successful transcatheter aortic valve replacement without embolic complication.     

Left Main Coronary Artery Obstruction by Dislodged Native-Valve Calculus after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement can be an effective, reliable treatment for severe aortic stenosis in surgically high-risk or ineligible patients. However, various sequelae like coronary artery obstruction can occur, not only in the long term, but also immediately after the procedure. We present the case of a 78-year-old woman whose left main coronary artery became obstructed with calculus 2 hours after the transfemoral implantation of an Edwards Sapien XT aortic valve. Despite percutaneous coronary intervention in that artery, the patient died. This case reminds us that early recognition of acute coronary obstruction and prompt intervention are crucial in patients with aortic stenosis who have undergone transcatheter aortic valve replacement.     

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation 10 years after valve‐in‐valve transcatheter aortic valve implantation for failing aortic valve homograft root replacement

Valve‐in‐valve transcatheter aortic valve implantation (ViV‐TAVI) is an established therapy for a degenerated surgical bioprosthesis. TAVI‐in‐TAVI following ViV‐TAVI has not been previously performed. We report a high‐risk patient presenting with severe left ventricular failure secondary to undiagnosed critical aortic stenosis due to degeneration of the implanted transcatheter heart valve more than a decade after initial ViV‐TAVI for a failing stentless aortic valve homograft. Successful TAVI‐in‐TAVI reversed the clinical and echocardiographic changes of decompensated heart failure with no evidence of coronary obstruction.     

Reversible thrombotic aortic valve restenosis after valve‐in‐valve transcatheter aortic valve replacement

Thrombotic aortic valve restenosis following transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has not been extensively reported and the rates of TAVR valve thrombosis are not known. We present three cases of valve‐in‐valve (VIV) restenosis following TAVR with the balloon expandable transcatheter heart valves, presumably due to valve thrombosis that improved with anticoagulation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

经导管主动脉瓣置换的介入瓣膜的现状及展望

经导管主动脉瓣置换术（TAVR）经过最近几年快速发展已经取得巨大进步。迄今为止全球接受TAVR的患者数已近3万例,已成为无法耐受传统手术患者的标准备选治疗措施。从目前已临床应用的介入瓣膜到正在实验研究的新型介入瓣膜可以看出,未来介入瓣膜的发展目标是尺寸更小、长期有效、安全性高、并发症少、操作简单及定位精准。随着TAVR的推广,新型介入瓣的研发,操作者经验的积累,以及长期随访的开展,将给TAVR提供更科学的病例选择标准,减少介入手术的相关并发症,提高更安全有效的治疗效果。未来此项技术还会逐渐扩大适用人群的范围,成为代替传统的主动脉瓣置换术举足轻重的治疗措施。     

Bail out lithotripsy to treat delayed valve-in-valve TAVR-related coronary obstruction

Coronary access difficulty and stent compression by the juxtaposed aortic valve leaflet hamper percutaneous management of delayed coronary artery obstruction (CAO) after valve-in-valve (Edwards Sapien 3 in St. Jude Trifecta) transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Here, we present a case of delayed post-TAVR CAO treated with intravascular lithotripsy and multistenting to overcome stent compression by the adjacent calcified leaflet.     

Mixed aortic valve disease treated with transcatheter aortic valve replacement in a high risk patient presenting with acute decompensated heart failure

Mixed aortic valve disease refers to the combination of aortic regurgitation (AR) and aortic stenosis (AS). Commonly etiologies include a bicuspid aortic valve, rheumatic heart disease, and endocarditis superimposed upon a stenotic aortic valve. Treatment depends upon the severity of disease, the presence of symptoms and the size and function of the left ventricle. We present a case of a young patient that presented with new onset acute decompensated heart failure with mixed aortic valve disease that was successful treated with transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Invasive hemodynamics at baseline and following TAVR provide an insight into the characteristic features of mixed aortic valve disease. TAVR represents a new treatment option for critically ill patients deemed high risk or nonoperable for surgical aortic valve replacement.     

Transcatheter aortic valve in valve implantation with bioprosthetic valve fracture

Valve‐in‐valve transcatheter aortic valve replacement (VIV TAVR) has emerged as a preferable option for high surgical risk patients requiring redo aortic valve replacement. However, VIV TAVR may restrict flow, especially in small native aortic valves. To remedy this, bioprosthetic valve fracture has been utilized to increase the effective orifice area and improve hemodynamics. We present three cases in which bioprosthetic valve fracture was used to increase hemodynamic flow in VIV TAVR procedures.     

CoreValve bioprosthesis dysfunction treated with a Sapien 3 valve-in-valve transcatheter aortic valve replacement and BASILICA technique

Structural deterioration of transcatheter heart valve (THV) has been previously described. With the expansion of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) indications toward treating lower risk patients with longer life expectancy, there will be increased necessity of managing the patients with THV dysfunction including those at risk for coronary obstruction or sinus sequestration. Coronary access also remains a challenge in such cases with THV dysfunction undergoing valve-in-transcatheter heart valve (ViTHV) TAVR. A unique and first reported case of THV deterioration treated with Sapien 3 ViTHV-TAVR inside a 31 mm CoreValve bioprosthesis along with left coronary leaflet laceration using the BASILICA technique has been presented.     

A novel high-risk aortic root anatomy for right coronary artery occlusion during TAVI

Acute coronary occlusion during transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a rare but potentially lethal complication. Main mechanisms are sinus insufficiency or sinus sequestration with well-described risk factors. We present two cases of acute right coronary artery occlusion during TAVI with a self-expanding valve in the absence of classical risk factors and propose a novel mechanism.     

Transseptal approach for the management of paravalvular regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve replacement

In the era of transcatheter aortic valve therapies, the presence of residual paravalvular regurgitation (PVR) after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) may become a clinical challenge. Management of late symptomatic PVR is still unknown. We describe a challenging case of percutaneous closure attempt of a clinically significant PVR in a patient after Edwards SAPIEN (Edwards Lifesciences, CA) TAVR. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Series of transcatheter valve‐in‐valve implantations in high‐risk patients with degenerated bioprostheses in aortic and mitral position

Objectives: We report our experience with transcatheter valve‐in‐valve implantations in patients with degenerated bioprostheses in aortic and mitral position. Background: Xenograft degeneration is a potential problem after biological valve replacement. Reoperation remains the gold standard with very good short‐ and long‐term results. In selected patients not suitable for surgery however, interventional techniques for valve implantation and repair may be valuable alternative treatment options with regard to the good results of transcatheter valve implantation for native aortic valve stenosis. Methods: Five patients presented with significant xenograft degeneration 15.4 ± 5.2 years after aortic (n = 4) and mitral (n = 1) valve replacement. Mean patient age was 82.0 ± 6.5 years and predicted operative mortality was 55.8% ± 18.9% (logistic EuroSCORE). Transcatheter valve‐in‐valve implantation was performed successfully through a transapical access in all patients. A 23‐mm Edwards Sapien valve was deployed into the degenerated valve prosthesis. Results: Mean transvalvular gradients were reduced from 31.2 ± 17.4 to 19.0 ± 12.4 mm Hg in aortic and from 9 to 3 mm Hg in mitral position without significant regurgitation in any of these patients. Two patients died within 30 days due to low cardiac output and acute hemorrhage, respectively, one of whom presented with a EuroSCORE of 88.9%. Conclusions: With growing need for reoperative valve replacement in elderly patients with disproportional operative risks, transcatheter valve‐in‐valve implantation in aortic and mitral position offers an alternative treatment option. Although valve function after transcatheter implantation was good in all patients, two high risk patients died in the postoperative period due to their significant comorbidities, underscoring the bail‐out character of this procedure. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Rationale,Definitions, Techniques,and Outcomes of Commissural Alignment in TAVR: From the ALIGN-TAVR Consortium

Given the expanding indications of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in younger patients with longer life expectancies, the ability to perform postprocedural coronary access represents a priority in their lifetime management. A growing body of evidence suggests that commissural (and perhaps coronary) alignment in TAVR impacts coronary access and valve hemodynamics as well as coronary flow and access after redo-TAVR. Recent studies have provided modified delivery system insertion and rotation techniques to obtain commissural alignment with available transcatheter heart valve devices. Moreover, patient-specific preprocedural planning and postprocedural imaging tools have been developed to facilitate and evaluate commissural alignment. Future efforts should aim to refine transcatheter heart valve and delivery system designs to make neocommissural alignment easier and more reproducible. The aim of this review is to present an in-depth insight of commissural alignment in TAVR, including its rationale, standardized definitions, technical steps, outcomes, and future directions.     

Equipment entrapment during redo-TAVR with successful BASILICA procedure

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) for transcatheter heart valve failure has been suggested for high-risk patients. TAVR-in-TAVR, however, may lead to complex leaflet interactions causing coronary ostial obstruction, which is a devastating complication. Coronary protection with provisional stent placement may be challenging. We describe the first percutaneous transaxillary case of TAVR-in-TAVR with Bioprosthetic Aortic Scallop Intentional Laceration to prevent Iatrogenic Coronary Artery obstruction (BASILICA) where guide catheters used for coronary protection were entrapped between the valve frames. We describe anatomical predictors and management considerations. Operators should be aware of this important complication during TAVR-in-TAVR valve placement.     

First report of a simultaneous transcatheter mitral valve‐in‐valve and aortic valve replacement in a left ventricular assist device patient

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement is standard of care for patients with severe aortic stenosis at high risk for surgical aortic valve replacement. Although not intended for treatment of primary aortic insufficiency, several transcatheter aortic valve prostheses have been used to treat patients with severe aortic insufficiency (AI), including patients with left ventricular assist devices (LVAD), in whom significant AI is not uncommon. Similarly, transcatheter valve replacements have been used for valve‐in‐valve treatment, in the pulmonary, aortic, and mitral positions, either via a retrograde femoral approach or antegrade transseptal approach (mitral valve‐in‐valve). In this case report, we report an LVAD patient with severe aortic insufficiency and severe bioprosthetic mitral prosthetic stenosis, in whom we successfully performed transfemoral aortic valve replacement and transfemoral mitral valve‐in‐valve replacement via a transseptal approach. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Aortic Annulus S-Curve: Implications for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement and Related Procedures,Part 1

Most transcatheter aortic valve replacement–related procedures (eg, transcatheter aortic valve replacement implantation depth, commissural alignment, coronary access, bioprosthetic or native aortic scallop intentional laceration to prevent iatrogenic coronary artery obstruction, paravalvular leak closure) require an optimal fluoroscopic viewing angle located somewhere along the aortic annulus S-curve. Chamber views, coronary cusp and coronary anatomy, can be understood along the aortic annulus S-curve. A better understanding of the optimal fluoroscopic viewing angles along the S-curve may translate into increased operator confidence and improved safety and efficacy while reducing procedural time, radiation dose, contrast volume, and complication rates.     

Percutaneous closure of acute aorto‐right ventricular fistula following transcatheter bicuspid aortic valve replacement

We report a case of acute aorto‐right ventricular fistula following transcatheter bicuspid aortic valve replacement and subsequent percutaneous closure. The diagnosis and treatment of this rare complication is illustrated through multi‐modality imaging. We hypothesize that the patient's heavily calcified bicuspid aortic valve anatomy led to asymmetric deployment of the transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) prosthesis, traumatizing the right sinus of Valsalva at the distal edge of the TAVR stent and ultimately fistulized to the right ventricle. The patient acutely decompensated with heart failure five days after TAVR and underwent emergent intervention. The aorto‐right ventricular fistula was closed using an 18‐mm septal occluder device with marked clinical recovery. Transcatheter closure is a viable treatment option for acute aorto‐right ventricular fistula. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Hybrid treatment of aortic aneurism,type-A dissection,and aortic valve stenosis

Hybrid multidisciplinary interventions are attractive care options for heart valve and vascular diseases in high-risk patients. We describe the feasibility of staged hybrid aortic arch repair to treat a type Ia endoleak and transcatheter aortic valve replacement to treat an aortic valve stenosis, achieving an escape strategy to treat an unexpected type-A aortic dissection.     

Coronary artery disease and TAVI: Current evidence on a recurrent issue

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a frequent finding in patients with aortic stenosis (AS). Concomitant coronary artery bypass and aortic valve replacement is considered the gold standard treatment in surgical candidates. However, limited evidence is available regarding the role of coronary revascularization in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). How to evaluate CAD severity in patients with AS, whether percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) needs to be performed and what is the timing for revascularization to minimize procedural risks, remains matters of debate. The aim of this review is to summarize epidemiology, diagnostic tools and possible options for CAD management in patients undergoing TAVI with specific focus on the pros and the cons of the different timing of PCI.     

经股动脉经导管主动脉瓣置换术治疗单纯主动脉瓣关闭不全

【摘要】 目的 探讨Venus-A支架瓣膜行经股动脉经导管主动脉瓣置换术治疗单纯主动脉瓣关闭不全患者的可行性。方法 回顾性调阅2018年12月至2019年12月在阜外医院接受经股动脉经导管主动脉瓣置换术的15例单纯主动脉瓣关闭不全患者的床资料。其中男性12例, 女性3例,年龄68—83岁,平均年龄(74.65±5.52)岁。患者术前均有左心功能不全症状,且术前心脏超声诊断均为单纯主动脉瓣重度返流。结果 患者行经股动脉经导管主动脉瓣置换术。所有病例成功植入Venus-A支架瓣膜。全组病例无死亡。出院前对患者进行临床评估和超声心动图检查。术中行瓣中瓣治疗3例,少量瓣周返流2例。其余病人均无明显瓣周返流,并且顺利出院。结论 经股动脉经导管主动脉瓣置换术治疗单纯主动脉瓣关闭不全患者是可行的,术后早期结果满意。