^99Tc^mO4^—显像评价唾液腺自体移植治疗角结膜干燥症疗效

目的 探讨^99Tc^mO4^-唾液腺显像在角结膜干燥症颌下腺自体移植术前患者选择和术后判断移植腺体的活力、分泌功能及导管通畅中的价值。方法 12例重症干燥角结膜炎患进行,均行^99Tc^mO4^-唾液腺显像,其中9例行单侧自体腺体移植手术,术后再行^99Tc^mO4^-唾液腺显像,其中5例于术后1周、1、3和6个月进行动态及静态显像,观察移植腺体的形态、摄取显像剂情况及排泄管通畅与否。结果 术前3例患者颌下腺显像不良,未行手术。9例自体颌下腺移植术患者中6例移植腺体摄取显像剂正常。但在早期（1～4周）除个别患者外,眼内均未见明显放射性分布;3个月后,6例患者眼内均有放射性分布,移植腺体功能均正常。3例患者术后无泪液排出,其中2例^99Tc^mO4^-唾液腺显像阴性,手术证实为腺体坏死,1例经超声检查证实腺体无血运。另1例移植腺体显像正常,但排泄导管不通,经冲洗导管后,眼内显影亦正常。结论 ^99Tc^mO4^-唾液腺显像可评估颌下腺功能,判断移植手术是否成功及有无并发症。     

99 TcmO-4甲状腺显像定量分析的临床应用

目的：探讨^99Tc^mO4^-甲状腺显像定量分析在甲状腺疾病诊疗中的价值。方法：采用Siemens Orbit SPECT仪对正常对照者和Graves病、桥本甲状腺炎（HD）及亚急性甲状腺炎（SAT）患者行^99Tc^mO4^-甲状腺动、静态双时相显像，测定颈动脉与甲状腺显像的时间差（Td)，甲状腺5min与1min时像素的平均放射性比值（AR），20min时甲状腺与股中段像素的平均放射性比值（UI）。结果（1）Graves病定量分析参数与体外甲状腺功能（简称甲功）指标基本一致，治疗后UI值的恢复速度慢于Td和AR，亦滞后于体外甲功指标的恢复。停药后复发者的UI值高于未复发者和对照组。（2）HD甲功增高组的表现与Graves病相似，甲功正常和亚临床甲低组的Td、AR和UI值与对照组相比差异均无显著性，甲低组的摄^99Tc^m能力降低。（3）SAT甲功升高者摄^99Tc^m能力降低，多呈弥漫性放射性分布稀疏，甲功正常组主要表现为局限性放射性分布稀疏。结论：^99Tc^mO4^-甲状腺显像定量分析能反映甲状腺形态改变与功能变化的内在关系，在常见甲状腺疾患诊疗中有重要价值。     

^99Tc^mO4^-f与^99Tc^m—MAA输卵管显像检测输卵管功能

笔者应用^99Tc^mO4^-f及^99Tc^m-聚合白蛋白（MAA）行改良的输卵管显像,以比较2种显像方法检测输卵管功能的临床价值,现报道如下。     

99Tcm-MIBI甲状腺显像鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性再认识

目的评价^99Tc^m-甲氧基异丁基异腈（MIBI）甲状腺亲肿瘤显像鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的临床价值。方法106例甲状腺结节手术患者中101例先进行了甲状腺结节常^99Tc^mO4^-显像；106例患者均静脉注射^99Tc^m-MIBI 370 MBq后进行15min早期和2h延迟显像，结果与病理检查结果对比。结果13例甲状腺恶性肿瘤中的5例、93例良性结节中的23例^99Tc^m-MIBI显像阳性。^99Tc^m-MIBI显像诊断甲状腺恶性肿瘤的灵敏度为38．5％，特异性为75．3％，准确性为70．8％。甲状腺良恶性肿瘤显像的阳性率差异无显著性（x^2=0．49，P〉0．05）。结论^99Tc^m-MIBI显像不能鉴别甲状腺结节的良恶性，其临床意义有限。     

99TcmO-4显像评价唾液腺自体移植治疗

目的　探讨99TcmO-4 唾液腺显像在角结膜干燥症颌下腺自体移植术前患者选择和术后判断移植腺体的活力、分泌功能及导管通畅中的价值。方法　 12例重症干燥角结膜炎患者 ,均行99TcmO-4唾液腺显像 ,其中 9例行单侧自体腺体移植手术 ,术后再行99TcmO-4 唾液腺显像 ,其中 5例于术后 1周、1、3和 6个月进行动态及静态显像 ,观察移植腺体的形态、摄取显像剂情况及排泄管通畅与否。结果　术前 3例患者颌下腺显像不良 ,未行手术。 9例自体颌下腺移植术患者中 6例移植腺体摄取显像剂正常。但在早期 (1～ 4周 )除个别患者外 ,眼内均未见明显放射性分布 ;3个月后 ,6例患者眼内均有放射性分布 ,移植腺体功能均正常。 3例患者术后无泪液排出 ,其中 2例99TcmO-4 唾液腺显像阴性 ,手术证实为腺体坏死 ,1例经超声检查证实腺体无血运。另 1例移植腺体显像正常 ,但排泄导管不通 ,经冲洗导管后 ,眼内显影亦正常。结论　99TcmO-4 唾液腺显像可评估颌下腺功能 ,判断移植手术是否成功及有无并发症     

99Tcm标重组H-Annexin Ⅴ在动物血栓显像中的研究

目的 评价人膜联蛋白V（H—Annexin V）对血栓的亲和性，对^99Tc^m直接标记H—Annexin V与通过联肼尼克酰胺（HYNIC）螫合标记AnnexinV进行比较。方法 在3种不同的反应条件下，分别用^99Tc^m of直接标记AnnexinV、H—AnnexinV及HYNIC—AnnexinV，然后测定标记率、稳定性及对兔股动脉血栓模型进行γ显像，比较损伤侧（T，血栓）及对侧（NT）的放射性比值。结果 在还原剂足量的情况下，^99Tc^mO4^-直接标记H—Annexin V方法简便，反应条件易于控制，^99Tc^m-H—Annexin V标记率达95％以上，17h后测放化纯仍〉80％，血栓显像示动脉损伤处有明显的放射性浓聚，损伤处平均放射性计数为健侧放射性计数的3．714倍。结论 ^99Tc^m-H—AnnexinV与血栓具有很好的亲和力，标记率及稳定性高，标记方法较为简单。     

小儿消化道重复畸形核素显像特征

目的：探讨核素显像诊断小儿消化道重复畸形的影像特征及其意义。方法：^99Tc^mO4^-60min间断动态显像法。结果：16例核素显像诊断为消化道重复畸形患儿，其中8例为消化道重复畸形，4例Meckel憩室，4例为其他疾病，均经手术病理检查证实。结论：核素显像诊断小儿消化道重复畸形简便、有效，可为手术治疗提供重要诊断依据。     

99 Tcm-MIBI SPECT在原发性鼻咽癌诊断、放疗后残余或复发监测中的应用

目的：评价^99Tc^m-甲氧基异丁基异腈(MIBI)SPECT显像对原发性鼻咽癌的诊断和鼻咽癌放疗后局部残余或复发的鉴别价值。方法：20例经病理检查证实的原发性鼻咽癌患者于治疗前、放疗后3和6个月分别行^99Tc^m-MIBI SPECT显像，与同期CT和(或)MRI结果对照，分别计算肿瘤或正常鼻咽部与头皮的放射性计数比值，作为^99Tc^m-MIBI摄取指数(MUI)。以接受器工作特性(ROC)曲线确定MUI判别阈值。以鼻咽部内镜检查、病理活组织检查及18个月的临床随访资料作为鼻咽癌残余或复发的依据。结果以MUI≥2．15为阳性标准，^99Tc^m-MIBISPECT显像诊断原发性鼻咽癌的灵敏度、特异性和准确性均为95％。以MUI≥1．32为阳性标准，^99Tc^m-MIBI SPECT显像监测鼻咽癌残余或复发的灵敏度为3／4例，特异性93．8％，准确性90．0％。CT和(或)MRI监测鼻咽癌残余或复发的灵敏度为3／4例，特异性81．3％，准确性80．0％。^99Tc^m-MIBISPECT显像与CT和(或)MRI联合鉴别鼻咽癌残余或复发的灵敏度、特异性和准确性分别为2／2例、92．9％和93．8％。结论:^99Tc^m-MIBI SPECT显像对确定鼻咽癌原发灶范围有一定价值；与CT和(或)MRI联合，可提高对放疗后鼻咽癌残余或复发的早期诊断效能。     

类风湿关节炎继发干燥综合征的唾液腺功能定量分析

本研究探讨类风湿关节炎继发干燥综合征（ Sjogren＇s syndrome secondary to rheumatoid arthritis, RA-SSS）患者的^99Tc^mO4-唾液腺动态显像及功能参数特点。     

^99Tc^m-MIBI／^90Tc^mO4-显像减影法在甲状旁腺腺瘤术前定位诊断中的价值

目的本研究比较^99Tc^m-MIBI／^90Tc^mO4-显像减影法与其他影像方法对术前甲状旁腺瘤定位诊断的价值,并探讨腺瘤大小、重量、血PTH及血钙对此核素显像的影响。方法回顾性分析了17例病理证实为甲状旁腺腺瘤患者,术前均行此核素显像及B超,其中15例行CT,10例行MRI检查。结果核素显像的灵敏度为70．59％,高于B超（58．82％）、CT（66．67％）及MRI（50．00％）。在核素显像阳性组（n=12）之腺瘤重量明显大于阴性组（n=5）,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;组间腺瘤最大径、血清PrrH及血钙无统计学差异。结论^99Tc^m-MIBI／^90Tc^mO4-显像减影法在术前甲状旁腺腺瘤的定位诊断中具有重要价值。     

Evidence for early and persistent impairment of salivary gland excretion after irradiation of head and neck tumours

Salivary gland scintigraphy with technetium-99m pertechnetate was used to follow changes in the excretion and uptake function of the major salivary glands until 1 year after irradiation. Twenty-five patients who received radiotherapy for head and neck tumours were included in the study. Seventy-nine salivary glands (39 parotid and 40 submandibular) were evaluated in relation to the average received radiation dose. Salivary gland scintigraphy was performed before and 1, 6 and 12 months after radiotherapy. For each gland the excretion response to carbachol, evaluated by calculation of the salivary excretion fraction (SEF), the cumulative gland uptake (CGU) and the absolute excreted activity (AEA) at various intervals after radiotherapy were compared with the baseline values. The excretion response decreased in 20 of 25 patients at 1 month after radiotherapy. One month after radiotherapy both SEF and AEA decreased significantly in relation to the radiation dose. These decreases in excretion parameters persisted during the follow-up period. Parotid excretion was affected significantly more than submandibular excretion. CGU values did not change significantly until 6 months after radiotherapy, but at 12 months a significant decrease related to radiation dose was observed. Xerostomia was assessed during radiotherapy and on the days of the scintigraphic tests. The incidence of xerostomia did not correspond to the effects observed in the scintigraphy studies. It is concluded that radiotherapy induces early and persistent impairment of salivary gland excretion, related to the radiation dose. This impairment is stronger in parotid glands than in submandibular glands.     

Proton therapy for tumors of the skull base

BACKGROUND: Salivary gland impairment following high-dose radioiodine treatment is a well-recognized side effect, in general caused by free radicals. Therefore, it seemed promising to evaluate the radioprotective effect of the radical scavenger amifostine in patients receiving high-dose radioiodine therapy. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Quantitative salivary gland scintigraphy using 100 to 120 MBq Tc-99m-pertechnetate was performed in 17 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer prior to and 3 months after radioiodine treatment with 6 GBq I-131. Eight patients were treated with 500 mg/m2 amifostine prior to high-dose radioiodine treatment and compared retrospectively with 9 control patients. Xerostomia was graded according to WHO criteria. RESULTS: In 9 control patients high-dose radioiodine treatment significantly (p < 0.01) reduced Tc-99m-pertechnetate uptake by 35.4 +/- 22.0% and 31.7 +/- 21.1% in parotid and submandibular glands, respectively. Of these 9 patients, 3 exhibited xerostomia Grade I (WHO). In contrast, in 8 amifostine-treated patients, there was no significant (p = 0.878) decrease in parenchymal function following high-dose radioiodine treatment, and xerostomia did not occur in any of them. CONCLUSION: Parenchymal damage in salivary glands induced by high-dose radioiodine treatment can be reduced significantly by amifostine. This may help to increase patients' quality of life in differentiated thyroid cancer.     

综合干预措施下评估首次131I清甲治疗对分化型甲状腺癌患者唾液腺的慢性损伤

目的研究探讨分化型甲状腺癌（DTC）患者在采取综合干预措施后首次131I清甲治疗对唾液腺功能的慢性损伤情况。方法选取2016年8月至2017年9月在攀枝花市中心医院核医学科首次行131I（4200.24±604.21）MBq清甲治疗的DTC患者52例,所有患者均在131I清甲治疗后立即采取综合干预措施（饮食护理、心理护理、物理护理、口腔卫生护理、健康宣教及药物治疗等）,并分别于131I清甲前和治疗后6个月行99TcmO₄-唾液腺动态显像,计算其摄取峰值和排泌分数,所得数据采用自身配对t检验分析,同时联合口干评分法评估唾液腺功能的损伤情况。结果（1）左侧腮腺摄取峰值在131I清甲前为45.157±19.421,治疗后6个月为52.600±21.716,差异有统计学意义（t=2.470,P=0.018）。（2）右侧腮腺、双侧颌下腺的摄取峰值及双侧腮腺、双侧颌下腺的排泌分数之间的差异均无统计学意义（t=0.784、0.524、0.514、0.362、0.731、0.596、0.507,均P>0.05）。（3）对52例患者行问卷调查和口干评分法分析,其中,50例（96.2%）患者无口干症状,仅有2例（3.8%）出现轻度口干症状。结论（1）首次131I清甲治疗可引起DTC患者唾液腺功能受损,损伤主要以单侧腮腺摄取功能为主,呈非对称性损伤。双侧颌下腺的摄取和排泌功能则未受到明显影响。（2）症状上,在综合干预保护措施下,绝大部分患者在接受首次131I清甲治疗后6个月无明显口干情况,生活质量无明显影响。     

Does salivary gland scintigraphy predict response to pilocarpine in patients with post-radiotherapy xerostomia?

This study was undertaken to determine whether standard salivary gland scintigraphy may be used for the objective assessment of salivary gland sialogogues, in particular oral pilocarpine, in the treatment of post-radiotherapy xerostomia. Nine patients, with xerostomia following radiotherapy to the head and neck region underwent salivary gland scintigraphy with technetium-99m pertechnetate (40 MBq) both before and following 1 month of oral pilocarpine (5 mg tds). For each scan, the percentage uptake in the first 14 min, the peak uptake, time to peak uptake and the percentage of activity excreted following lemon juice stimulation were calculated. The results were correlated with the subjective response as assessed by questionnaire and visual analogue scale. We found no correlation between subjective response and any of the four scan parameters analysed. We could not identify any parameter that predicted those patients who would respond to pilocarpine. In addition, only one parameter, the percentage of activity excreted following stimulation, correlated with previous dose of radiotherapy to the gland. In conclusion, in this study salivary gland scintigraphy did not appear to correlate with or predict response to oral pilocarpine. However, future studies might consider performing salivary gland scintigraphy prior to radiotherapy as well as at differing time points following the commencement of pilocarpine. Received 8 April and in revised form 6 November 1998     

Does salivary gland scintigraphy predict response to pilocarpine in patients with post-radiotherapy xerostomia?

This study was undertaken to determine whether standard salivary gland scintigraphy may be used for the objective assessment of salivary gland sialogogues, in particular oral pilocarpine, in the treatment of post-radiotherapy xerostomia. Nine patients, with xerostomia following radiotherapy to the head and neck region underwent salivary gland scintigraphy with technetium-99m pertechnetate (40 MBq) both before and following 1 month of oral pilocarpine (5 mg tds). For each scan, the percentage uptake in the first 14 min, the peak uptake, time to peak uptake and the percentage of activity excreted following lemon juice stimulation were calculated. The results were correlated with the subjective response as assessed by questionnaire and visual analogue scale. We found no correlation between subjective response and any of the four scan parameters analysed. We could not identify any parameter that predicted those patients who would respond to pilocarpine. In addition, only one parameter, the percentage of activity excreted following stimulation, correlated with previous dose of radiotherapy to the gland. In conclusion, in this study salivary gland scintigraphy did not appear to correlate with or predict response to oral pilocarpine. However, future studies might consider performing salivary gland scintigraphy prior to radiotherapy as well as at differing time points following the commencement of pilocarpine.     

Salivary gland scintigraphy in Sjögren's syndrome: are quantitative indices the answer?

We evaluated the role of quantitative indices derived from dynamic 99mTc-pertechnetate salivary scintigraphy in the differentiation between a group of patients with Sj?gren's syndrome (SS), a group of patients without xerostomia, but with underlying autoimmune disorders, and a group of controls. Seventeen patients with SS (group A), 18 patients with autoimmune disorders (group B) and 15 controls (group C) underwent dynamic salivary gland scintigraphy. Functional indices for the parotid and submandibular glands were calculated and comparisons were made between the groups. There were no significant differences between the three groups in terms of the maximum accumulation (MA), maximum secretion (MS) and pre-stimulatory oral index (PRI). The uptake ratios (URs) for both the right and left parotid glands and the left submandibular gland in group A were significantly lower than those in group C, but no different from those in group B. The URs for the parotid glands in group B were significantly less than those in group C. The percentage uptake by the right parotid gland at 4 min (U4) was significantly lower in group A than in groups B or C, and lower than the percentage uptake by the left parotid gland at 4 min in group A. The rest of the U4 values and all of the uptakes at 14 min (U14) were not significantly different between the three groups. The time taken for the right parotid gland to reach peak activity (Tmax) was significantly less in group A than in the other groups, but other glands showed no significant differences. It can be concluded that MA, MS and PRI cannot be used to differentiate between the three groups. The URs in groups A and B were no different, but were significantly lower than those in group C. However, the extensive overlap between xerostomic patients and normal controls for all the quantitative indices calculated imposes a severe limitation on their discriminatory power.     

Radiotherapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the major salivary glands

The authors conducted a retrospective study on 99 patients with malignant tumors of the major salivary glands, who had been treated by radiotherapy between 1976 and 1986: 86 cases of parotid tumors and 13 cases of submandibular gland tumors. Only 28 tumors (28%) were T1-T2, N0-N1. Local control, 3-5 and 8-year survival rates, and complications were considered. Radiation therapy alone was performed on 19 patients (19%), while combined surgical and radiation therapy was performed on 80 patients (80%). The results of radiation therapy alone and combined with surgery are discussed. Loco-regional disease control was obtained in 9 out of 19 patients (47%) by irradiation alone, and by combined irradiation and surgery in 60 out of 80 cases (75%). Distant metastases developed in 23 out of 99 patients (23%). Loco-regional metastases were the most frequent cause of death (20 out of 55 cases: 36%). Severe complications were extremely rare. The results demonstrate not only the advantages of combined treatment but also the value of radiotherapy alone in the treatment of tumors of the major salivary glands.     

Normal values of [99mTc]pertechnetate uptake and excretion fraction by major salivary glands

The assessment of the functional status of the salivary glands has been used in the scintigraphic evaluation of xerostomia. Several quantitative methods derived from standard dynamic scintigraphy have been suggested. However, the indices proposed are quite variable and unlikely to be useful in clinical practice.The objectives of this study were to obtain reference values of major salivary glands uptake and excretion fraction in healthy subjects and to obtain normal ratios of Tc-pertechnetate uptake by the major salivary glands in comparison to the thyroid gland uptake. The standardization of these values has the purpose of making this evaluation faster and more objective.Fifty volunteers without clinical evidence of xerostomia or thyroid disease underwent static salivary glands scintigraphy with Tc-pertechnetate. Static images were obtained at 20 minutes and then at 3 minutes after oral stimulation with lemon juice. Percent uptake, excretion fraction and salivary gland to thyroid ratio rates were calculated for the parotid and the submandibular glands.The mean of the uptake values at 20 minutes for the right and left parotid glands were respectively 0.31% and 0.26%, and for the submandibular glands 0.15%. The excretion fraction of the tracer after the lemon juice stimulation was 70% for the parotids glands, 50% for the right and 49% for the left submandibular glands. The mean+/-SD salivary gland to thyroid count ratio was 0.79+/-0.45 for the right parotid, 0.78+/-0.5 for the left parotid, 0.67+/-0.33 and 0.66+/-0.34 for the right and left submandibular glands, respectively.Salivary glands scintigraphy with uptake and excretion fraction calculation is an easy to perform, non-invasive and objective method to investigate salivary glands function. These findings help the nuclear physician to interpret salivary gland scintigraphy more objectively, even in patients with thyroid gland dysfunction in whom Tc-pertechnetate thyroid uptake may be abnormal.     

基于放疗过程中腮腺图像纹理特征的变化早期预测头颈部肿瘤放射性口干症

目的 分析头颈部肿瘤患者放疗过程中腮腺图像纹理特征的变化,研究其与急性放射性口干症（级别）的关系。建立数学模型,早期预测放射性口干严重性。方法 观察23例头颈部肿瘤放疗的患者,根据放射治疗肿瘤协作组（RTOG）标准评价患者每周口干程度。采集这些患者放疗中每周的验证CT图像,传至MIM系统,勾画出腮腺的轮廓,在MATLAB（R2013a）中开发内部分析程序。分析放疗过程中每周腮腺CT图像的纹理特征的变化,包括平均CT值（MCTN）、标准差（STD）、偏斜度（skewness）、峰度（kurtosis）和熵（entropy）,以及体积的变化。建立数学模型,并利用KNN方法对所建模型进行优化,预测口干级别。结果 平均CT值和体积的变化与口干程度无明显相关性（P>0.05）,但根据二者每周的变化建立模型,预测口干级别,准确度为99%。结论 同时基于平均CT值和相对体积变化建立模型可早期预测口干严重程度。