层粘连蛋白受体、Ⅳ型胶原的表达及微血管密度与乳腺癌转移的关系

目的：探讨乳腺癌组织层粘连蛋白受体（LN－R）、Ⅳ型胶原（Col Ⅳ)、间质微血管密度与乳腺癌淋巴结转移的关系。方法：应用免疫组织化学S－P方法标记82例乳腺癌组织中LN－R、Col Ⅳ、FⅧRAg，并在第Ⅷ因子相关抗原（FⅧRAg)标记切片上计算微血管密度（MVD）。结果：LN－R表达强度及MVD的高低在乳腺癌有淋巴结转移组和无淋巴结转移组间有差异；ColⅣ在两组间无差异。结论：乳腺癌间质微血管密度增加及LN－R表达增强可作为预测肿瘤转移及判断预后的指标。     

乳腺癌层粘连蛋白受体表达与微血管密度和转移及复 …

目的：探讨乳腺癌层粘连蛋白受体（ＬＮ－Ｒ）与间质微血管密度和肿瘤转移、复发的关系及意义。方法：应用免疫组化ＬＳＡＢ法检测７３例乳腺癌ＬＮ－Ｒ,ＦⅧＡｇ的表达,并对２８例病人进行随访分析。结果：ＬＮ－Ｒ的表达程度与乳腺癌淋巴结转移存在正相关（Ｐ〈０．０００１）,与病理分级无关（Ｐ〉０．０５）,与乳腺癌间质微血管密度（ＭＶＤ）存在正相关（Ｐ〈０．０００１）。淋巴结转移阳性组其ＭＶＤ值明显高于阴性组（Ｐ     

乳腺癌MMP-2表达与间质微血管密度和肿瘤转移的关系

目的 :研究乳腺癌组织中基质金属蛋白酶 2 (MMP 2 )的表达特点 ,探讨其与间质微血管密度及肿瘤转移的关系。方法 :应用免疫组化S P法 ,检测 49例乳腺癌、10例癌旁正常组织MMP 2的表达 ,并在CD34染色切片上检测间质微血管密度(MVD)。结果 :乳腺癌组织MMP 2的表达 (75 5 % )明显高于癌旁正常组织 (30 % ) ,二者之间差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1) ;MMP 2阳性组MVD均值 (5 4 93± 13 86 )高于MMP 2阴性组 (4 1 2 8± 11 6 9) ,MMP 2的表达与MVD呈正相关 (P <0 0 1)。此外 ,乳腺癌MMP 2的表达与组织学分级、淋巴结转移密切相关 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而与患者年龄、肿瘤大小、组织学分型、临床分期无关。结论 :MMP 2促进乳腺癌间质血管生成 ,促进肿瘤的侵袭和转移 ,有可能成为判定乳腺癌生物学行为和预后的重要指标     

血管内皮生长因子,微血管密度与乳腺癌淋巴结转移及预后？…

目的　探讨血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF)、微血管密度 (MVD)与乳腺癌淋巴结转移和预后的关系。方法　应用逆转录 聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR)与免疫组织化学SP法 ,检测 92例乳腺癌、12例癌旁组织V组织VEGF表达、MVD以及 2 1例乳腺癌、12例癌旁组织VEGFmRNA的表达。结果　乳腺癌组织 ,VEGF12 1(1.16 %± 0 1% )和VEGF165(1.0 1%± 0 .1% )表达高于癌旁组织 (0 .96 %± 0 .14% )、(0 .88%± 0 .1% ) ,P <0 .0 5～ 0 .0 1。此外 ,MVD与VEGF表达具有显著的正相关关系 (r =0 .70 2 ,P <0 .0 1)。VEGF表达和MVD与乳腺癌淋巴结转移、肿瘤复发关系密切 (P <0 .0 5～ 0 .0 1)。VEGF高表达组和高MVD组的无复发存活时间低于VEGF低表达组和低MVD组 ,差异具有非常显著性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　VEGF与乳腺癌血管生成密切相关 ;VEGF和MVD表达的增高对乳腺癌淋巴结转移、肿瘤复发有促进作用 ;VEGF和MVD对乳腺癌患者的无复发存活时间能起到预测作用     

乳腺癌VEGF、MMP-9及COX-2蛋白表达与淋巴道转移和血管生成的相关性

目的 通过检测血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、环氧化酶-2(COX-2)在乳腺癌细胞中的表达情况来探讨它们与乳腺癌淋巴结转移和微血管密度(MVD)的关系.方法 采用免疫组化SP法检测74例乳腺浸润癌(有淋巴结转移者39例,无淋巴结转移者35例)中VEGF、MMP-9、COX-2和CD34的表达,并用多因素Cox比例风险模型分析患者的预后.结果 VEGF、MMP-9、COX-2的表达与MVD值在淋巴结转移组与无转移组之间的差异均具有显著性(P＜0.05),与乳腺癌淋巴结转移呈正相关;VEGF、MMP-9、COX-2蛋白表达与MVD值呈正相关(P＜0.05);COX-2的表达随着乳腺癌病理分级的增高而增强;MVD值高者生存时间短.结论 乳腺癌VEGF、MMP-9、COX-2蛋白表达与其淋巴道转移和MVD有关,检测这几种蛋白表达将有助于判断乳腺癌的转移潜能、血管生成能力及预后.     

MMP-9在胃癌组织中的表达及对血管新生和肿瘤进展的影响

目的 :研究基质金属蛋白酶 9(MMP 9)在胃癌组织中的表达特点 ,探讨其对血管新生和肿瘤进展的影响。方法 :收集74例胃癌标本 ,采用连续切片免疫组织化学S P染色技术 ,观察MMP 9、CD34、α SMA、Ⅳ型胶原在胃癌组织中的表达 ,并结合临床病理参数进行综合分析。结果 :MMP 9的表达与癌组织的浸润深度、淋巴结转移密切相关 (P <0 0 5 ) ;MVD与癌组织的浸润深度、淋巴结转移关系密切 (P <0 0 5 ) ;MMP 9阳性组MVD值高于阴性组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;MMP 9阳性的周细胞数 (PN)与MVD值呈高度正相关关系 (r =0 90 5 5 ) ;Ⅳ型胶原与MMP 9染色无相关性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论 :MMP 9可促进血管新生并对肿瘤的浸润、转移具有正相关作用。     

乳腺癌CT征象与VEGF、MVD表达的相关性研究

目的:探讨乳腺癌CT征象与肿瘤组织中血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、微血管密度(MVD)表达的相关性。方法:选择我院收治临床资料完整、经手术和病理确诊的浸润性乳腺癌患者40例。收集所有患者术前CT检查资料,并应用免疫组织化学染色检测术后乳腺癌标本中VEGF、MVD的表达水平,分析乳腺癌术前CT征象与VEGF、MVD表达的关系。结果:40例乳腺癌中VEGF与MVD值呈显著的正相关关系(r=0.679,P0.01),且VEGF表达阳性率和MVD值在不同组织学类型间差异无显著性(P0.05)。VEGF、MVD的表达与乳腺癌CT征象中肿瘤大小、分叶征、毛刺征、局部皮肤改变、腋窝淋巴结转移、邻近器官受侵犯密切相关(P0.05或P0.01),而与钙化无关(P0.05)。结论:乳腺癌的CT征象与VEGF、VD表达密切相关,综合分析两者有助于临床正确评估患者预后和制定合适的治疗方案。     

甲状腺恶性肿瘤颈部淋巴结转移与病理COX-2、MVD及彩色多普勒血流参数相关性

目的:探讨彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)检测甲状腺恶性肿瘤的血流情况、病理环氧化酶-2(COX-2)、微血管密度(MVD)与颈部淋巴结转移的关系。方法:选择于我院住院行手术治疗的甲状腺恶性肿瘤患者54例,根据颈部淋巴结转移情况,分为转移组和未转移组。采用CDFI检测两组患者的血流情况,并以免疫组织化学染色法对两组手术切除肿瘤标本进行COX-2、MVD检测,分析CDFI检测血流情况与COX-2表达、MVD计数的相关性。结果:转移组Vmax及RI均明显高于未转移组(P0.01),而转移组的II、III级血流信号比例较未转移组稍大,但二者间无统计学差异(P0.05);转移组术后切除肿瘤组织中COX-2表达阳性率、MVD计数高于未转移组,差异有显著性(P0.01);甲状腺恶性肿瘤组织中COX-2表达与其CDFI血流分级、Vmax、RI均呈正相关(r=0.619,0.675,0.735,P0.01),MVD计数与血流分级、Vmax、RI也均呈正相关(r=0.735,0.629,0.679,P0.01)。结论:CDFI能有效评估患者伴发颈部淋巴结转移的可能性,对甲状腺恶性肿瘤是否伴颈部淋巴结转移提供有价值的参考信息。     

CD105在喉癌组织中的表达及临床病理意义

目的 研究 CD105在喉癌组织中的表达，评价微血管密度（MVD- CD105）的临床意义。方法 应用CD105和CD34单克隆抗体，用免疫组化技术检测CD105、CD34的表达并计算微血管密度（MVD）。结果 40例喉癌组织CD105标记的MVD(14.90±7.40条/0.5mm2)显著高于正常组织（00.00±0.00条/0.5mm2），Ⅲ、Ⅳ期喉癌组织的MVD（27.15±9.36条/0.5mm2）显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期(9.52±7.28条/0.5mm2)，颈淋巴结转移组平均MVD(27.24±8.12条/0.5mm2)显著高于无淋巴结转移组(8.04±7.25条/0.5mm2)，复发组MVD(26.34±8.21条/0.5mm2)显著高于未复发组(13.62±7.11条/0.5mm2)（P﹤0.05）。结论 CD105是肿瘤新生血管的标志，其标记的MVD的测定可作为预测喉癌患者复发转移及评估预后的重要独立指标。     

在宫颈癌间质中表达的FAP与MVD的相关性

目的 探讨成纤维细胞激活蛋白(fibroblast activation protein,FAP)在人宫颈癌间质中的表达及其与微血管密度(microvessel density,MVD)的关系.方法 应用免疫组织化学技术检测50例宫颈癌中FAP和CD34的表达.结果 在50例宫颈癌间质中FAP表达阳性率为88%(44例),而在正常宫颈组织中无表达,宫颈癌细胞少量表达.FAP表达与宫颈癌的临床分期有关(χ2=4.379,P＜0.05),与淋巴结转移和病理分级无关.间质中的MVD与宫颈癌的临床分期有关(χ2=13.116,P＜0.01),与淋巴结转移和病理分级无关.不同强度的FAP表达组间MVD的差异具有统计学意义(χ2=44.199,P＜0.01),且随着FAP表达水平的增高,MVD也随之增加.结论 人宫颈癌中FAP可能通过促进肿瘤的微血管生成而促进肿瘤的演进.     

Atherosclerosis, and Newton, Poiseuille, Reynolds and Prandtl

Atherosclerotic fibrous plaques typically manifest at inlets of branches and in expansions etc. of large elastic arteries. A resting man with a surface area of 1.78 m(2)produces energy at a rate of 100 W (86 kcal/h), mainly by core organs. Core blood heat is convected to arterial walls and conducted through tissues to be lost from body surfaces. High losses are compensated by an increase in the basal metabolic rate, and vice versa. In laminar flow, the fluid-tube wall heat transfer coefficient is higher close to tube inlets than downstream. Unless lipoprotein etc. suspects are exceptions from the rule that an increase in temperature speeds up chemical reactions, transfer of core heat may contribute to plaque localization. In laminar flow, heat transfer is little influenced by viscosity. Hence correlations between blood viscosity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) may reside in other mechanisms: viscosity limits flow relatively more in small than in large arteries, and viscosity-linked thixotropic properties of blood increase resistance to flow in capillaries and postcapillary venules (exchange vessels). The exchange vessels of large arteries belong to the vasa vasorum, in which reduction of flow induces diffuse parent artery wall changes found also in plaques. Correlations between blood viscosity and peripheral symptoms of CVD may be explained by reduced flow in vascular loops of symptomatic organs, even if maximum flow is limited by upstream plaques. Physiological differences in the type of blood flow and in blood-tissue exchange between vessels of different size may shed light on apparent paradoxes in research on CVD.     

Force-, power-, and elasticity-velocity relationships in walking,running, and jumping

Summary Ground reaction forces and mechanical power were investigated when the subjects walked normally, while they were racing or running at four speeds, and when they performed the running long jump take-off. In addition, the apparent spring constants of the support leg in eccentric and concentric phases were investigated at the four running speeds, during the running long jump take-off, and in the triple jump. Six club level track and field athletes, four national level long jumpers, and six national level triple jumpers took part in the study. Cinematographic technique and a mathematical model of hopping (Alexander and Vernon 1975) were employed in the analysis. Force and power values were found to vary in the following order (from highest to lowest): long jump take-off, maximal running speed, submaximal running (80, 60, and 40% of maximum speed), racing gait, and normal gait. The data disclosed that the measured parameters had the highest values in the long jump take-off performed by the long jump athletes. Their peak values were: resultant ground reaction force 3270±74 N and mechanical power 160.1±10.5 J×kg^–1×s^–1. For the track and field athletes the values were 2010±80 N and 126.0±12.6 J ×kg^–1×s^–1. The apparent spring constant values of the support leg in the national level jumper group were in eccentric phase 30.54±8.38 N×mm^–1 ×kg^–1 and in concentric phase 0.129±0.012 N×mm^–1×kg^–1. In the track and field athletes the values were 13.97±1.01 N×mm^–1×kg^–1 and 0.093±0.003 N×mm^–1×kg^–1, respectively. In general, the increase in force and mechanical power output was related to the value of the apparent spring constant of the support leg in the eccentric phase. The spring constant in the eccentric phase increased with the velocity of motion in running, the long jump take-off and the triple jump. This suggests that it may be possible to use this parameter as a measure of mechanical performance, as it may reflect the combined elasticity of muscles, tendons, and bones.     

Children,Technology, Problems,and Preferences

Increasingly, young people are using various forms of technology in the service of communicating with others, and many have noted the possibility of various dire consequences of this phenomenon, including sexting, cyberbullying, online harassment, and Internet addiction. In our own survey of over 300 adolescents, we found that texting and face‐to‐face communication were considered the most “convenient” forms of communication, while face‐to‐face communication and phone conversations were perceived as most likely to lead to “feeling understood” and “feeling intimate.” Face‐to‐face communication and texting were perceived as most likely to result in feeling regret for sharing too much information. By choosing to communicate through technology, many young people, including our patients, can continue to be social and, at the same time, keep a somewhat safer emotional distance.     

Effects of nicotine and caffeine, separately and in combination, on EEG topography, mood, heart rate, cortisol, and vigilance

Effects of nicotine and caffeine, separately and in combination, were assessed in 12 male habitual smokers in a repeated-measures design. Caffeine (0-mg vs. two 150-mg doses administered in a decaffeinated/sugar-free cola drink post-baseline and 90 min later) was crossed with nicotine (ad libitum own dosing vs. 1.0-mg machine-delivered dose vs. 0.05-mg machine-delivered dose). Participants smoked a total of five cigarettes at 30-min intervals over a 2-hr period. Caffeine and nicotine had large effect sizes on electroencephalogram (EEG) power; however, these effects were modulated by the eyes open versus closed condition, the other drug, and electrode site. EEG effects of open versus closed eyes tended to be of the same size and direction as those of nicotine and caffeine. However, whereas nicotine increased EEG power in some higher frequency bands in some conditions, caffeine decreased EEG power across almost all conditions. Serum cortisol concentration, vigor, and pleasantness were increased by nicotine, but not by caffeine. Level of depressive mood depended on an interaction of caffeine and nicotine. Vigilance performance was enhanced significantly by caffeine and was increased almost significantly by nicotine. The findings were interpreted in terms of common and differential mechanisms of the two drugs.     

Lipids,inflammasomes, metabolism,and disease

Inflammasomes are multi-protein complexes that regulate the cleavage of cysteine protease caspase-1, secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and induction of inflammatory cell death, pyroptosis. Several members of the nod-like receptor family assemble inflammasome in response to specific ligands. An exception to this is the NLRP3 inflammasome which is activated by structurally diverse entities. Recent studies have suggested that NLRP3 might be a sensor of cellular homeostasis, and any perturbation in distinct metabolic pathways results in the activation of this inflammasome. Lipid metabolism is exceedingly important in maintaining cellular homeostasis, and it is recognized that cells and tissues undergo extensive lipid remodeling during activation and disease. Some lipids are involved in instigating chronic inflammatory diseases, and new studies have highlighted critical upstream roles for lipids, particularly cholesterol, in regulating inflammasome activation implying key functions for inflammasomes in diseases with defective lipid metabolism. The focus of this review is to highlight how lipids regulate inflammasome activation and how this leads to the progression of inflammatory diseases. The key roles of cholesterol metabolism in the activation of inflammasomes have been comprehensively discussed. Besides, the roles of oxysterols, fatty acids, phospholipids, and lipid second messengers are also summarized in the context of inflammasomes. The overriding theme is that lipid metabolism has numerous but complex functions in inflammasome activation. A detailed understanding of this area will help us develop therapeutic interventions for diseases where dysregulated lipid metabolism is the underlying cause.     

Degradation, bioactivity, and cytocompatibility of diopside, akermanite, and bredigite ceramics

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of three bioceramics in the CaO-SiO(2)-MgO systems with different composition on the in vitro degradation, bioactivity, and cytocompatibility. The degradation was evaluated through the activation energy of Si ion release from ceramics and the weight loss of the ceramics in Tris-HCl buffers. The in vitro bioactivity of the ceramics was investigated by analysis of apatite-formation ability in the simulated body fluid (SBF). The cytocompatibility was evaluated through osteoblast morphology and proliferation. The results showed that the activation energy of Si ion release increased and the degradation decreased from bredigite to diopside ceramics with the increase of Mg content, and the apatite-formation ability in SBF decreased. The Ca, Si, and Mg containing ionic products from three ceramics could stimulate cell proliferation at lower concentration, and inhibit cell proliferation with the increase of ion concentrations. Furthermore, osteoblasts could adhere, spread, and proliferate on three ceramic disks, and cell proliferation on diopside was more obvious than that on other two ceramic disks.     

Classification, identification, and clinical significance of Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella

This review presents the current taxonomy of the genera Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella, along with the current methods for the identification of each species within the three genera, incorporating both conventional biochemical and commercial methods. While all of these organisms are ubiquitous in the environment, individual case reports and nosocomial outbreak reports that demonstrate their ability to cause major infectious disease problems are presented. Lastly, anticipated antimicrobial susceptibility patterns are reviewed. Many of these organisms are easily controlled, but the advent of newer and more powerful antimicrobial agents has led to some problems of which laboratorians need to be aware.