碘-131对小鼠体外胸腺细胞自发掺入~3H-TdR的影响

目的在检测不同剂量碘-131对小鼠胸腺细胞自发掺入3H-TdR的基础上,观察碘-131对小鼠体外胸腺细胞自发掺入3H-TdR的影响。方法给予不同剂量碘-131组的小鼠胸腺细胞同体积的3H-TdR,采用3H-TdR自发掺入法检测各组胸腺细胞每分钟计数率(CPM)。结果终浓度为5 Bq/ml的碘-131组小鼠胸腺细胞自发掺入3H-TdR的CPM值显著高于正常胸腺细胞,终浓度为5×105Bq/ml和5×106Bq/ml组小鼠胸腺细胞自发掺入3H-TdR的CPM值明显低于正常胸腺细胞。结论低剂量的碘-131对小鼠胸腺细胞自发掺入3H-TdR具有显著的刺激作用,高剂量的碘-131对小鼠胸腺细胞自发掺入3H-TdR有明显的抑制作用。     

琼枝麒麟菜多糖对γ射线照射小鼠胸腺细胞周期及细胞增殖的影响

目的探讨γ射线对小鼠胸腺细胞周期及细胞增殖的影响,从细胞水平探讨琼枝麒麟菜多糖（EGP）的抗辐射作用.方法将小鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组和3个不同剂量EGP实验组,灌胃10d后行一次性γ射线辐射,每只2Gy,20h后流式细胞仪检测胸腺细胞周期百分率,胸腺细胞自发增殖反应及脾细胞对ConA及LPS的增殖反应.结果小鼠经2Gyγ射线照射后,与正常对照组比较,G0/G1期脾细胞和胸腺细胞百分数明显增加（P＜0.01）,而S期和（M＋G2）期脾细胞、胸腺细胞百分数明显减少（P＜0.01）;与模型组比较,EGP实验组能使受照小鼠脾细胞和胸腺细胞S、G2＋M期的比例升高（P＜0.01）;EGP实验组小鼠胸腺细胞自发掺入3H-TdR值、脾细胞对ConA及LPS的增殖反应均较模型组明显增强（P＜0.05）.结论 EGP对辐射损伤细胞具有一定的保护作用.     

海藻多糖对γ射线照射小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的：观察海藻多糖对辐射损伤小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法：测定小鼠胸腺细胞自发掺入^3H-TdR的能力、脾细胞对ConA（刀豆蛋白A）及LPS（脂多糖）的增殖反应及脾混合淋巴细胞反应，考察海藻多糖对γ射线照射小鼠免疫功能的影响。结果：海藻多糖处理组小鼠胸腺细胞自发反掺入^3H-TdR值、脾细胞对ConA及LPS的增殖反应、脾混合淋巴细胞反应均较照射组明显增强（P＜0．05），且与海藻多糖的剂量增加呈正相关。结论：海藻多糖对辐射所致的免疫功能损伤有明显的保护作用。     

乌头注射液对辐射损伤小鼠胸腺细胞的作用

目的　观察乌头注射液对辐射损伤小鼠胸腺细胞自发掺入3 H -TdR的作用。方法　检测小鼠胸腺细胞自发掺入3 H -TdR的百分率。结果　体外实验显示实验组 (终浓度为 2× 10 -11μg/ml和 4× 10 -9μg/ml乌头注射液 )的小鼠胸腺细胞自发掺入3 H -TdR的百分率明显高于对照组。体内实验表明 1μg/kg的乌头注射液加照射组的小鼠胸腺细胞自发掺入3 H -TdR的百分率比单纯照射组明显增加。结论　低浓度的乌头注射液对体外小鼠胸腺细胞自发掺入3 H -TdR具有明显的刺激作用 ,而适宜剂量的体内用药对辐射损伤小鼠胸腺细胞自发掺入3 H -TdR的能力具有明显的保护作用     

琼枝麒麟菜多糖对γ射线照射小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的观察琼枝麒麟菜多糖(EGP)对辐射损伤小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法将50只小鼠随机分为正常对照组(A组)、照射对照组(B组)和3个不同剂量EGP加照射组(C、D、E组),C、D、E组分别以3个不同剂量(100、200和400 mg.kg-1.d-1)按每10 g体质量0.1 ml灌胃,连续10 d;A组和B组均用等量生理氯化钠灌胃,7 d后除A组外均行一次性γ射线照射,每只2 Gy,20 h后检测胸腺细胞自发增殖、脾淋巴细胞转化能力、T淋巴细胞亚群(CD4、CD8)和溶血素生成试验。结果照射对照组小鼠免疫指标明显低于正常对照组,200和400 mg/kg EGP能显著提高辐射损伤小鼠的免疫功能。结论EGP对辐射损伤小鼠免疫功能有一定的保护作用。     

琼枝麒麟菜多糖对γ射线照射小鼠脾细胞周期及细胞增殖的影响

目的探讨γ射线对小鼠脾细胞周期及增殖的影响,从细胞水平探讨琼枝麒麟菜多糖(EGP)的抗辐射作用。方法将50只小鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组和3个不同剂量EGP实验组,灌胃10d后行一次性γ射线辐射,每只2Gy,20h后流式细胞仪检测脾细胞周期百分率及脾细胞对刀豆蛋白及脂多糖的增殖反应。结果小鼠经2Gyγ射线照射后,与正常对照组比较,G0/G1期脾细胞百分数明显增加(P<0.01),而S期和(M G2)期脾细胞百分数明显减少(P<0.01);与模型组比较,EGP实验组能使受照小鼠脾细胞S、G2 M期的比例升高(P<0.01);脾细胞对刀豆蛋白及脂多糖的增殖反应均较模型组明显增强(P<0.05)。结论EGP对辐射损伤小鼠脾细胞具有一定的保护作用。     

纳豆菌糖肽对免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫调节作用

目的探讨纳豆菌糖肽(Bacillus natto glycopeptide,BNGP)对免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫调节作用。方法KM小鼠80只随机分成BNGP低、中、高(6.25、12.5、25 mg/ml)剂量、空白、模型、5组。试验组连续灌胃BNGP 30 d,空白组与模型组以等量生理盐水代替,除空白对照组外,其余各级于24,25,26 d按80 mg/(kg·bw)腹腔注射环磷酰胺(CTX)。灌胃结束后,测定小鼠脾脏、胸腺指数,血清溶血素水平,脾细胞转化能力,细胞因子分泌以及体外脾细胞增殖作用的测定,研究BNGP对免疫低下小鼠体外免疫活性的影响。结果 BNGP中、高剂量组小鼠脾脏指数、HC50均显著高于模型组(P<0.05,P<0.01),高剂量组胸腺指数显著高于模型组(P<0.05);低、中、高剂量组ConA诱导的脾细胞增殖活性均显著高于模型组(P<0.05,P<0.01);中、高剂量组IL-2水平、高剂量组IFN-γ水平显著高于模型组(均P<0.05),而IL-10水平显著低于模型组(P<0.05,P<0.01);100²00μg/ml BNGP-1-b和12.5200μg/ml BNGP-1-b和12.5²00μg/ml BNGP-2-a可显著增强体外脾淋巴细胞增殖活性(P<0.05,P<0.01),50μg/ml BNGP-1-b和50200μg/ml BNGP-2-a可显著增强体外脾淋巴细胞增殖活性(P<0.05,P<0.01),50μg/ml BNGP-1-b和50²00μg/ml BNGP-2-a对ConA诱导的体外脾淋巴细胞增殖活性也具有显著增强作用(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论 BNGP具有增强免疫功能低下小鼠体液和细胞免疫的作用。     

盐藻β-胡萝卜素对60Co辐射小鼠胸腺细胞的保护作用

目的探讨盐藻β-胡萝卜素对60Co辐射损伤的小鼠胸腺细胞的保护作用。方法MTT法测定淋巴细胞增殖活性,考马斯亮蓝法测定细胞蛋白含量,涂片法测定淋巴细胞转化率,流式细胞仪测定细胞凋亡率。结果4Gy60Co单次辐射可降低小鼠胸腺细胞增殖活性,降低淋巴细胞转化率,诱导细胞凋亡。照射前预先加入盐藻β-胡萝卜素,细胞增殖活性和淋巴细胞转化率与模型组比较均显著增高,凋亡率降低,具有剂量依赖性(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论盐藻β-胡萝卜素在体外可减轻60Co辐射诱导的小鼠胸腺细胞损伤,对胸腺细胞辐射损伤有保护作用。     

褪黑素对小鼠淋巴细胞电离辐射损伤的防护作用

目的 探讨褪黑素(MLT)对小鼠淋巴细胞电离辐射损伤的防护作用及其机制。方法 采用流式细胞术和荧光分光光度法在离体和整体条件下分别检测小鼠淋巴细胞凋亡小体百分率和DNA裂解率。在此基础上,腹腔注射MLT,观察2 Gy X射线全身照射后24 h小鼠胸腺、脾脏淋巴细胞数量及胸腺细胞³H-TdR掺入率和Con A、LPS诱导的脾T、B淋巴细胞转化率的变化。结果 离体研究中,小鼠胸腺和脾脏淋巴细胞体外接受0.5~6.0 Gy照射后,凋亡小体百分率、DNA裂解率均呈剂量依赖性增加,而照射前预先加入2 mmol/L MLT,细胞凋亡小体百分率、DNA裂解率与单纯照射组比较均显著降低。整体研究中,2Gy全身照射前腹腔注射MLT,小鼠胸腺和脾脏淋巴细胞凋亡小体百分率和DNA裂解率显著低于单纯照射组,接近或低于假照水平,MLT剂量在0.1~2.5 mg/kg范围内均有作用,但无明显剂量依赖性。小鼠胸腺、脾脏淋巴细胞数量、胸腺细胞³H-TdR掺入率及有丝分裂原诱导的脾脏T、B淋巴细胞转化率在2 Gy全身照射后均显著低于假照组(P <0.001)。0.5~10 mg/kgMLT预先腹腔注射,胸腺、脾脏淋巴细胞数显著高于0 mg/kg体重组(单纯照射),其中0.5 mg/kg体重组增高最显著;胸腺细胞³H-TdR掺入率显著增高(P <0.01或P <0.001),以0.5 mg/kg体重组增高最显著;Con A诱导的T细胞转化率显著增高,也以0.5 mg/kg体重组为著;LPS诱导的B细胞转化率增高,以10mg/kg体重组最显著。结论 MLT在体内和体外均可减轻电离辐射诱导的小鼠淋巴细胞损伤,对免疫功能具有保护作用。     

碘-131在小鼠组织和器官的分布情况分析

目的 分析不同剂量碘-131在小鼠不同组织和器官的分布情况.方法 给予小鼠不同剂量碘-131腹腔注射,利用γ计数器检测小鼠不同组织和器官的计数率,计算每克组织和器官摄取注射剂量百分率(％ ID/g).结果 给予小鼠105 Bq/g碘-131腹腔注射,24 h发现甲状腺碘-131含量明显高于心、肝、脾、肺和全血等其它组织和器官;除全血外,1 Bq/g+ 105 Bq/g、10 Bq/g+105 Bq/g和100 Bq/g+105 Bq/g三组小鼠甲状腺、心、肝、脾、胸腺等器官碘-131含量高于单纯给予105 Bq/g碘-131的小鼠含量,各组间差异具有统计学意义(U＜0.01,P＜0.05);1 Bq/g+105 Bq/g和10 Bq/g+105 Bq/g组小鼠的全血碘-131含量低于单纯给予碘-131组,各组间差异具有统计学意义(U＜0.05).结论 甲状腺具有明显聚碘功能,低剂量与较高剂量碘-131在心、肝、脾、胸腺等器官中表现为协同作用,在全血组织中出现适应性反应.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.