抗反流治疗改善阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的机制探讨

目的抗反流治疗能有效地缓解胃食管反流(GER)合并的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)。本研究旨在探讨抗反流治疗缓解OSA的机制。方法18例有反流症状和睡眠打鼾的患者接受了昼夜食管pH和压力监测并与多导睡眠图(PSG)同步监测;对同时有GER和OSA的7名患者予以西沙必利和奥美拉唑抗反流治疗1周后重复以上检查。结果(1)发生GER期间出现呼吸暂停/低通气是未发生GER期间出现呼吸暂停/低通气总次数的4.5倍(222.7±12.6比49.5±11.8);(2)GER引起OSA前30秒内其平均最低远端食管体部基础压为-16.2±8.6mmHg,GER引起OSA后30秒内为-19.6±9.1mmHg,两者均明显低于远端食管平均基础压(-11.2±7.6mmHg,P＜0.005);而食管平均基础压从抗反流治疗前的-11.2±7.6mmHg上升到抗反流治疗后的-6.2±3.6mmHg(P＜0.05)。(3)抗反流治疗后食管有效加部份有效蠕动收缩百分比明显增加,(从24.0±5.4％上升到58.6±6.2％,P＜0.05)。(4)抗反流治疗后,呼吸暂停/低通气指数从38.9±17.6次/h下降到11.2±12.3次/h(P＜0.002)。结论(1)抗反流治疗可能通过提高食管体部基础压,使胸内负压下降,有利于防止气道塌陷。(2)抗反流治疗通过改善食管体部有效蠕动收缩,加快了对反流物的清除。     

Emerging Therapies for Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent disorder often associated with daytime sleepiness, cognitive dysfunction, and adverse cardiovascular consequences. Available therapies are limited by either lack of long-term adherence or low response rates. Two emerging therapies hold promise in providing alternatives to patients with OSA. The first stems from the importance of the upper-airway dilator muscles in maintaining pharyngeal stability. Electrical stimulation of the genioglossus muscle improves both upper-airway diameter and ameliorates pharyngeal obstruction. The results of phase I and II clinical trials hold promise, but the reported improvements in the apnea-hypopnea index vary between subjects and concerns about long-term safety await long-term studies. The second technology relies on creating an increased expiratory nasal resistance via a bidirectional valve designed to be worn just inside the nostrils. Initial findings of clinical trials suggest reduction in severity of sleep apnea and subjective daytime sleepiness. Considerable heterogeneity in response to the nasal device was noted despite the high adherence rates. It remains unclear which patients will likely benefit a priori from these devices.     

Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common condition of childhood, and is associated with significant morbidity. Prevalence of the condition peaks during early childhood, due in part to adenoidal and tonsillar enlargement within a small pharyngeal space. The lymphoid tissues regress after 10 years of age, in the context of ongoing bony growth, and there is an associated fall in the prevalence of OSA. Obstruction of the nasopharynx by adenoidal enlargement promotes pharyngeal airway collapse during sleep, and the presence of large tonsils contributes to airway obstruction. Administration of systemic corticosteroids leads to a reduction in the size of lymphoid tissues due to anti-inflammatory and lympholytic effects. However, a short course of systemic prednisone has been demonstrated not to have a significant effect on adenoidal size or the severity of OSA, and adverse effects preclude the long-term use of this therapy. Intranasal corticosteroids are effective in relieving nasal obstruction in allergic rhinitis, and allergic sensitization is more prevalent among children who snore than among those who do not snore. Intranasal corticosteroids have also been demonstrated to reduce adenoidal size, independent of the individual’s atopic status. There is preliminary evidence of an improvement in the severity of OSA in children treated with intranasal corticosteroids, but further studies are needed before such therapy can be routinely recommended. Prescribing clinicians should take into account the potential benefits to the patient, the age of the child, the presence of comorbidities such as allergic rhinitis, the agent used, and the dose and duration of treatment when considering such therapy.     

Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Hypertension

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and hypertension commonly coexist. Observational studies indicate that untreated OSA is associated with an increased risk of prevalent hypertension, whereas prospective studies of normotensive cohorts suggest that OSA may increase the risk of incident hypertension. Randomized evaluations of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) indicate an overall modest effect on blood pressure. However, these studies do indicate a wide variation in the blood pressure effects of CPAP, with some patients, on an individual basis, manifesting a large antihypertensive benefit. OSA is particularly common in patients with resistant hypertension. The reason for this high prevalence of OSA is not fully explained, but data from our laboratory suggest that it may be related to the high occurrence of hyperaldosteronism in patients with resistant hypertension. We hypothesize that aldosterone excess worsens OSA by promoting accumulation of fluid in the neck, which then contributes to increased upper airway resistance.     

Recent Developments in Oral Appliance Therapy of Sleep Disordered Breathing

Oral appliances are increasingly gaining a place in the treatment of sleep disordered breathing caused by upper airway obstruction. This review of publications since 1995 documents substantial progress in the scientific basis for this therapy. Imaging by several techniques has shown that mandibular advancing oral appliances open the airway in awake and anaesthetized subjects, creating the presumption that this effect is maintained in sleep. Three controlled cross-over treatment trials have shown that patients consistently prefer oral appliance over continuous positive airway pressure therapy, especially when the treatment effect is strong. Appliance design and use indicates a preference for adjustable mandibular advancing appliances. Complications of therapy appear to be infrequent, but evidence for safety of long-term use is still limited. Oral appliance therapy can be an effective therapy for sleep disorders caused by upper airway obstruction. Considering the accumulated evidence, it is no longer tenable to label oral appliance therapy an experimentalÕ procedure.     

Sleep Apnea Avoidance Pillow Effects on Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Snoring

The study was performed to determine the ability of a new inclined pillow to treat snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. The SONA Pillow^®is a triangular pillow with space to place your arm under the head while sleeping on the side. Twenty-two patients with nocturnal polysomnogram (NPSG)-proven obstructive sleep apnea syndrome were included in this study; the group included 11 mild, 8 moderate, and 3 severe sleep apnea patients. All patients had a second attended NPSG performed while utilizing this specific inclined pillow. The pillow was found to be an effective and easily used treatment for mild (respiratory disturbance index [RDI] 5 to 19) and moderate (RDI 20 to 40) obstructive sleep apnea and snoring. In this group, RDI ranged from 5.1 to 35.2 and decreased on the average from 17 events per hour to fewer than 5 events per hour while utilizing the inclined pillow (< 0.0001). Also, a statistically significant difference was noted in rapid eye movement (REM) RDI decrement in all patients with mild to moderate sleep apnea (p= 0.001) and the increase in SaO₂was also significant (p= 0.004). Overall, snoring was decreased or eliminated (p= 0.017). Conclusion: A uniquely designed pillow (SONA Pillow^®) is effective in reducing the number of events in patients with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea. Using this pillow also reduces snoring.     

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Children

Snoring and obstructive sleep apnea are a frequent problem not only in adults, but also in children and adolescents, as can be seen from current epidemiological data. The epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and management of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in adults have been adequately established on the basis of evidential data. As a result of this, both physicians and the public are increasingly aware of OSAS in adults. Although there are numerous parallels between pediatric and adult OSAS, the situation in children differs that in adults. There is a greater variety of symptoms in children with OSAS, diagnosis is often more difficult with serious consequences for growth and development of children. Treatment of OSAS in children is also different from that of the adult patient. There are many possible causes for the development of obstructive sleep apnea in children. These include hypertrophy of the tonsils and syndromes such as Down syndrome, Pickwickian syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome or Marfan syndrome. OSAS can, however, also be the result of obesity, midfacial dysplasia, retro- or micrognathia, allergic rhinitis or muscular dystrophy. Epidemiological data presented in the literature concerning the incidence of OSAS in children is extremely varied. This wide range is probably due to the fact that snoring may be misdiagnosed as OSAS. The diagnosis of OSAS in children may only be made by considering clinical history (such as rate of growth, tendency to fall asleep during the day, sleep disturbances, susceptibility to infection, etc.), polysomnography (if possible during several nights) and accompanying instrumental diagnosis including cephalometry or laryngoscopy. One of the problems of polysomnography in childhood is that performance and interpretation of the results have not yet been standardized or evaluated for different age groups. Treatment depends on the cause of OSAS and require multidisciplinary management involving the pediatrician, pediatric or adolescent psychiatrist, ear, nose, and throat specialist, maxillofacial surgeons, and neurosurgeons. Adenotonsillectomy (ATE) is the therapy generally chosen if the child has adenoidal vegetations and/or tonsillar hypertrophy. Corrective surgery is possible for rare malformation syndromes. Nocturnal masks for continuous positive airway nasal pressure or procedures for mask respiration are effective in children, but are only used in exceptional cases, such as when ATE is contraindicated or when symptoms of OSAS remain after surgery. The success of pharmacological treatment of OSAS in children has not been evaluated in controlled clinical trials.