A program for managing weight gain associated with atypical antipsychotics

This study assessed the efficacy of a weight control program for patients taking atypical antipsychotics. Thirty-one patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder participated in a 12-week weight control program that incorporated nutrition, exercise, and behavioral interventions. Changes in patients' weight and in body mass index (BMI) were recorded and compared with those of 15 patients in a control group. The intervention group had a mean weight loss of 2.7 kg (six pounds) and a mean reduction of.98 BMI points, compared with a mean weight gain of 2.9 kg (6.4 pounds) and a mean gain of 1.2 BMI points in the control group. These data suggest that the intervention was effective in this group of patients. Professionals treating persons who are taking atypical antipsychotics should encourage them to engage in weight control activities.     

Managing atypical antipsychotic-associated weight gain: 12-month data on a multimodal weight control program

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to test prospectively the feasibility and efficacy of a multimodal weight control program for over-weight and obese severely mentally ill adults who had gained weight while taking atypical antipsychotic medications. METHOD: Thirty-one subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (DSM-IV), on treatment with atypical antipsychotics, participated in a 52-week, multimodal weight control program that incorporated nutrition, exercise, and behavioral interventions. The primary outcomes were measures of body mass index (BMI) and weight. A variety of secondary outcomes, including hemoglobin A(1c) level, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and cholesterol level, were compared from baseline to endpoint. Weight and BMI changes in the intervention group were also compared with changes in 20 nonintervention patients ("usual care" group) who were contemporaneously treated in the same clinics. RESULTS: Twenty of the 31 subjects in the intervention group completed the program. Statistically significant pre-post improvements in weight (p <.02), BMI (p <.02), hemoglobin A(1c) levels (p <.001), diastolic (p <.001) and systolic (p <.05) blood pressure, exercise level (p <.003), nutrition knowledge (p <.0001), and stage of change (exercise [p <.0001] and weight [p <.008]) were seen in the intervention group. Patients attended a mean of 69% of the sessions during the year of the program. Weight and BMI also decreased significantly (p =.01) in the intervention group compared with the "usual care" group, who gained weight during the observation period. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder were willing to attend, and benefited from, a weight control program that focused on nutrition, exercise, and motivation. The program resulted in clinically significant reductions in weight, BMI, and other risk factors for long-term poor health, including hemoglobin A(1c). In contrast, patients who did not receive the weight control intervention continued to gain weight.     

Deep learning-based BMI inference from structural brain MRI reflects brain alterations following lifestyle intervention

Obesity is associated with negative effects on the brain. We exploit Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools to explore whether differences in clinical measurements following lifestyle interventions in overweight population could be reflected in brain morphology. In the DIRECT-PLUS clinical trial, participants with criterion for metabolic syndrome underwent an 18-month lifestyle intervention. Structural brain MRIs were acquired before and after the intervention. We utilized an ensemble learning framework to predict Body-Mass Index (BMI) scores, which correspond to adiposity-related clinical measurements from brain MRIs. We revealed that patient-specific reduction in BMI predictions was associated with actual weight loss and was significantly higher in active diet groups compared to a control group. Moreover, explainable AI (XAI) maps highlighted brain regions contributing to BMI predictions that were distinct from regions associated with age prediction. Our DIRECT-PLUS analysis results imply that predicted BMI and its reduction are unique neural biomarkers for obesity-related brain modifications and weight loss.     

Weight gain after acute deep venous thrombosis: a prospective observational study

INTRODUCTION: The onset of acute disorders often results in a significant reduction in physical exercise, thus predisposing to further increase in body weight. Weight gain is strongly associated with an increase in metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of this study was to assess weight changes occurring after an episode of acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: To compare the prevalence of overweight and obesity at baseline and 6 months after acute DVT, and to compare weight changes between patients with DVT treated in hospital or at home over a similar time frame, we evaluated 72 patients (mean age 59.8+/-15.3 years, 34 men and 38 females) with objectively diagnosed DVT. Body mass index (BMI) was recorded at baseline and at 6 months; waist circumference was recorded at 6 months to assess individual patterns of body fat distribution. RESULTS: At baseline, BMI was 27.6+/-4.6 kg/m(2). Overweight and obesity were observed in 33 (45.8%) and 19 (26.4%) patients, respectively. After 6 months, BMI was 28.7+/-5.0 kg/m(2). The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 44.4% and 32%, respectively; visceral pattern of body fat distribution was found in 64.8% of overweight or obese patients. Mean weight gain was 7.12%; inpatients (n=42) showed a higher weight gain than outpatients (n=30) (8.6% and 4.9%, respectively, p=0.046). CONCLUSIONS: We observed a significant weight gain after acute DVT. This weight gain was more marked in hospitalised patients than in outpatients. Our findings suggest that weight control should be considered in all patients with acute DVT.     

APOE-epsilon4 is associated with weight loss in women with AD: a population-based study

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the APOE-epsilon4 allele is associated with weight loss in patients with AD or in nondemented elderly subjects. BACKGROUND: Weight loss has been considered a typical feature of AD. APOE-epsilon4 is a risk factor for AD and was recently proposed to be associated with weight loss in elderly women. It is not known whether APOE-epsilon4 is associated with weight loss in patients with AD or in the general population. METHODS: Weight and BMI measurements at an average interval of 3.5 years and APOE phenotype determination were performed in an elderly population (n = 980), including 46 patients with AD and 911 control subjects at the end of the follow-up. RESULTS: On average, patients with AD with the epsilon4 allele lost 1.9 +/- 4.0 kg (BMI 0.8 +/- 1.8 kg/m2) whereas epsilon4 noncarriers gained 1.2 +/- 3.8 kg (BMI 0.4 +/- 1.5 kg/m2) (both p < 0.05), after controlling for diabetes and exercise. However, when men and women were analyzed separately, weight loss was observed only in those women with AD with the epsilon4 allele. Clinically significant weight loss, defined as loss of > or = 5% of body weight, occurred more frequently in both patients with AD (30% versus 6%; p < 0.05) and control subjects (28% versus 18%; p < 0.001) carrying the epsilon4 allele. CONCLUSIONS: The APOE-epsilon4 allele may contribute to the unexplained weight loss in AD, especially in women.     

Neuroticism and clinical course of weight restoration in a meal-based,rapid-weight gain,inpatient-partial hospitalization program for eating disorders

We evaluated the impact of personality on weight restoration in 211 underweight (BMI ≤ 19 kg/m²) females admitted to an inpatient-partial hospitalization program for eating disorders. Symptomatology and personality were assessed by questionnaires, and clinical and demographic variables were assessed by chart review. Neuroticism, a personality trait associated with reactivity to stress, was correlated with higher symptomatology, chronicity, length of stay, and income source. Contrary to our hypothesis, neuroticism was positively associated with weight restoration. Length of stay mediated this relationship such that longer length of stay in patients with high neuroticism explained their higher likelihood of weight restoration prior to program discharge. Higher neuroticism is therefore associated with better weight restoration outcomes but may also indicate greater difficulty transitioning out of intensive treatment.     

A Randomised Trial of a Weight Loss Intervention for Overweight and Obese People Diagnosed with Coronary Heart Disease and/or Type 2 Diabetes

Background

Weight reduction limits disease progression in obese people with coronary heart disease (CHD) and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Purpose

To test a 16-week group-based weight reduction intervention combining exercise, diet and behaviour change strategies aimed to increase self-efficacy (Healthy Eating and Exercise Lifestyle Program??HEELP) on weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and exercise.

Methods

Participants with CHD and/or T2DM and BMI between 27 to 39?kg/m² were randomised to HEELP (n?=?83) or usual care (n?=?65).

Results

Participants were aged a mean 63.47?years (SD 8.9), male (58?%) and Caucasian (79?%). HEELP participants lost significantly more weight, BMI and waist circumference and exercised more days/week for a longer duration/week than usual care. Clinically significant weight loss (??5?%) was more common in HEELP than usual care.

Conclusion

The HEELP resulted in weight loss and improved exercise behaviour in obese people with CHD and T2DM.     

Impact of smoking, physical training and weight reduction on FVII, PAI-1 and hemostatic markers in sedentary men

The variations of FVII, PAI-1, TAT complexes, fibrinopeptide A, D-Dimers and beta thromboglobulin plasma levels were studied on 30 sedentary men, smokers and non-smokers, who were admitted to a 6 months' program of physical training and smoking cessation. After 3 months of intervention, sustained physical training was associated with the decrease of FVII and PAI-1 levels. Mild exercise performed during a second 3-month period could maintain normal FVII and PAI-1 activities but participants who stopped the training increased their FVII and PAI-1 plasma levels. FVII was not influenced by smoking habits. Smoking cessation seemed to slightly potentiate the decrease of PAI-1 levels associated with mild exercise. Overweight, FVII and PAI-1 levels were correlated and the weight reduction induced by training was related to the changes in the factors. In smokers, physical exercise was associated with a significant increase of hemostatic markers. This exercise-induced variation disappeared after 3 months of intervention in participants who stopped smoking and reappeared in those who smoked again after 6 months of intervention. This finding was not influenced by the physical training program.     

Relationship between body-mass index and depressive symptoms in patients with major depression.

BACKGROUND: Appetite and weight changes are commonly occurring symptoms of depressive illness. The occurrence of these symptoms may not only be related to depressive mood but may also be related to body weight. AIM: To examine the relationship between symptoms of depression and body weight. METHODS: Symptoms of depression were assessed by the Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale (MADRS) in 1694 patients seeking medical help and fulfilling DSM-IV criteria for a major depressive episode. The level of anxiety was evaluated by Covi's anxiety scale. Body weight was expressed as body-mass index (BMI, kg/m(2)) and treated both categorically and continuously. RESULTS: The total MADRS score was not statistically different across the four BMI categories (underweight: 32.3 +/- 0.6, normal weight: 30.9 +/- 0.2, grade 1: 30.6 +/- 0.3, and 2 overweight: 30.6 +/- 0.6, P = 0.053 (NS)). In women with BMI 相似文献   

Program evaluation of a sex education curriculum for women with mental retardation

The effectiveness of a sexual education and health promotion program for 252 women with mental retardation was analyzed using an evaluation model. We used confirmatory factor analysis (LISREL) to explain the pathways of learning and related the number of instructional contacts with the outcomes. Three factors (hygiene, social interaction, and sexual experience) affected sexual knowledge directly. An increase in sexual knowledge was directly associated with a greater number of instructional contacts. The analysis indicates that our program is effective and adds to our understanding of factors contributing to sexual knowledge for adults with mental retardation.     

Weight management program for treatment-emergent weight gain in olanzapine-treated patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: A 12-week randomized controlled clinical trial

BACKGROUND: The main objective was to assess the efficacy of a weight management program designed for outpatients taking olanzapine for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and to compare these patients with a randomized control group. The effects of the weight management program were also assessed with regard to safety and quality of life. METHOD: Forty-eight patients were enrolled in a 12-week, randomized, multicenter weight management study. Thirty-three patients were randomly allocated to an intervention group in which they received olanzapine within a weight management program. Fifteen patients were allocated to a control group in which they were given olanzapine treatment as usual outpatients. Weight, body mass index (BMI), and measurements of safety and quality of life were evaluated. The study was conducted from January 7, 2003, to September 16, 2003. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients (75%) completed this study. We found significant differences in weight (-3.94 +/- 3.63 kg vs. -1.48 +/- 1.88 kg, p = .006) and BMI (-1.50 +/- 1.34 vs. -0.59 +/- 0.73, p = .007) change from baseline to endpoint between the intervention and control groups, respectively. Significant differences in weight reduction were initially observed at week 8 (p = .040). No significant differences were found with regard to the safety outcomes. When the ratio of low-density lipoproteins to high-density lipoproteins was calculated, change from baseline was greater in the intervention group than the control group (-0.19 vs. -0.04), but the difference was not statistically significant (p = .556). After the completion of the weight management program, there was a trend toward statistical difference in the physical health score changes between the weight management and control groups (1.12 in the intervention group vs. -0.93 in the control group, p = .067). CONCLUSION: The weight management program was effective in terms of weight reduction in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder taking olanzapine and was also found to be safe in terms of psychiatric symptoms, vital signs, and laboratory data. In addition, such a weight management program might improve quality of life in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder with respect to their physical well-being.     

Waist circumference and not body mass index as the outcome of a group weight intervention for patients with severe mental illness

ObjectiveMost weight interventions among patients with severe mental illness (SMI) used body mass index (BMI) as outcome measure but excluded waist circumference (WC) although the latter is a stronger predictor of obesity complications. This study aimed to assess a weight-management program consisting of education, exercise and behavioural techniques for patients with SMI using weight parameters including WC as the outcome measures.MethodsA group intervention was carried out as part of psychiatric outpatient community service. It used structured modules on diet, exercise and related topics comprising of education and exercises sessions with a total of 12-week duration. The participants were outpatients with SMI recruited through referrals to the program by the treating doctor. The participants’ body weight, BMI and WC were measured at the baseline, fortnightly and at the end of the program.ResultsA total of 27 patients participated in the program which was carried out in 6 cycles. The pre- and post-intervention comparisons analysis of the weight parameters found a significant reduction in the WC (mean = 3.878 cm + 5.165, p = 0.001) while no significant changes were recorded in body weight and BMI.ConclusionSmall but significant loss in WC and possibly weight maintenance were achieved using this non-pharmacological intervention. Modest loss in WC may have an impact on reducing the risk of obesity-related health risks.     

The weight loss profile: a biopsychosocial approach to weight loss

Obesity is a common complicating condition in a variety of medical problems. Often effective consultation liaison involves recommendations to overweight patients involving lifestyle and health risk modification. Factors that need to be addressed include exercise, nutritional counseling/caloric restriction, and attitude and behavioral change regarding eating. Patients requiring weight loss typically seek various commercial programs that are readily accessible. One major problem associated with such programs is the high attrition rate within the first six weeks of initiation. Therefore, attempts to facilitate longer-term retention and associated weight loss are warranted. One approach is the identification of factors associated with problems in short-term retention and weight loss followed by the implementation of brief interventions to potentially reverse the influence of these factors on retention and weight loss. The present investigation was conducted to determine the effects of such a strategy on short-term retention and weight loss in a commercial weight loss program. Two groups (n = 66 per group) of female participants with a mean age of thirty-eight years, mean initial weight of 184.6 lbs, mean height of 64.3 inches, mean goal weight of 147.3 lbs, mean Body Mass Index of 31.4 kg/m2 were recruited for the study. Groups were matched for age, initial weight, height, goal weight, and body mass index. One group (controls) received a standard thirteen-week group cognitive-behavioral intervention that emphasized the teaching of self-management strategies for weight reduction. The second group (personalized intervention) received the same thirteen-week cognitive-behavioral intervention. This group also completed a questionnaire (Weight Loss Profile) that identifies factors associated with poor retention and minimal weight loss. Targeted interventions were implemented to modify specific problem areas identified on the Weight Loss Profile. The problem areas were based upon previous research which identified predictors of retention and weight loss. The problem areas included job stress, social comfort, self-consciousness regarding weight and eating behaviors, concern with physical appearance, Type A behavior pattern, social support, motivation, and expectation of success. Both groups also received 1,000 calorie/day prepackaged foods, instruction in mild exercise, and nutritional counseling. Weekly weights and attendance were recorded across the thirteen consecutive week period. The group receiving the personalized intervention lost significantly more weight than the control group (30 lbs vs. 11 lbs, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Effects of sports participation on psychiatric symptoms and brain activations during sports observation in schizophrenia

Weight gain has been identified as being responsible for increased morbidity and mortality rates of schizophrenia patients. For the management of weight gain, exercise is one of the most acknowledged interventions. At the same time, exercise and sports have been recognized for their positive impact on psychiatric symptoms of schizophrenia. However, the neurobiological basis for this remains poorly understood. We aimed to examine the effect of sports participation on weight gain, psychiatric symptoms and brain activation during sports observation in schizophrenia patients. Thirteen schizophrenia patients who participated in a 3-month program, including sports participation and 10 control schizophrenia patients were studied. In both groups, body mass index (BMI), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and brain activation during observation of sports-related actions measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging were accessed before and after a 3-month interval. BMI and general psychopathology scale of PANSS were significantly reduced in the program group but not in the control group after a 3-month interval. Compared with baseline, activation of the body-selective extrastriate body area (EBA) in the posterior temporal-occipital cortex during observation of sports-related actions was increased in the program group. In this group, increase in EBA activation was associated with improvement in the general psychopathology scale of PANSS. Sports participation had a positive effect not only on weight gain but also on psychiatric symptoms in schizophrenia. EBA might mediate these beneficial effects of sports participation. Our findings merit further investigation of neurobiological mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of sports for schizophrenia.     

Effects of fluoxetine on weight gain and food intake in smokers who reduce nicotine intake.

The effect of fluoxetine hydrochloride, a 5-HT uptake inhibitor (60 mg/day PO), in preventing weight gain associated with nicotine reduction was investigated in participants in a double-blind, placebo-controlled smoking-cessation trial. A lunch of cheese pizza and chocolate bars was offered, and caloric intake was monitored. The analysis focused on subjects (placebo: n = 11; fluoxetine: n = 10) who succeeded in reaching cotinine levels of less than 50% of their starting cotinine levels (signifying a stringent reduction in nicotine intake) and who participated in pre- and post-nicotine reduction lunch sessions 70 days apart. Subjects on placebo gained significantly more weight (mean +/- SEM = +3.3 +/- 0.7 kg) than subjects on fluoxetine (-0.6 +/- 1.2 kg). In fluoxetine-treated subjects, weight gain/loss was strongly correlated with initial body mass index, with higher BMI being associated with greater decreases in weight. A trend towards decreased caloric intake in the fluoxetine group was observed; the change in total calories at lunch was significantly correlated with weight change, an association accounted for principally by change in pizza intake. We conclude that fluoxetine treatment effectively prevents the weight gain that accompanies nicotine reduction and that this phenomenon is mediated, at least in part, by diminished caloric intake.     

Therapeutic options for weight management in schizophrenic patients treated with atypical antipsychotics

Extensive, selective literature review of 2500 articles from the last years (up to December 2007) predominantly from Medline and Cochrane, using as search terms "antipsychotic or schizophrenia or individual drug names (amisulpride, aripiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone)" and the terms "BMI, weight gain, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, lipid(s), cholesterol, triglycerides" was conducted. Regardless of the advantages ascribed to atypical antipsychotics and the special effectiveness of clozapine in patients resistant to therapy and at risk for suicide, the probability of weight gain is considerably increased for some of these substances. Patients with schizophrenia have a considerably reduced life expectancy associated with an increased prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. There is a lack of practical guidelines integrated into clinical psychiatric care for the management of cardiovascular risk factors. The monitoring of patients treated with atypics, which has been recommended in the APA/ADA Consensus Paper in light of these facts, is insufficiently established in clinical practice. A regular monitoring can convey self control and motivation to the patient. In the case of corresponding risk constellations further decisions regarding indication and therapy have to be considered. Especially patients with a high cardiovascular risk profile are highly recommended to participate in a weight-management program for prevention purposes. Such a special program should include elements of dietetic treatment and behaviour and exercise therapy. First controlled studies suggest an effective prevention of weight gain and metabolic changes when applying such a structured program. The practice oriented step by step concept presented here is meant to provide points of reference for the implementation of required medical and psychoeducative measures facilitating the management of weight and further cardiovascular risk factors in the context of psychiatric care in patients with schizophrenia.     

Parkinson's disease patients with bilateral subthalamic deep brain stimulation gain weight.

Weight, body mass index (BMI) and energy expenditure/energy intake (EE/EI) was studied in 19 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients after subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) versus 14 nonoperated ones. Operated patients had a significant weight gain (WG, + 9.7 +/- 7 kg) and BMI increase (+ 4.7 kg/m2). The fat mass was higher after STN-DBS. Resting EE (REE; offdrug/ON stimulation) was significantly decreased in STN-DBS patients, while their daily energy expenditure (DEI) was not significantly different. A significant correlation was found among WG, BMI increase, and pre-operative levodopa-equivalent daily dose, their reduction after STN-DBS, and the differential REE related to stimulation and the REE in the offdrug/OFF stimulation condition. In conclusion, STN-DBS in PD induces a significant WG associated with a reduction in REE without DEI adjustment.     

Weight gain over 4 months in schizophrenia patients: a comparison of olanzapine and risperidone

Weight gain frequently accompanies treatment with antipsychotics. In order to determine whether newer antipsychotic agents differ from each other with respect to weight gain, we compared two cohorts of patients with DSM-IV schizophrenia who had newly started treatment with either risperidone or olanzapine. After obtaining informed consent, data regarding body weight and height were culled from existing medical records of 100 patients (50 patients in each treatment group). Baseline body weight, close to the time of starting the new medication, and body mass index [BMI = weight (kg)/height (m) squared] were compared to the body weight and BMI following 4 months of treatment. There was no significant change in mean body weight or BMI in the group treated with risperidone (baseline weight = 83.1 kg +/- 20.5, follow-up = 82.8 kg +/- 19.9; matched pair t = 0.66, P = n.s.; baseline BMI = 29.6 +/- 9.4, follow-up = 29.5 +/- 9.1; matched pair t = 0.79, P = n.s.). However, in the group treated with olanzapine, there was a significant increase in both mean body weight and BMI (baseline weight = 84.9 kg +/- 25.0, follow-up = 87.1 kg +/- 25.1; matched pair t = 4.62, P < 0.001; baseline BMI = 29.5 +/- 7.4, follow-up = 30.3 +/- 7.5; matched pair t = 4.43, P < 0.001). In this naturalistic study, treatment with olanzapine was associated with a mean weight gain of about 2 kg from baseline, in patients with schizophrenia, while treatment with risperidone was associated with no mean weight change.     

Behavioral treatment of obesity in patients taking antipsychotic medications

OBJECTIVE: Antipsychotic medications are associated with weight gain and metabolic dysregulation, yet little is known about the management of obesity among individuals with severe and persistent mental illness. Thus we sought to evaluate the potential utility of a behavioral weight control program for this population. METHOD: Outpatients receiving psychiatric care at a university medical center who had a body mass index (BMI; weight in kg/[height in m](2)) >or= 30 and were currently taking antipsychotic medication participated in a 12-week group behavioral weight control program. A medical chart review was conducted for each participant's body weight over the 10 months prior to beginning the program. A multiple baseline design was used to determine the impact of the intervention on BMI through 12-month posttreatment follow-up. We also assessed self-reported eating behavior, physical activity, and health-related quality of life. Data were collected from October 2000 to July 2003. RESULTS: Among 35 patients who began the program, 29 (83%) completed treatment, with mean (+/- SD) weight loss of 5.04 (+/- 7.52) pounds (p = .001) and improvements in eating, activity, and quality of life. At 3-month posttreatment follow-up (N = 27; 77%), total mean weight loss was 7.14 (+/- 11.47) pounds (p = .003). Results of a longitudinal model based on general estimating equations indicated that, relative to the pretreatment period, BMI decreased significantly during treatment and remained stable through 12-month posttreatment follow-up. CONCLUSION: Behavioral weight control is a promising approach to the treatment of obesity among outpatients taking antipsychotic medications, but longer and more robust interventions are needed.     

Effects of a 10-week weight control program on obese patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: A 12-month follow up

Aims:  Weight gain secondary to antipsychotic medication is associated with many serious conditions, including type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and coronary heart disease, and also with poor medication compliance. Weight control programs may be of benefit to outpatients with schizophrenia, but also raise an issue of cost-effectiveness. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a 10-week weight control program for outpatients taking atypical antipsychotics for treatment of schizophrenia, and to follow up the effects of this weight control program in controlling weight gain after termination of the program.
Methods:  A total of 33 patients with schizophrenia and antipsychotic-related obesity were enrolled in a 10-week multimodal weight control program. The patients' weights were recorded at baseline, week 4, week 8, week 10 (end of the intervention), week 12, week 24, and week 48. Secondary measures included blood sugar levels, cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels, quality of life and mental health.
Results:  For those who completed the weight control program, there was a mean weight loss of 2.1 kg by the end of the intervention, 3.7 kg over 6 months, and 2.7 kg over 12 months. The mean body mass index decreased by 0.8, 1.5 and 1.1 at week 10, week 24 and week 48, respectively, all with statistical significance.
Conclusions:  The 10-week weight control program was effective in terms of weight reduction among obese patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, and the weight reduction effect lasted for up to 6 months, and up to 12 months in some cases.