完全性与不完全性颈髓损伤并发血栓栓塞症的对照研究

目的探讨完全性与不完全性颈髓损伤并发血栓栓塞症的发生率。方法在2007 年1 月~2010 年12 月收治的177 例急性颈髓损伤患者,ASIA分级：A级52 例为观察组,B~D级125 例为对照组,均采用低分子肝素和康复治疗预防血栓栓塞症,比较两组并发血栓栓塞症的情况。结果观察组并发血栓栓塞症11 例(21.2%),对照组并发血栓栓塞症6 例(4.8%),两组比较具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论完全性颈髓损伤发生血栓栓塞症的危险性高于不完全性颈髓损伤。     

Gender-Specific Effects of Depression on Functional Disability in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Prospective Study

We examined the prospective impact of depression on objective ratings of disability as a function of gender in a sample of persons with rheumatoid arthritis. Forty-two individuals from an outpatient rheumatology clinic completed measures of depression, disability, and pain over the course of 1 year. A physician's assistant completed objective measures of functional disability following a routine physical examination. Results demonstrated a significant main effect for gender on Time 2 objective ratings of disability (after controlling for disease variables and self-report indices of pain and disability), indicating that physician assistants rated female participants as more disabled than male participants. Importantly, the interaction of gender and Time 1 depression contributed significant variance to Time 2 disability. Findings suggest that women, relative to men, may experience greater declines in functional capacity over time, independent of self-perceptions of pain and disability, and that depression plays a significant role in this process. Discussion focuses on treatment considerations for health care teams, with particular focus on women's adjustment of to RA.     

A Population-based Study of Fatal and Nonfatal Firearm-related Injuries

Objective: To determine population-based firearm-related morbidity and mortality for Allegheny County, PA (population = 1.3 million), for the year 1994.
Methods: Fatalities were identified from a review of death certificates. To identify nonfatal cases, an active surveillance was conducted at all 24 acute care EDs in the county. The ED surveillance used 2 existing sources of case identification from each hospital to minimize undercount.
Results: Firearms were the leading cause of injury death to county residents, accounting for 155 deaths. The crude mortality rate from firearms was 11.7/100,000. Black males aged 15–19 years were most at risk for a firearm fatality (293/100,000). There were 514 nonfatal firearm injuries, producing a case fatality rate of 23%. The highest age-specific rate for nonfatal firearm-related injuries treated in the county EDs was observed for black males aged 15–19 years (2,245/100,000), which is 58 times higher than the firearm-related injury rate for the entire county population (38.7/100,000).
Conclusion: Firearm-related injury and death are a significant public health problem in Allegheny County. Although the crude mortality rate from firearms in the county is lower than the reported national rate, the observed rate for nonfatal injuries in the black youth of this community is the highest firearm injury incidence rate ever reported. Local surveillance of firearm-related injuries, including nonfatal events, is needed to more accurately demonstrate the magnitude of this problem.     

亚热带地区69例战伤褥疮防治的调查

目的研究亚热带地区战伤褥疮的防治。方法调查该地区自卫反击战中69例战伤褥疮的病历资料和走访当年参加救护的医务人员。结果69例伤员发生褥疮118处,Ⅰ期褥疮17处、Ⅱ期褥疮43处、Ⅲ期褥疮58处;褥疮发生部位以骶尾部最多;发生时间在5d以内占55．1％;发生场所主要在师医院和一线医院;褥疮100d内治愈达98．3％。结论战伤褥疮防治的关键在于采取积极有效的防治措施,建立“四早”和“七勤”制度。     

A Prospective Study of In-line Skating: Observational Series and Survey of Active In-line Skaters—Injuries, Protective Equipment, and Training

Objectives: 1) To assess the relationship between types of injuries incurred and training and protective equipment worn by adults injured while in–line skating; 2) to observe the type and amount of protective equipment worn by in–line skaters while skating; and 3) to survey active in–line skaters about formal training, protective equipment, and history of injuries incurred, and the effect of such injuries on the protective equipment subsequently worn. Methods: A prospective study of consecutive adult patients presenting to the ED for evaluation of in–line skating injuries; a consecutive–series observational study of active in–line skaters to assess protective equipment worn; and a survey of selected active in–line skaters. Eighty–five adult patients were included who presented with a history of injury related to in–line skating to the EDs of an urban academic medical center, a suburban academic–affiliated hospital, and a community hospital. Four hundred eleven active in–line skaters on the Chicago lakefront were observed for protective equipment worn, 91 of whom participated in the survey. Results: Of those presenting to the ED with injuries, only 15% indicated that they had received formal inline skating instruction. Of the ED patients, 50% wore no protective equipment; overall, 6% wore a helmet; 44%, wrist protection; 23%, knee protection; and 19%, elbow protection. Only 2% wore all of the above equipment. The primary mechanism of injury reported was a loss of balance (58%); others included collision with objects (25%), collision with bicycles (11%), and collision with cars (5%). Fractures or dislocations occurred in 48% of the patients; 6% had head injuries necessitating CT scans. Those who wore no protective gear were more likely to require hospital admission (p < 0.05). Of the 411 in–line skaters observed, 157 (38%) wore no protective equipment. Compared with the injured group presenting to the ED, fewer observed participants were without protection (p < 0.(35). Among those surveyed, prior injury was not associated with the subsequent use of protective gear. Conclusion: Patients who present to the ED for evaluation of in–line skating injuries have a high incidence of fractures/dislocations. Few injured or surveyed in–line skaters had formal training. Use of protective equipment by injured skaters was associated with a decreased likelihood of hospitalization. Observed in–line skaters more commonly wore protective gear than did those who presented to the ED with injuries.     

Identifying Risk Factors of Upper Extremity Injuries in Collegiate Baseball Players: A Pilot Study

BackgroundRepetitive pitching places tremendous forces on the shoulder and elbow which can lead to upper extremity (UE) or lower extremity (LE) overuse injuries.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate pre-season physical measurements in collegiate baseball players and track in-season baseball throwing volume to determine which factors may predict throwing overuse injuries.Study DesignRetrospective Cohort study.MethodsBaseline preseason mobility, strength, endurance, and perception of function were measured in 17 collegiate baseball pitchers. Participants were then followed during the course of the season to collect rate of individual exposure, estimated pitch volume, and rating of perceived exertion in order to determine if changes in workload contributed to risk of injury using an Acute-to-Chronic Workload ratio (ACWR).ResultsParticipants developing an injury had greater shoulder internal rotator strength (p=0.04) and grip strength in a neutral position (p=0.03). A significant relationship was identified between ACWR and UE injuries (p <0.001). Athletes with an ACWR above or below 33% were 8.3 (CI₉₅ 1.8-54.1) times more likely to suffer a throwing overuse injury occurring to the upper or lower extremity in the subsequent week.ConclusionACWR change in a positive or negative direction by 33% was the primary predictor of subsequent injury. This finding may assist sports medicine clinicians by using this threshold when tracking pitch volume to ensure a safe progression in workload during a baseball season to reduce the risk of sustaining overuse upper or lower extremity injuries.Level of Evidence3b     

Concussive Convulsions: Emergency Department Assessment and Management of a Frequently Misunderstood Entity

Immediate concussive convulsions are an unusual but dramatic sequela to head injuries. Previously believed to be an epileptic phenomenon, they are now thought to be a brief traumatic functional decerebration that results from loss of cortical inhibition. With concussive convulsions generally occurring within seconds of head impact and lasting up to several minutes, patients are initially in a tonic phase, followed by a clonic convulsion. A postictal phase is generally brief if it occurs at all with these episodes. Patients with isolated concussive convulsions have no evidence of structural brain injury as assessed with neuroimaging studies or physical examination. Neuropsychological testing often demonstrates transient cortical dysfunction consistent with the concussive episode. The long-term outcome for patients with isolated concussive convulsion is universally good, with no long-term neurologic sequelae and no increased incidence of early or late posttraumatic epilepsy. Emergency department management should focus on evaluation of the associated concussive injury. The concussive convulsion requires no specific therapy, and antiepileptic medication is not indicated.     

Post-concussion symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury: influence of demographic factors and injury severity in a 1-year cohort study

Purpose. To assess the prevalence and variation of post-concussion symptoms within the first year after mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), and explore the association between injury severity, demographic factors and symptoms.

Methods. Prospective study of patients with mild TBI followed up at 3, 6 and 12 months (N = 96 included, n = 52 attending all follow-ups). Sociodemographic factors, injury mechanisms and impact of injury (Glasgow Coma Scale score, Abbreviated Injury Severity Score (AIS), Injury Severity Score) were recorded at inclusion. Symptoms were reported in the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ) at the follow-ups. The sumscore of all symptoms in RPQ was calculated for each subject. Scores were also calculated separately for the cognitive, physical and behavioural symptoms.

Results. Twenty-nine subjects met the post-concussion syndrome criteria at 3 months, and 22 patients at 6 and 12 months. The cognitive symptoms were more prominent than the physical and behavioural symptoms. The cognitive and physical symptoms were associated with AIS for the head injury at 3 months, but not at 12 months. Considerable individual variability in the symptom pattern was found, and the subjects who attended only the 3-months follow-up reported a lower level of symptoms than those attending all follow-ups.

Conclusions. Persistence of symptoms was a considerable problem even 1 year after the injury, with cognitive symptoms dominating. More severe AIS scores were associated with a higher level of cognitive and physical symptoms at 3 months, but not at later follow-ups. Strategies to prevent and treat these symptoms should be focussed in clinical practice.     

Non-pharmacological rehabilitation interventions for concussion in children: a scoping review

Purpose: To summarise the extent, nature, and quality of current scholarly literature related to non-pharmacological, rehabilitation interventions following concussion, or mild traumatic brain injury in children.

Methods: An electronic search was conducted from 1987 to 24 October 2017. Studies were included if they met the following criteria: (1) full text, peer reviewed, and written in English, (2) original research, (3) diagnosed concussion or mild traumatic brain injury, (4) described the evaluation of an intervention, (5) the outcome was a concussion impairment, and (6) the mean/median age was under 19. Quality assessment using the Down’s and Black criteria was conducted.

Results: Twenty-six studies published between 2001 and 2017 were identified. Interventions included rest, active rehabilitation, exercise, vestibular, oculomotor, cervicospinal therapy, education, early intervention, telephone counselling, mobile health application, Web-based Self-Management program, multimodal physical therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy, transcranial direct current stimulation, and acupuncture. The quality assessments ranged from poor to good.

Conclusions: The literature describing interventions following concussion in children is scarce. While both positive and negative results were obtained, there were methodological concerns in most studies limiting the ability to draw conclusions. Interventions incorporating aerobic exercise show promise as a concussion management strategy.

• Implications for rehabilitation

• Few studies have examined rehabilitation interventions for youth following concussion.

• Research ranging from rest to exercise highlights the uncertainty of the field.

• Low quality research limits the generalizability of results.

• The use of physical activity appears to be an emerging area of interest.

• Individualised, aerobic exercise should be used as part of clinical management.

     

Work-related Injuries in a Rural Emergency Department Population

Objective: To describe the spectrum of work-related injury evaluated in a rural ED population. Methods: An ED-based injury surveillance system (EDBISS) was used to collect injury data for all ED patients seen over a 1-year period. A patient was classified as injured if his or her record contained an ED log injury code, an ICD-9 N-code between 800 and 995 in any diagnostic field, an E-code, or an entry in the trauma registry. An injury was considered work-related if the patient reported that the injury had occurred while at work. Results: Work-related injuries accounted for 1,539/12,321 (12.5%) of all injuries. The mean age of patients injured on the job was 33.8 years (range, 16–77 years), compared with a mean age of 27.7 years for all the injured patients. Males accounted for 1,026/1,537 (67%) of the work-related injury visits, compared with 57% of all the injury visits. The most common mechanisms of work-related injuries were: overexertion (313; 20%); cut or pierced by sharp implements (248; 16%); falls (250; 16%); struck by object (202; 13%); and transportation-related injuries (71; 5%). Sprains and strains were the most common type of injury sustained (415; 27%), followed by wounds to upper limbs (283; 18%), contusions (182; 12%), and fractures (151; 10%). Of the 1,539 patients presenting with occupational injuries, 178 (12%) presented to the ED via ambulance. Most (1,401; 91%) were treated and released from the ED, with the remainder (136; 9%) hospitalized. The mechanisms of injury that most commonly resulted in hospitalization included struck by an object (28; 21%), transportation (26; 19%), falls (27; 20%), crushing mechanism (13; 10%), and machinery (20; 15%). Of those requiring hospitalization, 132/136 (97)% were male, and the average length of stay was 4.4 days. Four of the hospitalized persons died of their work-related injuries. Known medical charges incurred by patients injured at work were as high as $62,622. The average charge for those treated and released was $273; the average charge for those who required hospitalization was $10,910. Conclusions: Occupational injuries contribute significantly to the overall incidence of injuries seen in this ED and are responsible for significant medical charges each year.