遭受多重侵害儿童的执行功能

目的:探讨遭受多重侵害儿童的执行功能状况。方法:采用方便取样,抽取山东省某市中小学生793人,应用青少年侵害问卷(JVQ)筛查出多重侵害组学生64例,选取班级、年龄、性别匹配的无侵害组和侵害组学生各64名,采用韦氏记忆量表(WMS)、GOSTOP冲动测评软件和执行功能行为评定量表自评版(BRIEF-SR)测量各组学生执行功能状况。结果:多重侵害组被试在WMS理解记忆上的得分低于侵害组(P0.01);多重侵害组BRIEF总分及各项因子分均高于无侵害组和侵害组(P0.01)。JVQ总分与WMS理解记忆得分无显著相关,与BRIEF-SR总分及各因子分均呈显著正相关(r=0.22～0.43,P0.01)。结论:遭受多重侵害儿童在理解记忆任务中的表现更差,且表现出较差的生态学执行功能。     

青少年侵害问卷中文自评版用于中学生的信度和效度

目的:考察青少年侵害问卷(Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire,JVQ)自评版的信度和效度.方法:分层整群抽取山东省临沂市沂水县6所普通中学初一至高三的学生2419人进行JVQ问卷测评,以儿童焦虑性情绪筛查表(SCARED)和儿童抑郁障碍自评量表(DSRSC)为效标关联效度评价指标,随机抽取初中和高中各1个班的学生99人间隔4周重测,评定重测信度.结果:青少年侵害问卷中文自评版的维度结构与原问卷维度结构基本一致,问卷与SCARED和DSRSC的相关系数分别为0.33和0.23(P＜0.01),问卷总分与维度分的相关系数为0.34～0.78,各维度分间的相关系数为0.11～0.39,多重侵害组总分及各维度分均显著高于非多重侵害组(t=-6.64～-48.34,P＜0.01).JVQ中文自评版的Cronbach α系数为0.75,重测信度为0.82.65.94%中学生至少存在一种侵害类型,男生在一般侵害、同伴欺负、目击暴力和问卷总分上显著高于女生(均P＜0.01),初中生在一般侵害、儿童虐待、同伴欺负和问卷总分上得分显著高于高中生(P＜0.01),高中生目击暴力得分显著高于初中生(P＜0.05).结论:青少年侵害问卷中文自评版在本研究中具有较好的信度和效度.     

大学生负性生活事件和饮食行为的关系及相关因素

目的:探讨大学生负性生活事件和异常进食行为的关系,以及功能失调性态度和自尊在两者关系之间的作用。方法:选取539例大学生,用青少年生活事件量表(ASLEC)、荷兰饮食行为问卷(DEBQ)、功能失调性态度问卷(DAS)、自尊量表(RSES),分别测量负性生活事件、异常进食行为、功能失调性态度和自尊水平。结果:ASLEC总分和DEBQ总分正相关(r=0.42,P<0.001)。DAS总分在ASLEC总分和DEBQ总分的关系中起部分中介作用,中介作用占总效应的38.1%;RSES总分调节了DAS总分和DEBQ总分的关系(β=-0.03,P<0.001)。结论:大学生的功能失调性态度在负性生活事件与异常饮食行为的正相关关系中起中介作用,而自尊可以调节功能失调性态度和异常进食行为的关系。     

大学生家庭社会经济地位与职业决策困难的关系

目的:探讨大学生家庭社会经济地位与职业决策困难的关系及职业决策自我效能和心理韧性在其中的作用。方法:选取628名大学生,分别采用家庭社会经济地位调查表(SESQ)、职业决策困难问卷(CDDQ)、职业决策自我效能量表(CDSES)和心理韧性量表(CD-RISC)测量大学生的家庭社会经济地位、职业决策困难、职业决策自我效能和心理韧性。结果:SESQ得分与CDDQ总分负相关(r=-0.13,P<0.01),SESQ得分与CDSE总分正相关(r=0.19,P<0.01),CDSE总分与CDDQ总分负相关(r=-0.54,P<0.01)。CDSE总分在SESQ得分和CDDQ总分关系中的中介效应有统计学意义,中介效应占总效应的77.1%;CD-RISC总分调节了SESQ得分和CDSE总分的关系(β=0.06,P<0.05)。结论:大学生的职业决策自我效能在家庭社会经济地位与职业决策困难的负相关关系中起中介作用,而心理韧性可以调节家庭社会经济地位和职业决策自我效能的关系。     

儿童期虐待、执行功能与农村青少年情绪行为问题的结构方程模型

目的:探讨儿童期虐待、执行功能与青少年情绪行为问题的关系模型.方法:研究对象为816名农村青少年,调查的问卷包括儿童期创伤问卷(Childhood Trauma Questionnaire,CTQ)、长处和困难量表自评版(Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire,SDQ)、执行功能行为评定量表自评版(Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Self Report Version,BRIEF-SR).结果:相关分析表明,除情感忽视与行为管理,躯体虐待、性虐待、情感忽视与元认知,躯体虐待与多动注意不能无相关(均P＞0.05),其余各因子、各变量间都呈不同程度的显著正相关.结构方程模型结果显示,儿童期虐待和执行功能对农村青少年情绪行为问题有显著正向预测作用,儿童期虐待除对青少年情绪行为问题有直接作用外,还通过执行功能起到间接作用.结论:儿童期虐待和执行功能对青少年情绪行为问题的形成有重要影响.执行功能在儿童期虐待与青少年情绪行为问题的关系中起部分中介作用.     

受多重侵害后伴及不伴创伤后应激症状青年女性情绪处理的功能性磁共振成像研究

目的:探讨遭受多重侵害(PV)伴或不伴创伤后应激症状(PTSS)的女生加工不同情绪刺激的脑功能特点.方法:运用青少年侵害问卷(JVQ)和创伤后应激障碍症状清单平民版量表(PCL-C)对济南市某专科学校1802名学生的PV和PTSS进行筛查,筛选出30名遭受过多重侵害(JVQ总分≥5分、模块计分≥3分)的青年女性,其中,PCL-C得分≥38分者为PV有PTSS组(n=15); PCL-C得分＜38分者为PV无PTSS组(n=15).另筛选15名JVQ总分=0分,PCL-C得分＜38分者作为正常对照组.三组年龄、智力(使用瑞文标准推理测验评价)匹配.所有对象均接受国际情绪图片系统中正性-中性-负性三组图片刺激的脑功能磁共振成像扫描,任务为组块设计.利用SPM8软件处理影像数据.结果:识别正性图片时,PV无PTSS组双侧额上回(BA9),右侧额下回(BA47),左侧扣带前回(BA24、32)等脑区激活的强度高于对照组;识别负性图片时,右侧额中回(BA46),左侧扣带回(BA24)、岛叶激活的强度高于对照组.与PV有PTSS组相比,PV无PTSS组识别正性图片时,右侧额上回(BA6)、额中回(BA10),左侧额上回(BA10)、额下回(BA9)、岛叶激活增强,而右侧楔前叶激活降低;识别负性图片时,枕中回(BA19)激活增强,而右侧扣带前回(BA10),左侧额内侧回(BA9)、扣带前回(BA32)激活降低.结论:遭受多重侵害后无PTSS的青年女性情绪加工异常,主要表现在前额叶、扣带前回和岛叶活动性增强;有PTSS者加工负性情绪时,前额叶和扣带前回的功能异常加重.     

同性恋者自我概念清晰度和心理幸福感的关系

目的:在积极框架下探究同性恋者自尊在自我概念清晰度和心理幸福感间的中介作用，以及领悟社会支持在自尊和心理幸福感间的调节作用。方法:通过国内同性恋者网络社群平台，选取自我报告性取向为同性恋者471名，采用自我概念清晰度量表(SCCS)、自尊量表(SES)、领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)、心理幸福感量表(PWBS)测量自我概念清晰度、自尊、领悟社会支持和心理幸福感水平。采用SPSS宏程序PROCESS (版本3.3)进行有调节的中介效应检验。结果:SCCS总分和PWBS总分正相关(r=0.65,P<0.001)。SES总分在SCCS总分和PWBS总分的关系中起部分中介作用，中介作用占总效应的54.69%;PSSS总分调节了SES总分和PWBS总分的关系(β=0.06,P<0.01)。结论:同性恋者的自尊在自我概念清晰度和心理幸福感的正相关关系中起中介作用；领悟社会支持水平越高，自尊对心理幸福感的正向促进作用越强。     

父母饮食素养与学龄前儿童情绪行为问题的关系

目的:探究父母饮食素养与儿童情绪行为问题的关系，以及儿童饮食行为和父母陪伴在二者关系中的作用。方法:在青岛、大连、沈阳选取750名3～6岁儿童的父母，采用营养知识问卷、儿童饮食行为问卷、儿童长处和困难问卷(SDQ)(父母版)测量父母饮食素养、儿童饮食行为和儿童情绪行为问题。用SPSS PROCESS程序考察有调节的中介效应。结果:父母饮食素养得分与SDQ儿童情绪问题得分(β=-0.11,P<0.01)、品行问题得分(β=-0.15,P<0.001)、亲社会行为得分(β=-0.11,P<0.001)和同伴交往问题得分(β=-0.09,P<0.05)均负向关联。儿童饮食行为在父母饮食素养与儿童情绪症状、品行问题、亲社会行为、同伴交往问题之间起中介作用(β=-0.04、-0.03、0.02、-0.03,均P<0.05),父母陪伴对儿童饮食行为与儿童情绪问题的关系起调节作用(β=-0.17,P<0.05)。结论:父母饮食素养可能既能与儿童情绪行为问题有直接关联，也可以通过儿童饮食行为与儿童情绪行为问题有间接关联。父母陪伴在儿童饮食行为和儿童情绪问题的关系中起...     

高中生心理弹性对手机依赖的影响:核心素养的中介作用

目的:探讨高中生心理弹性对手机依赖的影响,考察核心素养在其中所起的中介作用。方法:采用已有的"青少年心理弹性问卷""手机依赖量表""青年学生核心素养问卷"对广东省10所中学1154名在校高中生进行问卷调查。结果:①高中生心理弹性总分与手机依赖总分呈显著负相关(r=-0.08,P0.01),心理弹性总分与核心素养总分呈显著正相关(r=0.553,P0.01),核心素养总分与手机依赖总分呈显著负相关(r=-0.119,P0.01);②高中生问题解决与自我效能维度对手机依赖具有负向预测作用(t=-3.918,P0.001),心理弹性总分对核心素养具有正向预测作用(t=3.244,P0.01),自我管理对手机依赖具有负向预测作用(t=-7.336,P0.001)。核心素养在心理弹性与手机依赖之间的中介效应显著,中介效应占总效应的73.96%。结论:核心素养在心理弹性与手机依赖之间有显著中介效应。     

快速城市化地区青少年焦虑性情绪问题及影响因素

目的:本研究旨在了解快速城市化地区青少年的焦虑性情绪问题与依恋、社会支持、心理弹性之间的关系,探讨社会支持和心理弹性在依恋和焦虑性情绪之间的中介效应.方法:选取中山市高新技术产业开发区1080名初中生,采用青少年依恋问卷(AAQ)、儿童青少年社会支持评定量表(SSRS-CA)、心理弹性量表和儿童焦虑性情绪筛查量表(SCARED)进行调查.结果:①1070名被试中焦虑性情绪筛查阳性(SCARED总分≥25) 366名,检出率34.2％,性别差异显著(男33.1％,女35.4％,P＜0.001);②焦虑性情绪水平与依恋、社会支持和心理弹性呈显著相关(r=-0.260-0.246,P＜0.01);③依恋通过社会支持和心理弹性的完全中介作用影响青少年焦虑性情绪水平.     

Modes of reinforcement and gender and culture of experimenter and subject: effects of "alien" and external reinforcement for Japanese and American men and women

In this study, we examined external and "alien" reinforcement (ER and AR. respectively) as a factor in social learning, and studied the combined effects of culture and reinforcement mode. A female (Experiment 1) and a male (Experiment 2) experimenters conducted experimental sessions. Both men and women, who grew up in the same culture as the experimenter, participated and performed the experimental task. A three-way interaction effect of experimenter gender, culture, and reinforcement mode was found on task performance. And the effect was more pronounced for a Japanese experimenter. A female and a male experimenters conducted Experiments 3 and 4, respectively; however participants this time were men and women who grew up in different cultures than the experimenter. Results indicated that the pattern of the subject gender and reinforcement mode interaction effect, when the experimenter was Japanese with American subjects, was exactly opposite to that when the experimenter was American. These experiments showed that AR was as effective for social learning as ER, and that the cultural backgrounds of experimenter and subject influenced AR and ER effectiveness.     

Rates of oxygen consumption and of anaerobic glycolysis in renal cortex and medulla of adult and new-born rats and guinea-pigs

1. Rates of oxygen uptake and of anaerobic glycolysis were estimated in slices from the renal cortex and medulla (a) of adult rats and guinea-pigs, (b) of new-born (1-, 5- and 21-day-old) rats and of guinea-pigs of 1, 12, 21, 24 and 120 hr age.2. In the adult rat, Q(O2) values for the cortex were 12.55 +/- 0.20 (22) and for the medulla: 8.56 +/- 0.17 (22) mul./hr.mg dry weight, while in the new-born rat (24 hr old) they were 10.99 +/- 0.46 (12) and 9.33 +/- 0.18 (9) mul./hr.mg dry weight respectively.3. Values for Q(CO2) (N2) (anaerobic glycolysis) in the 14 hr old new-born rat were in the renal cortex 9.65 +/- 0.35 (5) and in the medulla 7.39 +/- 0.43 (5) mul./hr.mg dry weight; while in the adult they were 2.25 +/- 0.08 (16) and 5.76 +/- 0.14 (16) mul./hr.mg dry weight, respectively.4. In the adult guinea-pig values for Q(CO2) (N2) were of the same order as in the adult rat, though the rate of O(2) uptake was for the cortex 8.12 +/- 0.22 (12) and for the medulla 5.02 +/- 0.23 (11) mul./hr.mg dry weight.5. Though the Q(O2) values in the renal cortex and medulla were smaller in the 1 hr old new-born guinea-pig, they were already increasing in the 12 hr old neonate.6. The results are discussed in the light of enzyme changes occurring during the process of maturation of the nephron as indicated by histochemical observations.     

Timing and intensity of early fevers and the development of allergies and asthma

BACKGROUND: Early childhood fevers appear to protect against later allergies and asthma. What is not known is the time in which fevers exert this effect and whether the degree of temperature increase is important. OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the relationship between the time and degree of early fevers and later allergies and asthma. METHODS: Eight hundred thirty-five children from southeast Michigan were enrolled at birth. Clinic records from their first 2 years were abstracted for episodes of fever. At age 6 to 7 years, children underwent allergy testing. We examined fevers occurring within 6-month intervals in the first 2 years of life and outcomes at age 6 to 7 years. The primary outcome measures were allergic sensitization, asthma, asthma with allergic sensitization, and asthma without allergic sensitization. RESULTS: In the unadjusted analysis each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months of age was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% CI, 0.54-0.93) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.21-0.90) at age 6 to 7 years. Likewise, every 1 degrees C increase in the maximum temperature between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61-0.96) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40-0.94). After adjusting for potential confounders, each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower likelihood of asthma with allergic sensitization (adjusted OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.11-0.94) at age 6 to 7 years. CONCLUSIONS: Both the timing and intensity of childhood fevers appear to be important factors in the development of allergies and asthma.     

纳米水平分子成像与诊疗一体化研究进展与挑战

分子成像能以非侵入性的方式重现活体细胞的生理功能和生物学过程,提高疾病的早期和特异性诊断水平。纳米颗粒/材料具有物理性质可控性高、易于表面修饰、血液循环时间长和可功能化等优点,在疾病诊断与治疗中显示出巨大潜力。但如何阐明纳米材料多功能间的内在联系、解决其代谢及安全性等关键机制难题、实现纳米颗粒/材料多功能性到临床多功能...