自发性肾包膜下血肿的影像特征与治疗方法选择

目的：探讨自发性肾包膜下血肿的诊治方法。方法：对20例自发性肾包膜下血肿临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：20例中,行肾切除术6例、根治性肾切除2例、保留肾脏手术1例,血肿穿刺引流6例,肾动脉栓塞术1例,保守治疗4例。痊愈13例,未见血肿复发;死亡4例;失访3例。结论：自发性肾包膜下血肿多见于肾肿瘤,治疗取决于出血的严重程度和原发病。     

肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤自发破裂2例报告

目的探讨肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤自发破裂的临床特点。方法分析2例肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤自发破裂病例。结果B超、CT检查均提示肾上腺区肿瘤并破裂、肾周血肿。保守治疗后择期手术切除肿瘤，清除血肿。结论肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤可能会发生自发破裂而出血，B超、CT检查有助于诊断。治疗常需手术切除肿瘤、清除血肿。     

移植肾自发性破裂(附15例报告)

目的：总结移植肾自发性破裂的病因，临床表现，诊治及预防，方法：15例患者中，手术探查12例（9例保留移植肾，用明胶海绵填压或医用粘合胶粘贴联合减压，引流处理，3例切除移植肾），3例保守治疗。结果：移植肾切除3例患者行血液透析维持，手术保留移植肾9例和3例保守治疗患者痊愈出院，其中2例手术保留移植肾患者分别于出院98d和6个月因肺部感染，心衰死亡，其他病例随访3－31个月，平均19个月，肾功能均良好，结论：移植肾自发性破裂发生的确切原因尚未清楚，结合临床症状行B超检查对确诊此症价值较高，及时发现，尽早行内，外科联合处理对于移植肾破裂的治疗是重要的，明胶海绵或医用粘合胶粘贴联合减压，引流是一种有效的治疗方法，另外，预防也是一重要环节。     

移植肾自发性破裂的诊治

目的：探讨移植肾自发性破裂的原因及防治措施。方法：回顾分析本院３９２例同种肾移植术后发生移植肾自发性破裂２０例临床资料。结果：发生率为５．１％。１４例保留肾脏功能，其中２例经保守治疗痊愈。６例肾切除者中有４例为急性排斥反应引起。结论：肾破裂的发生与排斥反应、肾缺血性损害、肾静脉引流不畅及尿路梗阻有关。对于出血量少、肾功能好者，可采用保守治疗。预防要从肾脏摘取与灌洗、植肾手术、合理应用免疫抑制剂、及     

腹膜后间隙出血的诊治

目的总结腹膜后间隙出血的诊治经验。方法回顾性分析1995年至2005年收治109例腹膜后出血患者资料。男70例,女39例,年龄6～69岁,平均33岁。外伤性89例,自发性20例。患者均因外伤后或自发性突然腰腹痛、血尿或休克表现就诊。109例经B超检查,104例行CT检查,7例急诊腹膜后探查术。109例患者中肾脏破裂出血101例（92．7％）、肾外病变破裂出血8例（7．3％）。外伤性89例中肾脏破裂84（94．4％）、腹膜后肾外病变破裂出血5例（5．6％）,自发性20例中肾脏破裂出血17例（85．0％）、肾外病变出血3例（15．0％）。肾外病变主要有嗜铬细胞瘤、平滑肌瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、神经鞘瘤、淋巴肉瘤等。结果109例患者中腹膜后手术26例,肾切除术8例、肾癌根治术8例、腹膜后肿瘤切除7例、肾切除加平滑肌瘤切除1例、肾包膜切开引液术2例。保守治疗83例,采取卧床休息、补液、止血、抗感染、输血、镇静治疗。10例恶性肿瘤患者中1例淋巴肉瘤患者术后10个月死亡,1例平滑肌肉瘤患者9个月死亡,8例肾癌患者中2例于术后18、20个月死于全身衰竭,余6例2年内未复发。其他99例患者痊愈出院后随访6个月,B超、CT检查未发现腹膜后病变复发。结论腹膜后出血可由肾脏或肾外病变破裂所致,B超能准确检查出腹膜后血肿,CT对辨别出血部位、范围、程度、原因及检出肿瘤有重要价值。对危及生命的腹膜后大出血应急诊手术,病情稳定者可先保守治疗,明确诊断后采取相应的治疗方式。     

结节性硬化症相关肾错构瘤自发性破裂出血临床诊治分析

目的:探讨结节性硬化症相关肾错构瘤(TSC-RAML)自发性破裂出血的临床特点及诊治经验。方法:回顾性分析2009年1月~2014年9月收治的14例TSC-RAML自发性破裂出血患者的临床资料:男4例,女10例,年龄15~40(29.43±7.4)岁。所有患者均行肾脏彩色多普勒超声、腹部增强CT、血常规、尿常规及肝肾功能检查,部分患者行其他部位影像学检查,均符合2012国际TSC共识大会指南诊断标准。10例患者行输血、输液等保守治疗,3例行选择性肾动脉栓塞,1例行肾部分切除。结果:11例患者获得随访,7例病情基本稳定,偶有腰部疼痛等不适;2例患者分别服用雷帕霉素治疗近1年,病情稳定;2例患者因反复病灶出血,分别行选择性肾动脉栓塞术及肾部分切除术。结论:TSC-RAML多见于青年女性,双侧、多发,发病年龄小,进展速度快,出血风险高,而肾功能多在正常水平。对于TSC-RAML自发性破裂出血的治疗,原则上应该尽可能保留肾功能,对生命体征稳定者宜选择保守治疗,否则宜在支持治疗的同时行选择性肾动脉栓塞;手术为最后选择。     

肾错构瘤自发破裂出血3例报告

目的提高肾错构瘤自发破裂出血的诊治水平。方法回顾分析3例肾错构瘤自发破裂出血临床资料。结果2例经手术及病理证实诊断,行肾切除1例,肾动脉栓塞后肾切除1例;保守治疗1例。鲒论B超和CT是诊断肾错构瘤自发破裂出血的重要方法,肾动脉栓塞、保留肾单位肾部分切除、肾切除术为可选治疗手段。     

肾肿瘤自发性破裂出血的诊断与治疗(附3例报告及文献复习)

目的:探讨肾肿瘤自发性破裂出血的影像学特点和诊治方法.方法:对3例肾肿瘤自发性破裂出血患者的临床诊治资料进行回顾性分析,3例均无外伤史及抗凝治疗史,均行B超,CT检查,1例行静脉肾盂造影检查.均经手术后病理证实.结果:3例患者均行开放手术,1例行根治性肾癌切除术,1例行肾部分切除术,另1例行肾切除术.其中1例为肾透明细胞癌,另2例为肾血管平滑肌瘤.结论:肾肿瘤自发性破裂为泌尿外科急症,肿瘤破裂以肾多见,CT可以准确显示出血程度和部位,肾癌破裂出血应行根治性肾切除,肾血管平滑肌瘤应行保留肾单位手术.     

腹腔镜治疗肾错构瘤破裂出血伴腹膜后巨大血肿1例

我科收治1例肾错构瘤破裂出血伴腹膜后巨大血肿患者．行腹腔镜下肾部分切除及血肿清除术,疗效满意．现报告如下。     

移植肾输尿管梗阻的外科处理

目的：提高对移植肾输尿管梗阻的治疗水平。方法：回顾性分析16例移植肾输尿管梗阻的临床资料。6例急性梗阻患者中，2例因髂窝血肿压迫者行血肿清除术；2例血凝块堵塞者，1例逆行留置输尿管导管，另1例行输尿管再植术；2例结石者行体外冲击波碎石治疗。10例慢性梗阻患者中，7例输尿管远端狭窄，行输尿管再植术；3例输尿管中、远段狭窄，行自身输尿管与移植肾肾盂吻合术。结果：16例经外科处理后，移植肾功能明显改善，随访观察半年无复发。结论：移植肾输尿管梗阻经及时恰当的外科处理，疗效满意，对慢性梗阻患者，应根据术中输尿管探查情况，选用输尿管再植术或自身输尿管与移植肾肾盂吻合术。     

肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤自发破裂出血的急诊处理(附24例报告)

目的 探讨肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤自发破裂出血的急诊处理.方法 对24例肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤自发破裂出血患者的临床资料及随访结果进行回顾性分析.术前均行B超和CT检查,22例诊断为肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤自发破裂出血,2例未能排除肾癌出血.3例保守治疗,4例行选择性肾动脉栓塞术,17例急诊手术.结果 3例保守治疗患者中1例病情稳定,2例改行手术治疗.4例行肾动脉栓塞术患者栓塞成功,出血停止.4例行肾切除术,13例行保留肾单位手术,其中5例行后腹腔镜手术.术后病理诊断为肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤并出血.随访3个月～6年,肿瘤无复发或转移.结论 B超和CT是诊断肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤出血的重要手段.治疗可以选择保守治疗、肾动脉栓塞或者急诊手术.     

自发性肾破裂

目的提高自发性肾破裂的诊治效果。方法对１９例自发性肾破裂进行回顾性分析。结果Ｂ超检查１９例，ＣＴ检查１３例。肾包膜下积血３例，对症治疗痊愈。肾周及肾旁出血１６例，其中肾癌４例，肾错构瘤７例，肾结石１例，肾炎及传染性疾病致肾脏肿大破裂４例。结论Ｂ超、ＣＴ是最有价值的检查手段，根据病因确定治疗方案，急性期不能明确病因及凝血机制障碍者可定期随访观察。     

Bilateral renal rupture in a patient on hemodialysis

This is a case presentation and discussion of a dialysis patient who presented to the surgical service with abdominal pain, hypotension, and tachycardia and in extremis who was found to have a contained retroperitoneal hematoma after rupture of his left kidney. Six months after an uneventful nephrectomy and postoperative recovery he again presented with hypotension and anemia and was found to have a contralateral retroperitoneal hematoma consistent with renal hemorrhage. After unsuccessful angioembolization, the patient underwent a right nephrectomy and recovered without sequelae. Bilateral spontaneous renal rupture is a rare event documented by only a few anecdotal reports in the literature and usually associated with acquired cystic kidney disease. Rupture of renal cysts is relatively common in renal cystic disease but usually presents as asymptomatic hematuria or flank pain. Trauma is the most common cause of renal rupture, but other causes of spontaneous renal rupture are rare and include polyarteritis nodosa and urothelial carcinoma. The diagnosis of acute abdominal pain in the dialysis patient is a challenging differential. While a rare complication the diagnosis of spontaneous renal rupture should not be excluded in a patient presenting with abdominal pain, hypotension, and anemia.     

Hemodialysis case in which RCC was identified after disappearance of perirenal hematoma following spontaneous renal rupture treated by transcatheter arterial embolization

A 55-year-old man who had been undergoing hemodialysis for 9 years visited our institution after the sudden onset of severe left flank pain. He presented with hypotension and was admitted immediately because computed tomography (CT) revealed a massive perirenal hematoma. Renal arteriography showed contrast media leakage at the lower branch of the left renal artery, and spontaneous renal rupture was diagnosed. Five months after the bleeding was stopped by selective transcatheter embolization of the branch of renal artery, CT showed an enhanced mass at the upper pole of left kidney and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was suspected. Radical nephrectomy was performed, the pathological diagnosis was clear cell carcinoma, and the man has not experienced recurrence within 36 months after the surgery. RCC did not appear to be the cause of the original hemorrhage because there was a small residual hematoma in the middle of the renal parenchyma that was separated from the RCC. In cases of spontaneous renal rupture, re-evaluation by imaging studies is mandatory after disappearance of perirenal hematoma because imaging studies at the time of the rupture sometimes do not reveal the cause of the hemorrhage.     

52例肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤并自发破裂出血的诊治

目的探讨肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤并自发破裂出血的诊治方法。方法回顾性分析52例手术治疗的肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤并发自发破裂出血的诊治资料。术前均行B超和CT检查,46例诊断为肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤并发自发破裂出血,6例未能排除肾细胞癌出血。6例保守治疗,11例行肾动脉栓塞术;35例急诊开放手术。结果6例经保守治疗成功无需手术,11例行肾动脉栓塞术中6例需开放手术;9例行保留肾单位肾切除手术,32例行全肾切除。全肾切除的原因:26例肿瘤广泛侵入肾脏,4例出血,2例未能排除肾细胞癌。术后病理诊断为血管平滑肌脂肪瘤并出血。结论B超和CT是诊断肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤并出血的重要手段,治疗可以选择保守治疗、肾动脉栓塞或者急诊开放手术。     

自发性肾脏破裂

目的 探讨自发性肾脏破裂的临床规律。方法 总结近年来经治的１６例患者;其中肾癌４例,浸润性结肠癌１例,血管平滑肌脂肪瘤２例,肾囊种、肾结石、红斑狼疮性（ＳＬＥ）肾炎、肾结核、真性红细胞增多症及门脉高压症各１例,原因不明３例。结果 ＣＴ诊断实体病为性自发性肾脏破裂明显优于Ｂ超和静脉肾孟造影。全组手术治疗１１例,其中切肾术６例,保肾术５例,病理报告与术前诊断基本相符;保守治疗５例。结论 肿瘤是自发性肾     

Chronic renal failure for bilateral spontaneous kidney rupture in a case of tuberous sclerosis. Case report and review of the literature.

A case of spontaneous, but not contemporary rupture of both kidneys in a 42-year-old man with tuberous sclerosis is described. Despite the high incidence of renal involvement, chronic renal failure due to replacement and compression of renal tissue by hamartomas is rare. We reviewed 25 cases in the literature and found only 1 other case which necessitated maintenance hemodialytic treatment for kidney rupture. It is suggested that early diagnosis and conservative partial nephrectomy could prevent or delay the onset of chronic renal failure, malignant transformation and dramatic rupture of hamartomas.     

闭合性肾损伤的诊断与治疗

目的 总结闭合性肾损伤的诊治体会，提高闭合性肾损伤的诊治水平，减少肾切除率。方法 189例闭合性肾损伤患者，男146例，女43例。平均年龄38岁。综合应用尿常规、B超、IVU、CT等检查，诊断闭合性肾损伤，其中合并腹腔内脏器损伤27例，合并颅脑外伤5例，合并四肢脊柱骨折13例，3例为腹腔、颅脑与腹腔、脊柱复合伤伴休克。行保守治疗156例，其中有脾破裂3例，颅脑外伤2例，四肢脊柱骨折7例；行手术治疗27例，其中行肾修补术15例，肾部分切除术5例，肾切除7例；3例行肾动脉栓塞治疗。结果3例重度闭合性肾损伤因复合伤、顽固性休克者入院不久死亡，186例痊愈出院。102例随访3个月～8年，保守治疗病例中发生肾性高血压3例，肾周尿囊肿1例，肾萎缩1例，局限性肾积水1例，手术治疗与肾动脉栓塞治疗者均无并发症。结论 CT检查是闭合性肾损伤准确诊断与选择治疗方案的重要依据，Ⅲ级以上闭合性肾损伤伤后2～4周复查CT有利于肾周尿囊肿的早期发现与治疗，Ⅳ级以下闭合性肾损伤尽可能采用非手术治疗。     

Spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage from kidney causes

Spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage is an uncommon entity and even rarer when the underlying cause is from the kidney. Renal tumors comprise the majority of atraumatic kidney rupture. Renal cell carcinoma and angiomyolipoma are the most common diseases in this group. Oral anticoagulant therapy and hemodialysis could be responsible for a few cases. In 3 reported cases no pathological explanation could be found. With the help of modern facilities, diagnosis can be made preoperatively and conservative surgery is indicated in these patients. However, nephrectomy is the treatment of choice for patients presenting with shock as the initial symptom or solid renal mass with perirenal hematoma.     

Renal transection conservatively treated three times by selectively transarterial embolization (TAE): a case report

A 12-year-old-man presented with left flank pain after a traffic accident on October 14, 2006. Computed tomography (CT) revealed major left renal hematoma and transection (IIIb). Selectively transarterial embolization (TAE) was performed to control upper transected renal bleeding on the same day, and again to do rebleeding two days later. Because CT revealed left perirenal urinoma caused by upper transected kidney on October 18, TAE was performed for the upper transected kidney not to function. Five months after left renal injury, CT demonstrated the left kidney successfully preserved without hydronephrosis, urinoma and hematoma. The patient was well and could be conservatively treated without hypertension and other complications. In previous reports, only a part of renal injury (III) cases with conservative treatment converted to nephrectomy, whereas approximately half of them with surgical treatment resulted in nephrectomy. Therefore, it is important to treat them as conservatively as possible and to preserve renal function, even in cases of major renal blunt injury.