磁共振弥散加权成像在急性脑梗死诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨磁共振弥散加权成像在急性脑梗死诊断中的应用价值。方法选取疑似急性期、超急性期脑血管病患者66例为研究对象,全部患者均给予磁共振常规弥散加权扫描、水抑制序列扫描和常规T1WI、T2WI扫描,对梗死灶和对侧相应部分正常脑组织的表现弥散系数(ADC)值进行测定。结果 66例患者中超急性期脑梗死9例,急性期脑梗死57例;急性期和超急性期脑梗死患者在磁共振弥散加权成像(DWI)上呈高信号,T2WI上呈部分稍高信号或等信号,ADC图上呈低信号。梗死灶ADC值显著低于对侧相应部位正常脑组织的ADC值,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在对急性脑梗死患者进行检查诊断时,磁共振弥散加权成像的诊断敏感性较高,采用弥散加权扫描能有效区分多发脑梗死中的新旧病灶,进而为临床治疗方案的制定提供科学依据。     

磁共振弥散加权成像对急性脑梗死的诊断价值

目的：探讨磁共振弥散加权成像(DWI)在急性脑梗死中临床诊断价值和区分多发梗死灶中急性和非急性方面的能力。方法：对56例脑梗死发病时间不同的病例行常规MR及DWI程序检查，对同一层面所有的磁共振成像进行比较，重点分析信号强度及病灶大小，数据做统计分析。结果：DWI对超急性及急性脑梗死可显示T2加权像不能显示的病灶，并随时间延长显影范围逐渐增大，表现弥散系数(ADC值)明显下降。急性后期DWI显示病灶不如T2加权像，ADC值接近或高于正常。结论：脑梗死的DWI信号和ADC值变化具有特征性的时间演变规律，DWI能非常可靠地显示超急性和急性脑梗死，具有区分急性和非急性脑梗死的临床诊断价值。     

磁共振弥散加权成像和表面弥散系数图在脑梗死诊断中的应用

目的:探讨磁共振弥散加权成像（diffusion　weight imaging,DWI）和表面弥散系数图（apparent diffusion coefficient　map-ping,ADCmap）对各期脑梗死的诊断作用。方法:应用磁共振T1加权（MRI　T1　W）、T2加权（T2W）和水抑制反转恢复成像（fluid-attenuated inversion recovery,FLAIR）和DWI对70例各期脑梗死病人进行86人次MRI检查,并作ADC图,测定病灶ADC平均值及病灶中心至边缘的值。结果:在超急性脑梗死病例中,DWI和ADC图均表现缺血,病灶中心至边缘的ADC值呈梯度增高,但T2及FLAIR成像均正常,病灶的ADC值随梗死时间延长,呈由低向高变化趋势。结论:对急性脑缺血病变,DWI比T2W和FLAIR更敏感,ADC图可量化缺血程度,二者结合应用对脑梗死的早期诊断和病灶的转归评估有重要意义。     

弥散加权成像、弥散张量成像及磁共振波谱对脑梗死患者的临床诊断价值分析

目的探讨弥散加权成像、弥散张量成像及磁共振波谱对脑梗死患者的临床诊断价值。方法对87例不同时期脑梗死患者行弥散加权成像(DWI)和磁共振波谱(MRI)检查,测量脑梗死灶的rADC值与ADC值。结果DWI对6h以内脑梗死的检出率显著优于MRI;超急性期与急性期ADC值比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);病变边缘rADC值和ADC值显著高于病灶中心,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);亚急性期和慢性期与超急性期和急性期rADC值比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);本研究32例急性期脑梗死死区与健侧对应区的FA平均值分别为(0.24±0.13)与(0.51±0.17),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论随着病变的进展,脑梗死不同时期rADC值与ADC值呈上升趋势,DWI与MRI联合应用对脑梗死病灶给予分期具有重要的价值,DWI、弥散张量成像、MRS三者应用可为治疗脑梗死提供一定的科学依据,值得进一步推广应用。     

DWI、ADC图在急性脑梗塞中的诊断价值

目的:探讨磁共振弥散加权成像(DWI)及表观弥散系数图(ADC mapping)在急性脑梗塞中的诊断价值。材料与方法:应用单次激发平面回波三向同性弥散加权MRI和常规MRI对28例急性脑梗塞患者进行检查,其中超急性期3例,急性期25例,测定病灶平均表观弥散系数(ADC)值、相对表观弥散系数(rADC)及病灶中心—边缘ADC值。结果:超急性期3例均在DWI及ADC图上显示出缺血灶,但其在CT及T2WI上表现正常。超急性、急性期脑梗塞在DWI上表现为高信号,其ADC值明显低于对侧相应区域,平均ADC值为(0.596±0.112)×10-3mm2/s,而对侧部位的平均ADC值为(0.880±0.148)×10-3mm2/s(P<0.01),28例超急性、急性期病灶ADC值均出现梯度征。结论:三向同性DWI及ADC图对急性脑梗塞,尤其是超急性脑梗塞较常规MRI及CT具有更高的敏感性,能快速、准确地诊断超急性、急性脑梗塞,并能反映缺血半暗带等相应的病理生理变化。     

表观扩散系数对急性脑梗死诊断及临床治疗的应用价值

目的评价表观扩散系数（ADC）值诊断急性脑梗死的临床应用价值。方法对临床可疑急性脑梗死的患者进行MRI检查。扫描序列包括常规横轴位T1WI和T2WI，再行DWI相同层面扫描，测量病灶中心区、病灶周边区（缺血半暗带）及对侧正常区脑组织ADC值。结果51例脑梗死患者，DWI均显示出信号异常，诊断准确率为100％。其中超急性期15例，急性期36例。与对侧正常区比较超急性期、急性期脑梗死病灶中心ADC值明显下降，而缺血半暗带区ADC值轻度下降，从中心向外呈梯度征。结论磁共振是一种非创伤性的检查方法，通过DWI、ADC图的信号改变，结合病灶ADC值的梯度变化，对急性期脑梗死诊断准确率为100％，并且可以诊断超急性期脑梗死，对临床治疗有重要的指导价值。     

多发性硬化弥散加权成像

目的研究脑部多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis,MS)病灶、表现正常脑白质及正常志愿者脑白质表观弥散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)值的差异.方法对37例正常志愿者和46例MS患者进行弥散加权成像检查,分别测量T1WI低信号病灶、T1WI等信号病灶、额叶表现正常脑白质及正常志愿者额叶白质平均ADC值,比较其有无统计学差异.结果各感兴趣区平均ADC值分别为T1加权像低信号病灶1.384×10-3 mm2/s;T1加权像等信号病灶0.977×10-3 mm2/s;额叶表现正常脑白质0.762×10-3 mm2/s;正常志愿者额叶白质0.744×10-3 mm2/s.上述各组两两比较均存在显著性差异(P＜0.01).结论弥散加权成像可以分辨出MS病灶,并能够检测出MS患者表现正常脑白质的弥散异常.     

超急及急性脑卒中患者三向同性扩散加权像和表观扩散系数的应用

目的：探讨三向同性扩散加卡艾成像和表观扩散系数在早期脑梗死的诊断以及在判断脑梗塞的转归和分期中的应用价值。方法：以2001-06／2005—01暨南大学附属第一医院收治的100例脑梗死患者为观察对象，应用单次激发平面回波三向同性弥散加权成像和常规MRI对100例脑梗死患者共进行140次检查。其中超急性期（〈6h）15次，急性期（7—24h）25次，亚急性期（2～7d）34次，稳定期（8～14d）28次，慢性期（15～135d）38次。测定各期病灶平均表观扩散系数值、相对表观扩散系数值及中心一边缘表观扩散系数值。分析各期梗死灶在弥散加权成像、T2W1及表观扩散系数图上的演变情况。结果：100例患者均完成了测试，进入结粜分析。①超急性期15例均在弥散加权成像及表观扩散系数图上显示出缺血灶，但其在T2WI上表现正常。②各期病灶表观扩散系数值及在弥散加权成像上信号不同。超急性、急性期脑梗死在弥散加权成像上表现为高信号，其表观扩散系数值较对侧相应区域明显下降[（0．678&;#177;0.102）&;#215;10^-3，（0．960&;#177;0．163）&;#215;10^-3mm^2／s，P〈0．001]。④超急性、急性期病灶中心相对表观扩散系数最低，从中心往外逐渐升高呈梯度征。⑤超急性、急件期脑梗死灶平均相对表观扩散系数最低，随时间延长由低到高，于8～14d出现假性正常化，于慢性期高于正常水平，相对表观扩散系数与时间具有显著相关（r=0．926，P〈0．001）。结论：三向同性弥散加权成像及表观扩散系数图对急性脑梗死，尤其是超急性脑梗死较常规T2WI具有更高的敏感性，能快速、准确地诊断超急性、急性脑梗死。梗死灶表观扩散系数值具有特征性演变规律，结合弥散加权成像及T2WI可以对脑梗死进行分期诊断，对临床个体化治疗有帮助．动杰观察可以对疗妁讲行评价。     

超急及急性脑卒中患者三向同性扩散加权像和表观扩散系数的应用

目的:探讨三向同性扩散加权成像和表观扩散系数在早期脑梗死的诊断以及在判断脑梗塞的转归和分期中的应用价值。方法:以2001-06/2005-01暨南大学附属第一医院收治的100例脑梗死患者为观察对象,应用单次激发平面回波三向同性弥散加权成像和常规MRI对100例脑梗死患者共进行140次检查。其中超急性期(<6h)15次,急性期(7～24h)25次,亚急性期(2～7d)34次,稳定期(8～14d)28次,慢性期(15～135d)38次。测定各期病灶平均表观扩散系数值、相对表观扩散系数值及中心-边缘表观扩散系数值。分析各期梗死灶在弥散加权成像、T2WI及表观扩散系数图上的演变情况。结果:100例患者均完成了测试,进入结果分析。①超急性期15例均在弥散加权成像及表观扩散系数图上显示出缺血灶,但其在T2WI上表现正常。②各期病灶表观扩散系数值及在弥散加权成像上信号不同。超急性、急性期脑梗死在弥散加权成像上表现为高信号,其表观扩散系数值较对侧相应区域明显下降[(0.678±0.102)×10-3,(0.960±0.163)×10-3mm2/s,P<0.001]。④超急性、急性期病灶中心相对表观扩散系数最低,从中心往外逐渐升高呈梯度征。⑤超急性、急性期脑梗死灶平均相对表观扩散系数最低,随时间延长由低到高,于8～14d出现假性正常化,于慢性期高于正常水平,相对表观扩散系数与时间具有显著相关(r=0.926,P<0.001)。结论:三向同性弥散加权成像及表观扩散系数图对急性脑梗死,尤其是超急性脑梗死较常规T2WI具有更高的敏感性,能快速、准确地诊断超急性、急性脑梗死。梗死灶表观扩散系数值具有特征性演变规律,结合弥散加权成像及T2WI可以对脑梗死进行分期诊断,对临床个体化治疗有帮助,动态观察可以对疗效进行评价。     

磁共振弥散成像在急性脑梗死的诊断应用

目的 探讨磁共振弥散成像(DWI)对急性脑梗死诊断价值。方法对54例脑梗死患者的常规MRI、液体衰减翻转恢复(FLAIR)及DWI图像进行比较研究分析。结果超急性、急性和亚急性脑梗死在DWI上均表现为高信号，在超急性脑梗死弥散加权像可显示T2加权像不能显示的病灶，在T2WI及HLAIR加权像可显示的病变中，弥散加权像可更清楚更全面地显示病灶。结论DWI对诊断急性脑梗死十分敏感，能对早期脑缺血做出明确诊断，结合T2WI及HAIR可鉴别新旧梗死灶。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.