二苯乙烯苷对大鼠主动脉舒张作用及其一氧化氮含量的影响

目的　研究中药何首乌中有效成分二苯乙烯苷 (2 ,3,5 ,4′ 四羟基二苯乙烯 2 O β D 葡萄糖苷 ,THSG)与结构相似的白黎芦醇 (resveratrol)是否有类似的血管舒张作用。方法　采用血管张力记录法及NO比色法 ,观察THSG对大鼠主动脉环张力及NO含量的影响。结果　①在去氧肾上腺素预收缩的内皮完整及去内皮主动脉环上 ,THSG 0 .1～ 30 .0 μmol·L- 1浓度依赖性舒张主动脉环 ,其Emax分别为 75 %和5 2 % ,EC50 分别为 0 .86和 2 .70 μmol·L- 1。②在内皮完整的血管上 ,THSG 0 .1μmol·L- 1能增强乙酰胆碱1μmol·L- 1依血管内皮的舒张作用。③NO前体物L 精氨酸 1μmol·L- 1可增强THSG 1μmol·L- 1的血管舒张作用 ;而NOS抑制药Nω 硝基L 精氨酸甲酯0 .5 μmol·L- 1可部分削弱之。④鸟苷酸环化酶抑制药亚甲兰 1μmol·L- 1可部分削弱THSG 1μmol·L- 1的血管舒张作用。⑤THSG 30mg·kg- 1,iv ,可短暂降低麻醉大鼠动脉血压 ,但对心率无明显影响。⑥THSG 1μmol·L- 1显著提高大鼠胸主动脉血管组织NO含量。结论　THSG对大鼠主动脉具有舒张作用 ,此作用主要是依血管内皮的 ,并主要由NO介导     

吴茱萸次碱和辣椒素对过敏反应所致血管收缩的影响

目的 研究吴茱萸次碱和辣椒素对过敏反应中抗原攻击所致血管收缩的影响。方法 豚鼠腹腔注射牛血清白蛋白预致敏,3周后分离胸主动脉,离体血管环用0.01 mg·mL-1牛血清白蛋白(抗原)攻击诱发血管过敏反应。血管张力变化通过张力换能器连接PowerLab生物信号采集系统连续记录。结果 抗原攻击能诱导豚鼠预致敏的离体胸主动脉收缩,苯海拉明能显著抑制抗原攻击所致的血管收缩;预先用较高浓度辣椒素(1 μmol·L-1)耗竭神经递质降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)或用选择性CGRP受体拮抗剂CGRP8～37能增强抗原攻击所致缩血管效应;辣椒素(0.03 μmol·L-1或0.1μmol·L-1)促进内源性CGRP释放能显著降低抗原攻击所致血管的收缩效应。吴茱萸次碱(10μmol·L-1或30μmol·L-1)能显著降低抗原攻击所致血管的收缩效应,辣椒素受体阻滞药capsaz-epine和选择性CGRP受体阻滞药CGRP8～37均取消吴茱萸次碱对血管收缩的抑制效应。结论 血管过敏反应时,CGRP的释放增加,能拮抗组胺等物质的缩血管效应;吴茱萸次碱能显著抑制血管过敏反应时血管的收缩,其作用与激活辣椒素受体进而促进内源性CGRP释放有关。     

氯通道阻断剂对大鼠主动脉环收缩和舒张反应的影响

目的　观察氯通道阻断剂DIDS和呋塞米(furosemide)对苯肾上腺素 (phenylephrine,PHE)引起的收缩反应和ATP引起的内皮依赖性舒张效应的影响。方法　采用内皮完整和去内皮的大鼠离体主动脉环 ,进行等长张力实验。结果　DIDS(1～ 30 0 μmol·L-1)和furosemide(10～ 32 0μmol·L-1)均浓度依赖性抑制PHE引起的收缩反应 ,但对内皮完整的血管环抑制率和去内皮的血管环抑制率不同 ,DIDS的IC50 分别为 (12 0± 8 0 ) μmol·L-1和 (2 8 3± 7 3)μmol·L-1;furosemide的IC50 分别为 (17 9± 6 6 ) μmol·L-1和 (41 0± 15 6 ) μmol·L-1。DIDS(10 0 μmol·L-1)对 10μmol·L-1和 10 0 μmol·L-1的ATP舒张无影响 ,但可增加 1mmol·L-1ATP引起的舒张效应 (P <0 0 5 ) ;furosemide(2 0 0μmol·L-1)对 10 μmol·L-1的ATP舒张无影响 ,但可使 10 0μmol·L-1ATP和 1mmol·L-1ATP引起的舒张效应增强 (P<0 0 5 )。结论　DIDS和furosemide可抑制PHE引起的收缩 ,且对带内皮血管环的抑制率均大于去内皮血管环的抑制率 ,并可增加ATP引起的内皮依赖性舒张。     

大豆黄酮血管舒张作用与血管内皮的关系

目的研究植物雌激素大豆黄酮(daidzein,Dai)的舒张血管效应与血管内皮M受体,细胞内、外钙的关系。方法采用家兔离体主动脉环进行等长张力实验。结果Dai(3～100μmol·L-1)对苯肾上腺素(phenylephrine,PHE)依内Ca2+性收缩和依外Ca2+性收缩均具有显著的抑制作用;Dai(10～100μmol·L-1)可使KCl的量效曲线右移,最大效应降低;Dai(10～100μmol·L-1)对ACh引起的血管环的舒张反应有浓度依赖性的增强作用,且在用阿托品阻断M受体后Dai对KCl引起的收缩的舒张效应减弱。结论Dai舒张血管效应与抑制内Ca2+释放和外Ca2+内流有关;Dai对血管环的直接舒张作用与ACh相似,也是通过激动内皮上的M受体释放EDRF等而引起的,且具有内皮依赖性。     

缝隙连接在苯肾上腺素缩血管中的作用

目的　探讨缝隙连接 (GJ)在苯肾上腺素 (PE)缩血管中的作用。方法　通过大鼠离体肠系膜动脉环 (superiormesentericarterialrings,MARs)试验 ,观察GJ阻断剂Hep tanol预处理对PE引起的去内皮和完整内皮MARs收缩及其量效曲线的影响。结果　Heptanol预处理可明显抑制 1 0× 10 - 7mol·L- 1PE的缩血管作用 ,并呈剂量依赖关系。 3 0× 10 - 5 mol·L- 1Heptanol抑制百分率分别为 11 70 %±3 2 5% (去内皮组 )和 15 2 4%± 7 87% (完整内皮组 ) ;3 0× 10 - 4mol·L- 1Heptanol预处理 ,抑制百分率分别为3 6 3 6%± 11 54% (去内皮组 )和 3 8 85%± 13 0 3 % (完整内皮组 ) ;同浓度Heptanol对PE致去内皮和完整内皮MAR收缩的抑制作用差异无显著性。 3 0× 10 - 5 ,1 0× 10 - 4,3 0× 10 - 4mol·L- 1Heptanol使PE的量效曲线右移 ,最大效应 (Emax)不变。结论　GJ参与介导苯肾上腺素的缩血管作用 ,GJ阻断剂Heptanol对PE缩血管的抑制作用无明显内皮依赖性 ,具易逆性特点     

黄芪的内皮依赖性血管舒缩作用及其机制

目的　黄芪有一定的治疗高血压作用 ,本研究观察其对大鼠离体胸主动脉环舒缩的影响 ,并探讨其可能机制。方法　采用大鼠离体主动脉环灌流模型 ,观察累积浓度黄芪 (0 .0 1～ 10 0g·L- 1)对基础状态、KCl预收缩和去氧肾上腺素 (PE)预收缩的血管环的作用。结果　黄芪 (0 .0 1～ 10 0g·L- 1)对基础状态或KCl预收缩的内皮完整血管环张力无影响。对PE预收缩的内皮完整血管环 ,黄芪在低浓度 (0 .0 1～ 3.0g·L- 1)时呈浓度依赖性舒张作用 ,此作用可被一氧化氮合酶抑制剂左旋硝基精氨酸甲酯(0 .1mmol·L- 1)或鸟苷酸环化酶抑制剂亚甲蓝 (10μmol·L- 1)预处理所抑制 ;而在高浓度 (10～ 10 0g·L- 1)时呈短暂的收缩作用 ,可被内皮素转换酶抑制剂磷阿米酮 (5 μmol·L- 1)预处理所抑制。黄芪对PE预收缩的去除内皮血管环仅呈微弱的浓度依赖性舒张作用。结论　黄芪对主动脉具有内皮依赖性舒缩双相作用。其舒张机制可能为激活血管内皮细胞一氧化氮 鸟苷酸环化酶途径 ;而其收缩机制可能为促进血管内皮合成内皮素。     

二烯丙基三硫化物对大鼠离体肾内动脉血管张力的影响

目的观察二烯丙基三硫化物(diallyl trisulfide,DATS)对离体肾内动脉张力的影响及其机制。方法 SD大鼠体质量250～300 g,脱臼处死后,显微操作下取出肾内动脉,制备成1.8～2.0 mm长的血管条,每根血管条固定于微血管测定仪的浴槽内,记录张力变化。分别给予血管收缩剂苯肾上腺素(Phe)、血栓素A2受体激动剂(U46619)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)和KCl刺激血管产生持续性收缩,采用累积给药法加入DATS,观察不同浓度的DATS对肾内动脉张力的影响。观察DATS舒张效应的同时用等体积的药物溶剂二甲基亚砜(DMSO)作为对照。结果 DATS能呈浓度依赖性诱导舒张1μmol.L-1 Phe、0.1μmol.L-1 U46619和2μmol.L-1 5-HT预收缩内皮完整的肾内动脉环,pD2分别为(6.06±0.17),(6.14±0.26)和(5.37±0.16),其最大舒张率(Emax)分别为(91.24±2.71)%,(93.44±2.14)%和(92.51±1.15)%;但是,对60 mmol.L-1 KCl预收缩的肾内动脉环无明显舒张作用;分别用eNOS抑制剂L-NAME和sGC抑制剂ODQ预处理内皮完整的肾内动脉环不影响DATS舒张效应;去除肾内动脉血管内皮也不影响DATS对其舒张作用。结论 DATS有浓度依赖性舒张大鼠肾内动脉作用,无明显内皮依赖性。     

溶血性磷脂酰胆碱和血管内皮对5-羟色胺收缩离体兔动脉环的影响

在离体兔胸主动脉环模型上观察溶血性磷脂酰胆碱(LPC)促血管收缩作用的机理以及血管内皮对LPC促血管收缩作用的影响. 10 μmol·L^-1 LPC预温育30 min可显著增强兔胸主动脉环对5-羟色胺(5-HT)的收缩反应, 使0.1 μmol·L^-1 5-HT诱导的峰值张力增加到约2.5倍, EC₅₀降低, 收缩曲线左移. 而蛋白激酶C(PKC)抑制剂显形孢菌素(staurosporine, 100 nmol·L^-1)能抑制LPC的促血管收缩作用, EC₅₀恢复; 去除血管内皮或加入100 μmol·L^-1左旋单甲基精氨酸(L- NMMA)预处理均可显著增强LPC的促血管收缩作用, L-NMMA的作用更强(P<0.001). 结果提示,LPC可能通过PKC途径促进5-HT介导的血管收缩, 血管内皮可能在其中起调控作用.     

藻酸双酯钠对大鼠离体去内皮胸主动脉环的舒缩作用

目的:观察藻酸双酯钠(polysaccharide sulfate,PSS)对离体大鼠胸主动脉平滑肌舒缩的影响。方法:采用大鼠离体去内皮主动脉环灌流模型,观察不同浓度PSS(5×10-2～5×102 mg.L-1)对基础状态及氯化钾(KCl)、去氧肾上腺素(PE)等试剂的血管收缩效应的影响。结果:不同浓度PSS对基础状态、KCl或PE的去内皮血管环收缩效应无明显影响。PSS(5×102 mg.L-1)对内钙释放及外钙内流引起的血管收缩效应无明显影响。结论:在5×10-2～5×102 mg.L-1浓度范围内,PSS对离体血管平滑肌没有明显舒缩作用。     

ATP通过P2受体调节大鼠近端结肠纵行肌的舒张与收缩反应(英文)

目的腺苷三磷酸(ATP)对大鼠离体远端结肠纵行肌运动的影响已明确,对近端结肠纵行肌的影响可能不同,但未有报告,为此对此进行观察并探讨其受体机制。方法观察静息张力时或预收缩时0.1μmol·L-1～1mmol·L-1ATP和1～100μmol·L-1腺苷对大鼠近端结肠纵行肌的抑制和兴奋作用。结果在静息张力下,1μmol·L-1～1mmol·L-1ATP对大鼠近端结肠纵行肌产生3种效应,即抑制自发性收缩反应,一过性轻度降低基础张力(0.05～0.08g),随后产生浓度依赖性收缩反应(0.04～0.44g)。0.1μmol·L-1河豚毒素不影响ATP的上述作用。在静息张力下,1～100μmol·L-1腺苷对近端结肠纵行肌未产生明显的收缩反应。应用5羟色胺(5HT)或乙酰胆碱(ACh)预收缩标本时,1μmol·L-1～1mmol·L-1ATP产生明显的浓度依赖性舒张反应(23.2%～94.6%,5HT预收缩;24.8%～92.4%,ACh预收缩),而腺苷引起的舒张反应明显小于ATP。结论在大鼠离体近端结肠纵行肌,ATP主要通过嘌呤嘧啶(P)2受体介导收缩反应,部分通过P1受体介导舒张反应。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.