烧伤患者医院感染病原菌分布及耐药变迁分析

目的了解烧伤病房感染病原菌分布及耐药变迁特点。方法回顾海南省人民医院2002-2009年住院烧伤感染患者病原菌的分布,并对比前、后4年病原菌构成比及耐药情况。结果检出634株病原菌,其中革兰阴性（G-）杆菌389株（61.4%）,主要为铜绿假单胞菌196株（30.9%）、鲍曼不动杆菌89株（14.0%）和大肠埃希菌56株（8.8%）;革兰阳性（G＋）球菌220株（34.7%）,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌109株（17.2%）和表皮葡萄球菌79株（12.5%）;真菌25株（3.9%）。前、后4年里,铜绿假单胞菌及金黄色葡萄球菌的构成比有下降趋势（P〈0.05）,而条件致病菌如鲍曼不动杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌的构成比呈明显上升趋势（P〈0.01）;铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌对第三代头孢菌素、喹诺酮类抗生素的耐药率有上升趋势（P〈0.05）。109株金黄色葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）52株（47.8%）,对万古霉素100%敏感。结论近8年来烧伤病房患者感染病原菌以G-杆菌为主,条件致病菌的检出率呈上升趋势;常见病原菌对第三代头孢菌素的耐药率呈上升趋势,对此应予以重视。     

脑脊液病原菌变迁和耐药性分析

目的了解临床脑脊液培养阳性患者病原菌分布及其耐药情况。方法对2002—2008年临床脑脊液培养病原菌阳性患者标本进行回顾性统计分析;按常规方法进行细菌分离和鉴定;细菌药物敏感试验采用Kirby—Bauer纸片扩散法。结果分离出细菌97株,其中革兰阳性球菌占54．63％,革兰阴性菌占28．87％：新型隐球菌占13．40％。最常见的6种感染菌分别为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（40．21％）、不动杆菌属（8．25％）、铜绿假单胞菌（6．19％）、金黄色葡萄球菌（5．15％）、肺炎克雷伯菌（5．15％）、肠球菌属（5．15％）;耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRSCN）和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的检出率分别是89．7％和80．0％。细菌对常用抗生素耐药性较高,未见万古霉素耐药的葡萄球菌;美洛培南以及头孢哌N／舒巴坦对革兰氏阴性杆菌有良好的抗菌活性。结论近6年来细菌性脑膜炎患者病原菌以革兰阳性球菌为主,主要为医院获得性细菌性脑膜炎感染。检出病原菌对常用抗生素耐药性较高,临床需警惕新型隐球菌的高发病趋势。     

87例慢性化脓性骨髓炎病原菌构成及药敏分析

目的分析87例慢性化脓性骨髓炎的病原菌菌种构成、药敏实验结果。方法取慢性化脓性骨髓炎患者窦道深部分泌物或病灶组织做细菌培养及药敏试验。结果共培养出病原菌120株,感染率由高到低前三位菌为金黄色葡萄球菌﹙占30%﹚、铜绿假单胞菌﹙占25%﹚、大肠埃希菌﹙占14.2%﹚。万古霉素、亚胺培南是敏感率最高药物。结论慢性化脓性骨髓炎的病原菌构成以金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌为主,药敏试验是选用抗菌药物的重要依据。     

2012～2022年血培养阳性病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 探讨北京市昌平区医院连续11年血培养阳性病原菌分布及其耐药性，为临床诊疗和抗菌药物合理使用提供依据。方法 回顾性分析2012年1月至2022年12月门诊和住院患者血培养检出的致病菌及其科室分布和耐药特点，采用全自动微生物鉴定药敏分析系统Vitek2 Compact,对病原菌进行鉴定及药敏试验，应用WHONET 5.6软件进行统计分析。结果 11年来共检测到2 056株病原菌，其中59.48%为革兰阳性菌，39.21%为革兰阴性菌，1.31%为真菌。革兰氏阳性菌主要为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和肠球菌，革兰氏阴性菌主要为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌。病原菌最多的5个科室分别是重症监护病区、呼吸病区、内科重症监护病区、泌外病区、心内科病区。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率分别为57.3%和22.4%;碳青霉烯类耐药鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌的检出率分别为68.4%、58.8%、15.0%、1.3%。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌平均检出率为57.4%。结论 血培养检出的病原菌主要为革兰阳性菌，其中最常见的病原菌...     

小儿烧伤患者感染细菌学调查与感染情况分析

目的分析小儿烧伤患者感染细菌学及其感染情况,为临床治疗提供参考。方法从225例小儿烧伤患者创面、血、痰及尿液等标本中分离出218株细菌,对感染病原菌进行药物敏感试验,分析小儿烧伤患者感染情况。结果（1）225例感染病例中,创面感染占所有感染病例的60.0%,其次是静脉导管感染（14.3%）、呼吸道感染（9.3%）、泌尿道感染（8.0%）和败血症（8.0%）。（2）检出的细菌中革兰阳性球菌113株（51.8%）,革兰阴性杆菌105株（48.2%）,其中金黄色葡萄球菌73株（33.5%）,铜绿假单胞菌50株（22.9%）。金黄色葡萄球菌是创面、静脉导管、败血症感染病原菌中最常见的细菌。（3）检出的73株金黄色葡萄球菌均为甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）,对呋喃妥因、替考拉宁、万古霉素等抗生素的敏感率都达到了100%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的敏感率为100%。鲍氏不动杆菌药物敏感试验结果显示多重耐药性。结论本组小儿烧伤患者最常见的感染是烧伤创面感染。感染细菌以革兰阳性球菌为主,革兰阴性杆菌次之,感染细菌对多种常用抗生素表现出高耐药性。     

3144株临床分离细菌和念珠菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解本院临床分离细菌和念珠菌的分布特征和耐药性,为合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法大多数分离细菌的鉴定和药敏试验利用BD Phoenix仪,少数利用手工鉴定和K-B法。念珠菌利用显色平板进行分离和鉴定,K-B法测药敏。结果3144株细菌和念珠菌中前6位的种类及百分比为白色念珠菌12.02%、铜绿假单胞菌11.10%、大肠埃希菌9.64%、金黄色葡萄球菌7.09%、表皮葡萄球菌6.36%和肺炎型肺炎克雷伯菌6.14%。G-杆菌中耐药率较低的为亚安培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和阿米卡星。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的检出率为44.2%和43.5%。G＋球菌耐药率较低的为万古霉素、替考拉宁、呋喃妥因、阿米卡星、氯霉素、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦。金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对甲氧西林耐药率分别为52.1%和65.1%。念珠菌对两性霉素B和制菌霉素的耐药率均为0。结论本院临床分离肠杆菌科各种细菌产ESBLs水平、非发酵菌耐药率和葡萄球菌对甲氧西林耐药率均较高,应加强抗生素的合理使用。     

腰椎后路融合内固定术后切口深部感染病原菌及局部抗菌药物治疗研究

目的 探讨腰椎后路融合内固定术后早期切口深部感染病原菌分布特征及局部应用抗菌药物的疗效。方法 前瞻性选取2020年5月至2022年5月于我院行腰椎后路融合内固定术后并发早期感染的60例患者,收集患者感染部位分泌物进行细菌培养,分析病原菌分布特征及主要病原菌耐药性。将患者随机分为对照组和观察组,观察组（30例）采用清创联合抗菌药物局部持续灌注引流治疗,对照组（30例）采用清创联合灌注等量生理盐水治疗,对比2组治疗效果。结果 60例样本中检出病原菌90株,其中革兰氏阳性菌30株（33.33%）,以金黄色葡萄球菌（20.00%）为主要致病菌;革兰氏阴性菌56株（62.22%）,以铜绿假单胞菌（28.89%）为主要致病菌;真菌4株（4.44%）。革兰氏阴性菌中,铜绿假单胞菌对庆大霉素、环丙沙星及氨苄西林耐药性较高,大肠埃希菌对头孢唑林耐药性较高,肺炎克雷伯菌对庆大霉素耐药性较高。革兰氏阳性菌中,金黄色葡萄球菌对氨苄西林和青霉素耐药性较高,表皮葡萄球菌对万古霉素耐药性较高,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对氨苄西林、红霉素耐药性较高。2组患者治疗后VAS评分、ODI显著降低（P<0.05）;体温及WBC...     

重症监护病房中呼吸机相关肺炎的病原学和耐药性特征

目的探讨重症监护病房（ICU）中呼吸机相关肺炎（VAP）的流行病学、病原菌分布、耐药性特征。方法对广州市3所三级甲等医院ICU发生VAP的53例患者进行前瞻性研究，对病原菌进行细菌鉴定和耐药性分析。结果VAP平均发病时间为机械通气后7．8d。97株病原菌中革兰阴性细菌58株（59．8％），革兰阳性细菌23株（23．7％），真菌16株（16．5％）。最常见病原菌分别为铜绿假单胞菌16株（16．5％），金黄色葡萄球菌13株（13．4％），嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌8株（8．2％），肺炎克雷伯菌8株（8．2％），白色念珠菌8株（8．2％）。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）检出率为100．0％；未发现耐万古霉素金黄色葡萄球菌；VAP病原菌存在严重的多重耐药性。结论ICU中VAP的病原菌构成以革兰氏阴性杆菌为主且呈现多重耐药现象，适当的经验性抗菌治疗应以病原学和耐药性的监测结果为依据。     

2017~2019年四川省第四人民医院主要病原菌临床分布及耐药性分析

目的 通过对我院主要病原菌的分布及耐药性情况进行分析,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考。方法 回顾性分析2017年9月~2019年4月我院主要病原菌的分布情况,并对革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌进行耐药性分析。结果 临床分离的1936株病原菌中,铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌、白色念珠菌、阴沟肠杆菌、屎肠球菌、粪肠球菌10种细菌是我院主要的病原菌,占检出菌的74.69%。铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星的耐药性最低,阴沟肠杆菌对大部分抗菌药物的耐药性＜30.00%,鲍曼不动杆菌以及嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌对大部分抗菌药物的耐药性＞50.00%,肺炎克雷伯菌对大部分抗菌药物的耐药性＞30.00%,大肠埃希菌对不同抗菌药物的耐药性不同,金黄色葡萄球菌对红霉素、阿奇霉素、克林霉素的耐药性＞50.00%,屎肠杆菌以及粪肠杆菌对头孢唑林以及克林霉素的耐药性均为100.00%。耐碳青酶烯类抗菌药物的鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肠杆菌科细菌检出率分别为64.80%、29.07%、15.09%;耐甲氧西林类抗菌药物的金黄色葡萄球菌检出率为32.45%。结论 医院应定期进行病原菌耐药性分析,加强对抗菌药物使用的监督和管理,以减少多重耐药菌产生。     

深圳市龙岗区患者痰培养细菌菌谱和耐药性研究

目的研究深圳市龙岗区患者痰培养细菌菌谱和耐药性,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对来自深圳市龙岗区4间医院2007年1月至2008年6月患者合格痰标本中培养的细菌药敏试验进行回顾性分析。结果727株细菌中,革兰阴性杆菌595株,占81．8％,以鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌为主;革兰阳性球菌132株,占18．2％,以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为主,而且凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌株数超过金黄色葡萄球菌。药敏结果提示革兰阴性杆菌及革兰阳性球菌对相当多数的抗生素耐药率较高。结论深圳市龙岗区患者痰培养细菌耐药情况较严重,条件致病菌菌株数比例较高。应加强药物尤其是抗菌药物的使用管理,规范应用抗生素。     

ELISA to determine immunoreactive Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase in chronic suppurative otitis media.

A sensitive sandwich ELISA has been developed to measure the levels of Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase (PE) in ear discharges from chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) patients. Preincubation of the sample with EDTA-2Na before ELISA was employed to inhibit PE activity which hydrolyzes the anti-PE IgG antibody into a smaller molecular form. The PE levels of 10 middle ear effusions (MEE) from chronic otitis media with effusion were also measured. In CSOM, 9 of 10 samples had significant PE levels, ranging from 6.8 to 62.1 micrograms/ml, which were significantly higher than those in MEE (p less than 0.01), the majority of which was below the detection limit. Two samples of CSOM with the P. aeruginosa infection showed high PE levels. This sandwich ELISA for the measurement of PE is a very sensitive method requiring only a small sample amount.     

Treatment of acute otitis media: comparative study of efficacy of cefatrizine and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid

Fourty hospitalized patients (15 children, 25 adults) suffering from acute otitis media have been treated with either cefatrizine or amoxycillin-clavulanic acid. Bacteriological samples were done during surgery by tympanocentesis (N = 33) or by sampling of middle ear fluid specimens (13). H. influenzae was the most common isolate, following by Enterobacteriaceae, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and S. pneumoniae. We conclude that these two antibiotics can be used for treatment of acute otitis media in our country even in adults where the order of frequency of bacteria is different from those reported in children.     

A case of chronic suppurative otitis media caused by Kerstersia gyiorum

Chronic suppurative otitis media is inflammation of the middle ear and mastoid that involves discharge and hearing loss. Kerstersia gyiorum is a member of the Alcaligenaceae family that who could not be treated with classical treatments such as patients with chronic otitis media, neck abscesses. K. gyiorum strain isolated from a patient with chronic suppurative otitis media.     

Pattern of bacterial isolates in the middle ear discharge of patients with chronic suppurative otitis media in a tertiary hospital in North central Nigeria

Background

Otitis media (OM) is a major health problem in both developed and developing countries.

Objective

To determine the pattern of bacterial isolates in patients with chronic suppurative otitis media(CSOM) in Ilorin, Nigeria.

Methods

A prospective study carried out in University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Nigeria among consenting patients with CSOM attending the ENT clinic over a period of 7months. Informed consent was obtained from the patients or caregivers and approval for the study obtained from ethical committee. Structured questionnaire was administered and microbiological analysis done, data obtained was entered into SPSS statistical software and results presented in tables and figures.

Results

A total of 134 patients aged 5–64yrs with chronic suppurative otitis media were interviewed with a mean age of 17.0 (S.D. =15.1±1.30). About 55.2% of the respondents were under 10yrs. Seventy-two (53.7%) of the respondents were males with M:F=1.2:1. The gram stain showed predominantly gram negative organisms (71.6%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the commonest middle ear pathogenic organism identified and the sensitivity pattern highly favoured ciprofloxacin

Conclusion

CSOM is still a childhood problem among the under tens'' more prevalent among males and the commonest agent is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ciprofloxacin is still the most sensitive antibiotics in vitro.     

医院内泌尿道感染患者的病原菌耐药性分析

目的 了解湖北省襄阳市第一人民医院住院患者泌尿系感染的主要病原菌分布与抗生素对常用菌的 耐药率。方法 回顾性收集湖北省襄阳市第一人民医院2017年1月~12月住院患者1580份尿培养样本,采用全自动微生物鉴定仪480份阳性标本进行鉴定及药敏试验。应用WHONET5.6对数据进行分析。结果 480株病原菌中,革兰阴性杆菌353株（73.54%）,以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌为主;革兰阳性球菌85株占（17.71%）,以肠球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主;真菌40株（8.33%）。检出的病原菌对各种抗生素的耐药率不同,所有分离的大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌对三代头孢菌素和喹诺酮类耐药率均大于50%,并且外科系统分离的大肠埃希菌株耐药率高于内科系统;铜绿假单胞菌对β内酰胺酶抑制剂耐药率大于30%,高于其他病原菌对此类抗生素耐药率。未发现分离的革兰阳性菌对万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对苯唑西林耐药率达82.60%。结论 本院泌尿系统感染中,以大肠埃希菌感染为主,β内酰胺酶抑制剂可用于大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌常规治疗。     

自体软骨和Tos改良联合进路鼓室成形术在中耳手术中的应用

目的 探讨自体软骨和Tos改良联合进路鼓室成形术在中耳手术中的临床应用.方法 对23例胆脂瘤型中耳炎用Tos改良的联合进路行鼓室成形术进行治疗,去除的上鼓室外侧壁和后鼓室外侧壁,用耳屏软骨重建,再视镫骨状况,同时用部分听小骨赝复体(PORP)或全听小骨赝复体(TORP)行Ⅲ型听骨链重建.所有病例随访3至5年.结果 所有23例患者在术后4至6周获得干耳,鼓膜愈合好,形态正常.软骨重建的上鼓室和后鼓室外侧壁无1例内陷.术后1年纯音听力,言语频率(500、1000、2000、3000、4000Hz)气导较术前提高≥30dB者8例(34.78%),20～29dB者9例(39.13%),10～19dB者4例(17.39%),听力无改善者2例(8.69%).随访3年,听力稳定,5年内无胆脂瘤复发.结论 Tos改良的联合进路鼓室成形术是胆脂瘤型中耳炎手术治疗的好方法,既彻底清除病灶,又保留外耳道后壁完整,术后能获得良好的听力.Tos改良术因去除了上鼓室和后鼓室外侧壁,用软骨重建可有效的防止新生鼓膜的内陷和继发胆脂瘤形成.     

Attenuated TLRs in middle ear mucosa contributes to susceptibility of chronic suppurative otitis media

The variability in the recovery of otitis media (OM) is not well understood. Recent data have shown a critical role for toll-like receptors (TLRs) in inflammatory responses to bacteria. It remains unclear whether TLRs-mediated mucosal immunity plays a role in the OM recovery. The etiology, pathological profile, expression levels of TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR9 and proinflammatory cytokines were measured in human middle-ear mucosae sampled from three subject groups: non-OM group, chronic otitis-media (COM) group, and chronic suppurative otitis-media (CSOM) group. Of the 72 ears, 86.11% CSOM patients were positive for bacteria. The cellular makeup of the middle ear mucosa differs among the three groups. Mucosae from the CSOM group presented chronic inflammation or suppurative inflammation in the rudimentary stroma, mainly with infiltration of monocytes and macrophages. The mRNA and protein levels of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 exhibited no difference between the non-OM and COM groups but were significantly lower in the CSOM group. Conversely, there was no significant difference in the TLR9 level among the three groups. Furthermore, proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-6 were up-regulated in the CSOM group. This study provides evidence that the variability in clinical otitis media recovery might be associated with the variability in the expression of mucosal TLRs. Reduced TLR levels in the middle-ear mucosa might cause weak host response to bacteria, persistent inflammation and susceptibility to CSOM.     

Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia as a cause of brain abscesses secondary to chronic suppurative otitis media

A patient with a cholesteatoma secondary to chronic suppurative otitis media developed infective complications including cerebellar and cerebellopontine abscesses.Burkholderia cepacia was isolated from ear swabs, infected tissue and surgical pus on five occasions over a six-month period. Despite exhibiting three different antibiotic susceptibility profiles, all five isolates were confirmed as clonally indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. To the best of the authors' knowledge there are no previous reports ofBurkholderia cepacia causing infection of the adult central nervous system.